Prevent leaving unparsed tokens ignored, throwing error instead.

# Conflicts:
#	src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java
#	src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.java

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus;
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusApplication;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.ShuntingYardParser;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.TreeBuilder;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.ClassFinder;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.NumberReducer;
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 
 /**
  * The main calculator class. This is responsible
@@ -25,9 +24,9 @@ import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 public class Abacus {
 
     /**
-     * The default implementation to use for the number representation.
+     * The default number implementation to be used if no other one is available / selected.
      */
-    public static final Class<? extends NumberInterface> DEFAULT_NUMBER = NaiveNumber.class;
+    public static final NumberImplementation DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION = StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE;
     /**
      * The file used for saving and loading configuration.
      */
@@ -147,15 +146,10 @@ public class Abacus {
      * @return the resulting number.
      */
     public NumberInterface numberFromString(String numberString) {
-        Class<? extends NumberInterface> toInstantiate =
-                pluginManager.numberFor(configuration.getNumberImplementation());
-        if (toInstantiate == null) toInstantiate = DEFAULT_NUMBER;
+        NumberImplementation toInstantiate =
+                pluginManager.numberImplementationFor(configuration.getNumberImplementation());
+        if (toInstantiate == null) toInstantiate = DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION;
 
-        try {
-            return toInstantiate.getConstructor(String.class).newInstance(numberString);
-        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        }
-        return null;
+        return toInstantiate.instanceForString(numberString);
     }
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/config/Configuration.java

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ public class Configuration {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new configuration with the given values.
+     *
      * @param numberImplementation the number implementation, like "naive" or "precise"
      * @param disabledPlugins      the list of disabled plugins.
      */
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ public class Configuration {
 
     /**
      * Loads a configuration from a given file, keeping non-specified fields default.
+     *
      * @param fromFile the file to load from.
      */
     public Configuration(File fromFile) {
@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ public class Configuration {
 
     /**
      * Copies the values from the given configuration into this one.
+     *
      * @param otherConfiguration the configuration to copy from.
      */
     public void copyFrom(Configuration otherConfiguration) {
@@ -70,6 +73,7 @@ public class Configuration {
     /**
      * Saves this configuration to the given file, creating
      * any directories that do not exist.
+     *
      * @param file the file to save to.
      */
     public void saveTo(File file) {
@@ -83,6 +87,7 @@ public class Configuration {
 
     /**
      * Gets the number implementation from this configuration.
+     *
      * @return the number implementation.
      */
     public String getNumberImplementation() {
@@ -91,6 +96,7 @@ public class Configuration {
 
     /**
      * Sets the number implementation for the configuration
+     *
      * @param numberImplementation the number implementation.
      */
     public void setNumberImplementation(String numberImplementation) {
@@ -99,6 +105,7 @@ public class Configuration {
 
     /**
      * Gets the list of disabled plugins.
+     *
      * @return the list of disabled plugins.
      */
     public Set<String> getDisabledPlugins() {

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Function.java

@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PreciseNumber;
-
-import java.util.HashMap;
 
 /**
  * A function that operates on one or more
@@ -12,15 +8,6 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
  */
 public abstract class Function {
 
-    /**
-     * A map to correctly promote different number implementations to each other.
-     */
-    private static final HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Integer> priorityMap =
-            new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Integer>() {{
-                put(NaiveNumber.class, 0);
-                put(PreciseNumber.class, 1);
-            }};
-
     /**
      * Checks whether the given params will work for the given function.
      *

