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\begin{document}

\title{Fenceless Grazing Requirements}
\author{Danila Fedorin, \and Matthew Sessions, \and Ryan Alder}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
    The Fenceless Grazing Collar System is an application of the LoRa and
    LoRaWAN internet of things technologies to animal farming. It will be
    implemented as a collar with which each individual farm animal will be
    equipped. The fenceless grazing system must be capable of precisely
    tracking high numbers of farm animals, controlling
    these animals using sound and electric shocks, and allowing end users
    (typically farmers) to monitor the animals and adjust their desired
    location. 
\end{abstract}

\pagebreak
\tableofcontents

\pagebreak

% From: ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011, page 44
% 1. Introduction
%     1.1 System purpose
%     1.2 System scope
%     1.3 System overview
%         1.3.1 System context
%         1.3.2 System functions
%         1.3.3 User characteristics
%     1.4 Definitions
% 2. References
% 3. System requirements
%     3.1 Functional requirements
%     3.2 Usability requirements
%     3.3 Performance requirements
%     3.4 System interface
%     3.5 System operations
%     3.6 System modes and states
%     3.7 Physical characteristics
%     3.8 Environmental conditions
%     3.9 System security
%     3.10 Information management
%     3.11 Policies and regulations
%     3.12 System life cycle sustainment
%     3.13 Packaging, handling, shipping and transportation
% 4. Verification (parallel to subsections in Section 3)

\section{Introduction}
\subsection{System purpose}
The purpose of the Fenceless Grazing Collar (FGC) system is to reduce the
need for human supervision in farming through the tracking and automated
management of individual farm animals, controlled by humans through
a remote digital system. The FGC will decrease the time required to move
animals to new grazing areas by allowing farmers to manage these animals from
the comfort of their home. Interaction with the fenceless system will
be done via a smartphone application, and will allow complete control and
surveillance of all animals.

\subsection{System scope}
A table containing systems which the FGC project is seeking to replace
or influence, as well as a description of the intended interaction
between the FGC project and the system, are shown in Figure \ref{fig:system_scope}.
\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \captionsetup{justification=centering}

    \begin{tabular}{c p{12cm}}
        Animal herding & The FGC system will be used replace humans and trained animals that currently
            manage and control farm animals. \\
        Data collection & Among the goals for the FGC sytem is to collect data from the animals being herded,
            in order to help farmers make informed decisions. The FGC system can either serve as the first
            means of data collection, a replacement for an existing data collection mechanism, or as a
            complement to such a mechanism. \\
    \end{tabular}

    \caption{Fenceless Grazing System Scope}
    \label{fig:system_scope}
\end{figure}

\subsection{System overview}
\subsubsection{System context}
At present, despite the continued industrialization in numerous other industries, animal
farming replies on human labor to manage and herd farm animals. This requires significant
time and effort, which could be more effectively spent elsewhere. The GFC system intends
to automate the various human involvement in animal farming.

\subsubsection{System functions}
Primarily, the FGC system serves as a tracking and management device. Through
the use of GPS tracking and LoRa long-range communication tehcnology, a collar
is to provide information regarding the present location of the farm
animal equipped with said collar. Furthermore, the collar is to be
able to discourage undesired behavior such as leaving a designated area
from the animal through the use of loud and unpleasant sounds and electrical shock. 

The collar is also to collect data regarding the behavior of various animals,
for use in making decision regarding the livestock or otherwise.

Additionally, a component of the system is a piece of software that allows
for the remote management of collars. Users should be able to adjust "allowed"
locations for the animals through this software, observe the current locations
of the animals, and read the data collected by the collars.

\subsubsection{User characteristics}
The desired user base for the FGC application are farmers who own livestock that
require constant grazing. These farmers would tend to have large fields in which 
their livestock feed. Additionally, they may not be familliar with the advanced
usage of electronics (including smartphones or hardware).

