62 lines
3.6 KiB
Plaintext
62 lines
3.6 KiB
Plaintext
Q: What's the best-case, worst-case, and average-case time complexities of quicksort.
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Briefly explain each case.
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A: Quicksort has the worst-case complexity of O(n^2). This is because in the worst case,
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it will have to iterate over n, n-1, n-2,...,1 items. If the pivot is not picked
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randomly, this is guranteed to occur when the list is sorted in either direction.
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If the pivot is picked randomly, there is still a chance that the pivot will be either the largest or the smallest of the subarray in question.
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The best-case complexity is O(n*log(n)) because each recursive operation will cut the size
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of the input in half. Since the total number of items sorted at a particular depth is
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always n, and the depth is logarithmically related to the number of items, the complexity
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is O(n*logn(n)).
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On average, Quicksort is also O(n*log(n)). It's quite difficult to consistently pick
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a pivot that is either the smallest or the largest. I am unfamilliar with proof
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techniques that help formalize this, but we can think of a case in which
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some non-half fraction (say j/k) of the elements
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is on the left of the pivot. In this case, the depth ends up being a multiple
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of log_k(n), meaning that the depth is still logarithmic and the complexity is
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still O(n*log(n)).
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Q: What's the best-case, worst-case, and average-case time complexities? Briefly explain.
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A: For the same reason as quicksort, in the worst case, the complexity is O(n^2).
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If the algorithm consistently places all the elements to one side of the pivot,
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it will need to continue sorting n, n-1, n-2, ..., 1 items.
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In the best case, the input size is halved. This means that first n numbers
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are processed, then n/2, then n/4, and so on. We can write this as n*(1+1/2+1/4+...).
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The formula for the sum of a finite number of terms from a geometric series
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is n(1-r^k)/(1-r). This simplifies to 2n(1-r^k). Since 1-2^k < 1,
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n*(1+1/2+1/4+...) < 2n. This means the complexity is O(n).
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Similarly to quicksort, we can assume j/k elements are on the left
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of the pivot. Then, the the longest possible computation will end up
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looking at nj/k elements, then nj^2/k^2, and so on. This is effectively
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n times the sum of the geometric series with r=j/k. This means
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the sum is n * c, and thus, the complexity is O(n).
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Q: What are the time complexities for the operations implemented?
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A: The complexity of sorted is O(n).
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Since I use an accumulator array, array append is O(1). Then, all
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that's done is an in-order traversal of the tree, which is O(n),
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since it visits every element of the tree.
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Since insert and search both use _search, and perform no steps above O(1), they are
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of the same complexity as _search. _search itself is O(logn) in the average case,
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and O(n) in the worst case, so the same is true for the other algorithms. These
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complexities are as such because _search is a simple binary search.
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Debriefing:
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1. Approximately how many hours did you spend on this assignment?
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~1 hour.
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2. Would you rate it as easy, moderate, or difficult?
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Very easy, especially since it followed from the slides on day 1.
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3. Did you work on it mostly alone, or mostly with other people?
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Just me, myself, and I.
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4. How deeply do you feel you understand the material it covers (0%–100%)?
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80%. Determining actual complexities of recursive functions has not yet been
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taught in class, and I haven't consulted the books. For best and worst case,
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though, It's pretty simple.
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5. Any other comments?
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I'd prefer the code for "broken qsort" to be available on Canvas. Maybe I missed it :)
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