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
 
+import javafx.application.Platform;
 import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
 import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
 import javafx.fxml.FXML;
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import javafx.util.Callback;
 import javafx.util.StringConverter;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.ComputationInterruptedException;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
@@ -45,7 +47,14 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
      * Constant string that is displayed if the tree could not be reduced.
      */
     private static final String ERR_EVAL = "Evaluation Error";
-
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are stopped before they are done.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_STOP = "Stopped";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are interrupted by an exception.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_EXCEPTION = "Exception Thrown";
     @FXML
     private TabPane coreTabPane;
     @FXML
@@ -67,6 +76,8 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     @FXML
     private Button inputButton;
     @FXML
+    private Button stopButton;
+    @FXML
     private ComboBox<String> numberImplementationBox;
     @FXML
     private ListView<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPluginView;
@@ -105,6 +116,47 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
      * The alert shown when a press to "apply" is needed.
      */
     private Alert reloadAlert;
+    /**
+     * The runnable used to perform the calculation.
+     */
+    private final Runnable CALCULATION_RUNNABLE = new Runnable() {
+
+        private String attemptCalculation(){
+            try {
+                TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
+                if (constructedTree == null) {
+                    return ERR_SYNTAX;
+                }
+                NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
+                if (evaluatedNumber == null) {
+                    return ERR_EVAL;
+                }
+                String resultingString = evaluatedNumber.toString();
+                historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), resultingString));
+                return resultingString;
+            } catch (ComputationInterruptedException exception) {
+                return ERR_STOP;
+            } catch (RuntimeException exception){
+                exception.printStackTrace();
+                return ERR_EXCEPTION;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            String calculation = attemptCalculation();
+            Platform.runLater(() -> {
+                outputText.setText(calculation);
+                inputField.setText("");
+                inputButton.setDisable(false);
+                stopButton.setDisable(true);
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The thread in which the computation runs.
+     */
+    private Thread calculationThread;
 
     /**
      * Alerts the user if the changes they made
@@ -169,23 +221,15 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     @FXML
     private void performCalculation() {
         inputButton.setDisable(true);
-        TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
-        if(constructedTree == null){
-            outputText.setText(ERR_SYNTAX);
-            inputButton.setDisable(false);
-            return;
+        stopButton.setDisable(false);
+        calculationThread = new Thread(CALCULATION_RUNNABLE);
+        calculationThread.start();
     }
-        NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
-        if(evaluatedNumber == null){
-            outputText.setText(ERR_EVAL);
-            inputButton.setDisable(false);
-            return;
-        }
-        outputText.setText(evaluatedNumber.toString());
-        historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), evaluatedNumber.toString()));
 
-        inputButton.setDisable(false);
-        inputField.setText("");
+    @FXML
+    private void performStop(){
+        if(calculationThread != null)
+            calculationThread.interrupt();
     }
 
     @FXML
@@ -220,7 +264,7 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
         Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
         Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
-        numberImplementationOptions.addAll(abacus.getPluginManager().getAllNumbers());
+        numberImplementationOptions.addAll(abacus.getPluginManager().getAllNumberImplementations());
         String actualImplementation = configuration.getNumberImplementation();
         String toSelect = (numberImplementationOptions.contains(actualImplementation)) ? actualImplementation : "<default>";
         numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().select(toSelect);

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/CopyableCell.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection;
 /**
  * A cell that copies its value to the clipboard
  * when double clicked.
+ *
  * @param <S> The type of the table view generic type.
  * @param <T> The type of the value contained in the cell.
  */

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/HistoryModel.java

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ public class HistoryModel {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new history model with the given variables.
+     *
      * @param input  the user input
      * @param parsed the parsed input
      * @param output the program output.
@@ -41,13 +42,16 @@ public class HistoryModel {
 
     /**
      * Gets the input property.
+     *
      * @return the input property.
      */
     public StringProperty inputProperty() {
         return input;
     }
+
     /**
      * Gets the input.
+     *
      * @return the input.
      */
     public String getInput() {
@@ -56,13 +60,16 @@ public class HistoryModel {
 
     /**
      * Gets the parsed input property.
+     *
      * @return the parsed input property.
      */
     public StringProperty parsedProperty() {
         return parsed;
     }
+
     /**
      * Gets the parsed input.
+     *
      * @return the parsed input.
      */
     public String getParsed() {
@@ -71,13 +78,16 @@ public class HistoryModel {
 
     /**
      * Gets the output property.
+     *
      * @return the output property.
      */
     public StringProperty outputProperty() {
         return output;
     }
+
     /**
      * Gets the program output.
+     *
      * @return the output.
      */
     public String getOutput() {