\subsection{Definitions}
\subsubsection{LoRa}
LoRa (stands for Long Range) is a communication protocol developed by Semtech 
found on the link layer of the protocol stack. LoRa is a spread spectrum modulation 
technique derived from chirp spread specetrum (CSS) technology, and excels 
at long range communication, while keeping battery usage down. LoRa was designed
exclusively for Internet of Things (IOT) applications, and is able to operate
with a large number of different LoRa end-nodes.
\subsubsection{LoRaWAN}
LoRaWAN is the communication protocol found on the MAC network layer on the network
stack. LoRaWAN, an open source protocol, interacts with LoRa to transfer data up 
to the application layer. LoRaWAN leverages the unlicensed radio spectrum in the 
Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. The LoRaWAN protocol is managed 
by the LoRa Alliance instead of Semtech, and serves to connect all of the end-nodes
with the gateways and the wider internet.
\subsubsection{LoRa Gateway}
A LoRa Gateway is simply the machine that runs LoRaWAN to interact with each end-node,
and usually directs traffic to another server or the wider internet.
\subsubsection{LoRa End-node}
The LoRa end-node refers to each node running the LoRa and LoRaWAN protocol. In this
project, each collar will be an end-node.
\section{System requirements}
\subsection{Functional requirements}
\subsubsection{GPS}
It is imperative that the FGC system precisely tracks the locations of
animals that are equipped with a collar. As the name of the system
suggests, the system may be deployed in replacement of fenced-off
areas. As such, failure to correctly identify the location
of an animal may lead to the animal moving outside the desired area.
Since many farms border wooded areas, highways or roads, it is then possible
that an animal whose location was not properly reported will wonder
into traffic or another dangerous location. We specify
the maximum uncertainty in the location of an animal to be
3 feet.

In addition to being precise with the GPS coordinates, the system
must be tolerant of the aforementioned uncertainty. The analysis
of the reported location should prevent the possibility of a collar 
not producing a negative stimulus due to a fluctuation of measurement.

\subsubsection{Sound and Electrical Shock}
Simply being aware of the animal's location is insufficient
to properly control its behavior without human intervention.
As such, the collars must be able to create stimuli
that farm animals find unpleasant, effectively training
them to avoid performing actions that are undesirable. The sound
and shock must not only be sufficient to infuence the animals,
but also safe: they should not cause harm or excessive discomfort
to the animal.

\subsubsection{Control Application}
The project must contain a functional mobile application for
the Android platform, capable of interfacing with the collars
in the field. This application should, at minimum, be usable
to adjust the boundaries of the prescribed region and visualize
the locations of individual animals on a map.

\subsubsection{Data Collection}
All of the collars must remain in constant communication with the LoRa 
gateway, and subsequently the server. There must be an SQL database holding
the most up to date information about each animal, including location,
name, type, id (primary key), and any other applicable information 
necessary for operation of the Android application. Data will be collected
from each collar at an interval to minimize collision but maximize
data throughput, and will be based on the number of LoRa end-nodes 
(collars) and the number of LoRa gateways. In this application, there is 
little need to communicate at a rapid rate, and the collars will interact
with the gateway most likely at a rate of once every few minutes.

\subsubsection{Effective Area}
Because many farms have significant numbers of livestock, and consequently
a large grazing area, it's necessary that the FGC system is functional
at large distances. We require that the sysem is functional at distances
as large as 5 kilometers, which is half of the maximum range of the
LoRa technology. A consequence of this requirement is also that the system
is entirely wireless, since it is not feasible to provide cables or wires
that span the maximum area of 5 kilometers.

\subsection{Usability requirements}
\subsubsection{Accessibility of Application}
Because the FGC system is intended to be used by farmers as a replacement
for manual labor, it must be accessible to farmers with knowledge
of the domain, but not necessarily of the inner workings of the FGC implementation.
Thus, the final Android application must be usable, without significant prior training,
by non-technical people from the agricultural industry. On the other hand,
if necessary, the Android application \emph{should} assume domain specific knowledge
in the area of agriculture, since its intended audience is from this field.

\subsubsection{Servicability of Collars}
Because the collars are intended to be battery-based, they will need to be serviced,
with the minimum goal of replacing or recharging the on-board batteries. This
must be possible to people with no prior technical experience, as the presence
of such experience is not guaranteed among the expected client base. Other common
servicing goals, such as cleaning the device, should also be easy to accomplish
without an understanding of the architecture or implementation of the FGC system.

\subsection{Performance requirements}
\subsubsection{Battery Efficiency}
Since the FGC device is battery powered and will require maintenance upon
reaching low battery levels, it's important that the device is able to
maintain an operational level of charge for long periods of time. That
is, the number and duration of servicing actions should be low, in alignment
with the original goal of reducing human labor. At minimum, the device
should remain operational for 7 days (1 week).

\subsubsection{Support for Multiple Collars}
As mentioned above, the goal for hte FGC system is to support large herds of animals,
which normally require significant portions of time to be dedicated by humans.
In order to properly support large herds, it must be possible for the system
to support as many as 100 concurrently active collars without issue. This
requirement applies to the collars themselves and the Android application:
\begin{itemize}
    \item The collars themselves should not experience difficulties when concentrated
        in large groups (farm animals instinctively tend towards proximity).
    \item The Android application, given hardware that is not greatly outdated,
        should be able to display and manage this number of collars without
        additional delays.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{System interface}
\subsubsection{LoRa}
The main communication protocol that will be used for this project 
is LoRa and LoRaWAN. Each collar will be fitted with a proprietary
LoRa chip, and LoRa gateway(s) will be configured based on the desired
number of operational collars. LoRaWAN will be configured and implemented
for communication with the end nodes and the server.