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ToggleablePlugin.java

@@ -3,25 +3,56 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
 import javafx.beans.property.BooleanProperty;
 import javafx.beans.property.SimpleBooleanProperty;
 
+/**
+ * Class that represents an entry in the plugin check box list.
+ * The changes from this property are written to the config on application.
+ */
 public class ToggleablePlugin {
 
+    /**
+     * The property that determines whether the plugin will be enabled.
+     */
     private final BooleanProperty enabled;
+    /**
+     * The name of the class this entry toggles.
+     */
     private final String className;
 
+    /**
+     * Creates a new toggleable plugin with the given properties.
+     *
+     * @param enabled   the enabled / disabled state at the beginning.
+     * @param className the name of the class this plugin toggles.
+     */
     public ToggleablePlugin(boolean enabled, String className) {
         this.enabled = new SimpleBooleanProperty();
         this.enabled.setValue(enabled);
         this.className = className;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the enabled property of this plugin.
+     *
+     * @return the enabled property.
+     */
     public BooleanProperty enabledProperty() {
         return enabled;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Checks if this plugin entry should be enabled.
+     *
+     * @return whether this plugin will be enabled.
+     */
     public boolean isEnabled() {
         return enabled.get();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the class name this plugin toggles.
+     *
+     * @return the class name that should be disabled.
+     */
     public String getClassName() {
         return className;
     }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/ComputationInterruptedException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when the computation is interrupted by
+ * the user.
+ */
+public class ComputationInterruptedException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception of this type.
+     */
+    public ComputationInterruptedException(){
+        super("Computation interrupted by user.");
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
 /**
  * An implementation of NumberInterface using a double.
  */
-public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
+public class NaiveNumber extends NumberInterface {
 
     /**
      * The number zero.
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     public NaiveNumber(String value) {
         this(Double.parseDouble(value));
     }
+
     /**
      * Creates a new NaiveNumber with the given value.
      *
@@ -41,32 +42,32 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value * ((NaiveNumber) multiplier).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value / ((NaiveNumber) divisor).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value + ((NaiveNumber) summand).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value - ((NaiveNumber) subtrahend).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface negate() {
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(-value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
         if (exponent == 0) {
             return NaiveNumber.ONE;
         }
@@ -94,12 +95,27 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public int ceiling() {
-        return (int) Math.ceil(value);
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(Math.ceil(value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(Math.floor(value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value - Math.floor(value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int) value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
         if (toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
         else if (toClass == PreciseNumber.class) {
             return new PreciseNumber(Double.toString(value));

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.java

@@ -3,14 +3,22 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
 /**
  * An interface used to represent a number.
  */
-public interface NumberInterface {
+public abstract class NumberInterface {
 
+    /**
+     * Check if the thread was interrupted and
+     * throw an exception to end the computation.
+     */
+    private static void checkInterrupted(){
+        if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
+            throw new ComputationInterruptedException();
+    }
     /**
      * The maximum precision to which this number operates.
      *
      * @return the precision.
      */
-    int getMaxPrecision();
+    public abstract int getMaxPrecision();
 
     /**
      * Multiplies this number by another, returning
@@ -19,7 +27,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param multiplier the multiplier
      * @return the result of the multiplication.
      */
-    NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier);
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return multiplyInternal(multiplier);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Divides this number by another, returning
@@ -28,7 +50,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param divisor the divisor
      * @return the result of the division.
      */
-    NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor);
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return divideInternal(divisor);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Adds this number to another, returning
@@ -37,7 +73,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param summand the summand
      * @return the result of the summation.
      */
-    NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return addInternal(summand);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Subtracts another number from this number,
@@ -46,7 +96,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
      * @return the result of the subtraction.
      */
-    NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return subtractInternal(subtrahend);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Returns a new instance of this number with
@@ -54,7 +118,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      *
      * @return the new instance.
      */
-    NumberInterface negate();
+    protected abstract NumberInterface negateInternal();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of this number with
+     * the sign flipped. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface negate(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return negateInternal();
+    }
 
     /**
      * Raises this number to an integer power.
@@ -62,7 +140,20 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
      * @return the resulting value.
      */
-    NumberInterface intPow(int exponent);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent);
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface intPow(int exponent){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return intPowInternal(exponent);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Compares this number to another.
@@ -70,20 +161,78 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param number the number to compare to.
      * @return same as Integer.compare();
      */
-    int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
+    public abstract int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
 
     /**
      * Same as Math.signum().
      *
      * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
      */
-    int signum();
+    public abstract int signum();
 
     /**
      * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     *
      * @return the least integer >= the number, if int can hold the value.
      */
-    int ceiling();
+    protected abstract NumberInterface ceilingInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the least integer >= the number, if int can hold the value.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface ceiling(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return ceilingInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest int >= the number, if int can hold the value.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface floorInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest int >= the number, if int can hold the value.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface floor(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return floorInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number.
+     *
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted,
+     * and if so, throws an exception.
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface fractionalPart(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return fractionalPartInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the integer representation of this number, discarding any fractional part,
+     * if int can hold the value.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public abstract int intValue();
 
     /**
      * Promotes this class to another number class.
@@ -91,6 +240,19 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param toClass the class to promote to.
      * @return the resulting new instance.
      */
-    NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
+
+    /**
+     * Promotes this class to another number class. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param toClass the class to promote to.
+     * @return the resulting new instance.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return promoteToInternal(toClass);
+    }
 
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/PreciseNumber.java

@@ -7,20 +7,20 @@ import java.math.RoundingMode;
  * A number that uses a BigDecimal to store its value,
  * leading to infinite possible precision.
  */
-public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
+public class PreciseNumber extends NumberInterface {
 
     /**
      * The number one.
      */
-    static final PreciseNumber ONE = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ONE);
+    public static final PreciseNumber ONE = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ONE);
     /**
      * The number zero.
      */
-    static final PreciseNumber ZERO = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ZERO);
+    public static final PreciseNumber ZERO = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ZERO);
     /**
      * The number ten.
      */
-    static final PreciseNumber TEN = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.TEN);
+    public static final PreciseNumber TEN = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.TEN);
 
     /**
      * The value of the PreciseNumber.
@@ -52,27 +52,27 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
         return new PreciseNumber(this.value.multiply(((PreciseNumber) multiplier).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.divide(((PreciseNumber) divisor).value, this.getMaxPrecision(), RoundingMode.HALF_UP));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.add(((PreciseNumber) summand).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.subtract(((PreciseNumber) subtrahend).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
         if (exponent == 0) {
             return PreciseNumber.ONE;
         }
@@ -99,17 +99,47 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public int ceiling() {
-        return (int) Math.ceil(value.doubleValue());
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
+        String str = value.toPlainString();
+        int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
+        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
+            return this.floor().add(ONE);
+        }
+        return this;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface negate() {
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
+        String str = value.toPlainString();
+        int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
+        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(str.substring(0, decimalIndex));
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
+        String str = value.toPlainString();
+        int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
+        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(str.substring(decimalIndex + 1));
+        }
+        return ZERO;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int intValue() {
+        return value.intValue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.negate());
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+    public NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
         if (toClass == this.getClass()) {
             return this;
         }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/ShuntingYardParser.java

@@ -162,8 +162,10 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
     @Override
     public TreeNode constructTree(List<Match<TokenType>> tokens) {
         tokens = intoPostfix(new ArrayList<>(tokens));
+        if(tokens == null) return null;
         Collections.reverse(tokens);
-        return constructRecursive(tokens);
+        TreeNode constructedTree = constructRecursive(tokens);
+        return tokens.size() == 0 ? constructedTree : null;
     }
 