%\subsection{System operations}
%\todo{this?}
\subsection{System modes and states}
Besides the "standard" operational mode for the collar, it
is useful to envision other modes that help in troubleshooting
and setting up the FGC system. We define the following modes:

\subsubsection{Standard}
In this mode, the device uses the defined
"out of bounds" area to determine whether or not to emit a negative
stimulus. The produced negative stimuli are as defined in the
sounds and electrical shock section of the functional requirements.

\subsubsection{Electric Shock Test}
In this mode, the device operates identically to the standard mode
described above, with the exception of not generating electrical
shocks. Instead, the device should emit a different sound (or
a visual signal) to indicate when the shock would have been delivered.
This allows for safe testing of the device's behavior around area boundaries.

\subsection{Physical characteristics}
\subsubsection{Weight}
It's necessary for the device to be physically bearable by livestock for indefinite
periods of time. If the resulting collar is a constant and noticable weight on the
farm animal, it would serve as an unnecessary and permanent source of stress. Besides
the ethical considerations of subjecting an animal to a constant level of stress through
unnecessary physical labor (i.e. carrying a collar that is too heavy), this goes against
the purpose of the project, since it will likely reduce the quality of the resulting animal
management below the level that can be provided by humans.

\subsubsection{Form Factor}
In order to be able to effectively use the collar, it must fit comfortably on target farm
animals. In the initial prototype, these animals will be cows, and thus, a requirement
for the project is that the collar can be put onto, and stay on a farm cow.

\subsection{Environmental conditions}
\subsubsection{Water Resistance}
The product will be tested in collaboration with Oregon State University's College of Animal
Science, and therefore, will be tested in Oregon's climate. Since rain is very common
during the winter months in Western Oregon, the device must be readily able to withstand
such conditions, without sustaining any damage.

\subsubsection{Temperature}
As this project will be designed and tested in Oregon, the vast differences in temperature
throughout the year must be considered. The collars must be able to constantly operate in
temperatures below freezing during the winter, and temperatures in excess of 100 degrees
fahrenheit during the summer.

%\subsection{System security}
%\todo{Do we need this?}
%\subsection{Information management}
%\todo{Do we need this?}
%\subsection{Policies and regulations}
%\todo{Do we need this?}
%\subsection{System life cycle sustainment}
%\todo{Do we need this?}
%\subsection{Packaging, handling, shipping and transportation}
%\todo{Do we need this?}
%\section{Verification}
%\todo{Someone else please}

\section{Gantt Chart}
\begin{changemargin}{-2cm}{0cm}
\begin{ganttchart}[
	x unit=.65mm,
	time slot format=isodate
]{2019-10-01}{2020-06-30}
\gantttitlecalendar{year, month=name} \\
\ganttgroup{Collar}{2019-10-01}{2020-05-15} \\
\ganttbar{Design}{2019-10-20}{2020-01-01} \\
\ganttmilestone{Purchase Hardware}{2020-01-03} \\
\ganttbar{Assemble}{2020-01-05}{2020-02-01} \\
\ganttmilestone{Purchase Hardware}{2020-02-01} \\
\ganttbar{Assemble}{2020-02-01}{2020-02-15} \\
\ganttbar{Develop/Test}{2020-02-15}{2020-05-15} \\
\ganttgroup{Server}{2019-10-01}{2020-05-15} \\
\ganttbar{Design}{2019-10-20}{2020-01-01} \\
\ganttbar{Develop/Test}{2020-01-01}{2020-05-15} \\
\ganttgroup{Application}{2019-10-01}{2020-05-15} \\
\ganttbar{Design}{2019-10-20}{2020-01-01} \\
\ganttbar{Develop/Test}{2020-01-01}{2020-05-15} \\
\ganttgroup{Project}{2019-10-01}{2020-06-15} \\
\ganttbar{Finalize Project}{2020-05-15}{2020-06-15}
\ganttlink{elem1}{elem2}
\ganttlink{elem2}{elem3}
\ganttlink{elem3}{elem4}
\ganttlink{elem4}{elem5}
\ganttlink{elem5}{elem6}
\ganttlink{elem8}{elem9}
\ganttlink{elem11}{elem12}
\end{ganttchart}
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\end{document}