     @Override

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/NumberImplementation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * A class that holds data about a number implementation.
+ */
+public abstract class NumberImplementation {
+
+    /**
+     * The list of paths through which this implementation can be promoted.
+     */
+    protected Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> promotionPaths;
+    /**
+     * The implementation class for this implementation.
+     */
+    private Class<? extends NumberInterface> implementation;
+    /**
+     * The priority of converting into this number implementation.
+     */
+    private int priority;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new number implementation with the given data.
+     *
+     * @param implementation the implementation class.
+     * @param priority       the priority, higher -> more likely to be converted into.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation(Class<? extends NumberInterface> implementation, int priority) {
+        this.implementation = implementation;
+        this.priority = priority;
+        promotionPaths = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the list of all promotion paths this implementation can take.
+     *
+     * @return the map of documentation paths.
+     */
+    public final Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> getPromotionPaths() {
+        return promotionPaths;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the implementation class used by this implementation.
+     *
+     * @return the implementation class.
+     */
+    public final Class<? extends NumberInterface> getImplementation() {
+        return implementation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the priority of this number implementation.
+     *
+     * @return the priority.
+     */
+    public final int getPriority() {
+        return priority;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract function to create a new instance from a string.
+     *
+     * @param string the string to create a number from.
+     * @return the resulting number.
+     */
+    public abstract NumberInterface instanceForString(String string);
+
+    /**
+     * Get the instance of pi with the given implementation.
+     *
+     * @return pi
+     */
+    public abstract NumberInterface instanceForPi();
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/Plugin.java

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      */
     private Map<String, Operator> operators;
     /**
-     * A hash map of operators mapped to their string names.
+     * The map of the number implementations this plugin provides.
      */
-    private Map<String, Class<? extends NumberInterface>> numbers;
+    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> numberImplementations;
     /**
      * The plugin manager in which to search for functions
      * not inside this package,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
         this.manager = manager;
         functions = new HashMap<>();
         operators = new HashMap<>();
-        numbers = new HashMap<>();
+        numberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
         enabled = false;
     }
 
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets the list of all numbers provided by this plugin.
+     * Gets the list of number implementations provided by this plugin.
      *
-     * @return the list of registered numbers.
+     * @return the list of registered number implementations.
      */
-    public final Set<String> providedNumbers() {
-        return numbers.keySet();
+    public final Set<String> providedNumberImplementations() {
+        return numberImplementations.keySet();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets the class under the given name.
+     * Gets the number implementation under the given name.
      *
-     * @param numberName the name of the class.
-     * @return the class, or null if the plugin doesn't provide it.
+     * @param name the name of the number implementation to look up.
+     * @return the number implementation associated with that name, or null if the plugin doesn't provide it.
      */
-    public final Class<? extends NumberInterface> getNumber(String numberName) {
-        return numbers.get(numberName);
+    public final NumberImplementation getNumberImplementation(String name) {
+        return numberImplementations.get(name);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -158,16 +158,14 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
     }
 
     /**
-     * To be used in load(). Registers a number class
-     * with the plugin internally, which makes it possible
-     * for the user to select it as an "implementation" for the
-     * number that they would like to use.
+     * To be used in load(). Registers a new number implementation with the plugin.
+     * This makes it accessible to the plugin manager.
      *
-     * @param name       the name to register it under.
-     * @param toRegister the class to register.
+     * @param name           the name of the implementation.
+     * @param implementation the actual implementation class to register.
      */
-    protected final void registerNumber(String name, Class<? extends NumberInterface> toRegister) {
-        numbers.put(name, toRegister);
+    protected final void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation) {
+        numberImplementations.put(name, implementation);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -194,6 +192,31 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
         return manager.operatorFor(name);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Searches the PluginManager for the given number implementation
+     * name. This can be used by the plugins internally in order to find
+     * implementations that they do not provide.
+     *
+     * @param name the name for which to search.
+     * @return the resulting number implementation, or null if none was found.
+     */
+    protected final NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name) {
+        return manager.numberImplementationFor(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the plugin manager for a Pi value for the given number implementation.
+     * This is done so that number implementations with various degrees of precision
+     * can provide their own pi values, without losing said precision by
+     * promoting NaiveNumbers.
+     *
+     * @param forClass the class to which to find the pi instance.
+     * @return the pi value for the given class.
+     */
+    protected final NumberInterface getPi(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
+        return manager.piFor(forClass);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Abstract method to be overridden by plugin implementation, in which the plugins
      * are supposed to register the functions they provide and do any other

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -33,10 +33,19 @@ public class PluginManager {
      */
     private Map<String, Operator> cachedOperators;
     /**
-     * List of registered number implementations that have
+     * The list of number implementations that have
      * been cached, that is, found in a plugin and returned.
      */
-    private Map<String, Class<? extends NumberInterface>> cachedNumbers;
+    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> cachedNumberImplementations;
+    /**
+     * The list of number implementations that have been
+     * found by their implementation class.
+     */
+    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberImplementation> cachedInterfaceImplementations;
+    /**
+     * The pi values for each implementation class that have already been computer.
+     */
+    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberInterface> cachedPi;
     /**
      * List of all functions loaded by the plugins.
      */
@@ -46,9 +55,9 @@ public class PluginManager {
      */
     private Set<String> allOperators;
     /**
-     * List of all numbers loaded by the plugins.
+     * List of all the number implementations loaded by the plugins.
      */
-    private Set<String> allNumbers;
+    private Set<String> allNumberImplementations;
     /**
      * The list of plugin listeners attached to this instance.
      */
@@ -68,10 +77,12 @@ public class PluginManager {
         plugins = new HashSet<>();
         cachedFunctions = new HashMap<>();
         cachedOperators = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedNumbers = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedNumberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedInterfaceImplementations = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedPi = new HashMap<>();
         allFunctions = new HashSet<>();
         allOperators = new HashSet<>();
-        allNumbers = new HashSet<>();
+        allNumberImplementations = new HashSet<>();
         listeners = new HashSet<>();
     }
 
@@ -87,12 +98,13 @@ public class PluginManager {
      * @param getFunction the function to get the T value under the given name
      * @param name        the name to search for
      * @param <T>         the type of element being search
+     * @param <K>         the type of key that the cache is indexed by.
      * @return the retrieved element, or null if it was not found.
      */
-    private static <T> T searchCached(Collection<Plugin> plugins, Map<String, T> cache,
-                                      java.util.function.Function<Plugin, Set<String>> setFunction,
-                                      java.util.function.BiFunction<Plugin, String, T> getFunction,
-                                      String name) {
+    private static <T, K> T searchCached(Collection<Plugin> plugins, Map<K, T> cache,
+                                         java.util.function.Function<Plugin, Set<K>> setFunction,
+                                         java.util.function.BiFunction<Plugin, K, T> getFunction,
+                                         K name) {
         if (cache.containsKey(name)) return cache.get(name);
 
         T loadedValue = null;
@@ -128,13 +140,54 @@ public class PluginManager {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets a numer implementation under the given name.
+     * Gets the number implementation under the given name.
      *
      * @param name the name of the implementation.
-     * @return the implementation class
+     * @return the implementation.
      */
-    public Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberFor(String name) {
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedNumbers, Plugin::providedNumbers, Plugin::getNumber, name);
+    public NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name) {
+        return searchCached(plugins, cachedNumberImplementations, Plugin::providedNumberImplementations,
+                Plugin::getNumberImplementation, name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation for the given implementation class.
+     *
+     * @param name the class for which to find the implementation.
+     * @return the implementation.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation interfaceImplementationFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> name) {
+        if (cachedInterfaceImplementations.containsKey(name)) return cachedInterfaceImplementations.get(name);
+        NumberImplementation toReturn = null;
+        outside:
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+            for (String implementationName : plugin.providedNumberImplementations()) {
+                NumberImplementation implementation = plugin.getNumberImplementation(implementationName);
+                if (implementation.getImplementation().equals(name)) {
+                    toReturn = implementation;
+                    break outside;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        cachedInterfaceImplementations.put(name, toReturn);
+        return toReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the mathematical constant pi for the given implementation class.
+     *
+     * @param forClass the class for which to find pi.
+     * @return pi
+     */
+    public NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
+        if (cachedPi.containsKey(forClass)) return cachedPi.get(forClass);
+        NumberImplementation implementation = interfaceImplementationFor(forClass);
+        NumberInterface generatedPi = null;
+        if (implementation != null) {
+            generatedPi = implementation.instanceForPi();
+        }
+        cachedPi.put(forClass, generatedPi);
+        return generatedPi;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -176,7 +229,7 @@ public class PluginManager {
             if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
             allFunctions.addAll(plugin.providedFunctions());
             allOperators.addAll(plugin.providedOperators());
-            allNumbers.addAll(plugin.providedNumbers());
+            allNumberImplementations.addAll(plugin.providedNumberImplementations());
         }
         listeners.forEach(e -> e.onLoad(this));
     }
@@ -193,10 +246,13 @@ public class PluginManager {
         }
         cachedFunctions.clear();
         cachedOperators.clear();
-        cachedNumbers.clear();
+        cachedNumberImplementations.clear();
+        cachedInterfaceImplementations.clear();
+        cachedPi.clear();
         allFunctions.clear();
         allOperators.clear();
-        allNumbers.clear();
+        allNumberImplementations.clear();
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -226,12 +282,12 @@ public class PluginManager {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets all the number implementations loaded by the Plugin Manager
+     * Gets all the number implementations loaded by the Plugin Manager.
      *
-     * @return the set of all implementations that were loaded
+     * @return the set of all implementations that were loaded.
      */
-    public Set<String> getAllNumbers() {
-        return allNumbers;
+    public Set<String> getAllNumberImplementations() {
+        return allNumberImplementations;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -255,6 +311,7 @@ public class PluginManager {
     /**
      * Gets a list of all the plugin class files that have been
      * added to the plugin manager.
+     *
      * @return the list of all the added plugin classes.
      */
     public Set<Class<?>> getLoadedPluginClasses() {

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import java.util.function.BiFunction;
  */
 public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
-    private static HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> factorialLists = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
-
     /**
      * The addition operator, +
      */
@@ -50,6 +48,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
+
         }
     });
     /**
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
     public static final Operator OP_DIVIDE = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1, new Function() {
         @Override
         protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2;
+            return params.length == 2 && params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) != 0;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -105,7 +104,9 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         //private HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> storedList = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
         @Override
         protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
+            return params.length == 1
+                    && params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0
+                    && params[0].signum() >= 0;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -127,20 +128,6 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
                 }*/
         }
     });
-    /**
-     * The caret / pow operator, ^
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_CARET = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2, new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(FUNCTION_LN.apply(params[0]).multiply(params[1]));
-        }
-    });
     /**
      * The absolute value function, abs(-3) = 3
      */
@@ -155,63 +142,20 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
             return params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(params[0].signum())).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
         }
     };
-    /**
-     * The exponential function, exp(1) = e^1 = 2.71...
-     */
-    public static final Function FUNCTION_EXP = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(params[0]);
-            int n = 0;
-            if(params[0].signum() <= 0){
-                NumberInterface currentTerm = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()), sum = currentTerm;
-                while(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0){
-                    n++;
-                    currentTerm = currentTerm.multiply(params[0]).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-                    sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
-                }
-                return sum;
-            }
-            else{
-                //We need n such that x^(n+1) * 3^ceil(x) <= maxError * (n+1)!.
-                //right and left refer to lhs and rhs in the above inequality.
-                NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
-                NumberInterface nextNumerator = params[0];
-                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).intPow(params[0].ceiling())), right = maxError;
-                do{
-                    sum = sum.add(nextNumerator.divide(factorial(params[0].getClass(), n+1)));
-                    n++;
-                    nextNumerator = nextNumerator.multiply(params[0]);
-                    left = left.multiply(params[0]);
-                    NumberInterface nextN = (new NaiveNumber(n+1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
-                    right = right.multiply(nextN);
-                    //System.out.println(left + ", " + right);
-                }
-                while(left.compareTo(right) > 0);
-                //System.out.println(n+1);
-                return sum;
-            }
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The natural log function.
      */
     public static final Function FUNCTION_LN = new Function() {
         @Override
         protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
+            return params.length == 1 && params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) > 0;
         }
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberInterface param = params[0];
             int powersOf2 = 0;
-            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))).compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0.1)).promoteTo(param.getClass())) >= 0) {
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))).compareTo(new NaiveNumber(0.1).promoteTo(param.getClass())) >= 0) {
                 if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() == 1) {
                     param = param.divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(param.getClass()));
                     powersOf2++;
@@ -238,6 +182,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
          * @return the partial sum.
          */
         private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(NumberInterface x) {
+
             NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
             x = x.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(x.getClass())); //Terms used are for log(x+1).
             NumberInterface currentNumerator = x, currentTerm = x, sum = x;
@@ -289,6 +234,214 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
             return OP_CARET.getFunction().apply(params[0], ((new NaiveNumber(0.5)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass())));
         }
     };
+    /**
+     * The implementation for double-based naive numbers.
+     */
+    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE = new NumberImplementation(NaiveNumber.class, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
+            return new NaiveNumber(string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
+            return new NaiveNumber(Math.PI);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The implementation for the infinite-precision BigDecimal.
+     */
+    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE = new NumberImplementation(PreciseNumber.class, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
+            NumberInterface C = FUNCTION_SQRT.apply(new PreciseNumber("10005")).multiply(new PreciseNumber("426880"));
+            NumberInterface M = PreciseNumber.ONE;
+            NumberInterface L = new PreciseNumber("13591409");
+            NumberInterface X = M;
+            NumberInterface sum = L;
+            int termsNeeded = C.getMaxPrecision() / 13 + 1;
+
+            NumberInterface lSummand = new PreciseNumber("545140134");
+            NumberInterface xMultiplier = new PreciseNumber("262537412")
+                    .multiply(new PreciseNumber("1000000000"))
+                    .add(new PreciseNumber("640768000"))
+                    .negate();
+            for (int i = 0; i < termsNeeded; i++) {
+                M = M
+                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12 * i + 2).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
+                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12 * i + 6).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
+                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12 * i + 10).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
+                        .divide(new NaiveNumber(Math.pow(i + 1, 3)).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class));
+                L = L.add(lSummand);
+                X = X.multiply(xMultiplier);
+                sum = sum.add(M.multiply(L).divide(X));
+            }
+            return C.divide(sum);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> FACTORIAL_LISTS = new HashMap<>();
+    /**
+     * The exponential function, exp(1) = e^1 = 2.71...
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_EXP = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(params[0]);
+            int n = 0;
+            if (params[0].signum() <= 0) {
+                NumberInterface currentTerm = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()), sum = currentTerm;
+                while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
+                    n++;
+                    currentTerm = currentTerm.multiply(params[0]).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                    sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+                }
+                return sum;
+            } else {
+                //We need n such that x^(n+1) * 3^ceil(x) <= maxError * (n+1)!.
+                //right and left refer to lhs and rhs in the above inequality.
+                NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+                NumberInterface nextNumerator = params[0];
+                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).intPow(params[0].ceiling().intValue())), right = maxError;
+                do {
+                    sum = sum.add(nextNumerator.divide(factorial(params[0].getClass(), n + 1)));
+                    n++;
+                    nextNumerator = nextNumerator.multiply(params[0]);
+                    left = left.multiply(params[0]);
+                    NumberInterface nextN = (new NaiveNumber(n + 1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+                    right = right.multiply(nextN);
+                    //System.out.println(left + ", " + right);
+                }
+                while (left.compareTo(right) > 0);
+                //System.out.println(n+1);
+                return sum;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The caret / pow operator, ^
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_CARET = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2
+                    && !(params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0
+                    && params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) == 0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0)
+                return NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+            else if (params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0)
+                return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[1].getClass());
+            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(FUNCTION_LN.apply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[0])).multiply(params[1]));
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The sine function (the argument is interpreted in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionSin = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface pi = getPi(params[0].getClass());
+            NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(pi.getClass()));
+            NumberInterface theta = getSmallAngle(params[0], pi);
+            //System.out.println(theta);
+            if (theta.compareTo(pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber(1.5).promoteTo(twoPi.getClass()))) >= 0) {
+                theta = theta.subtract(twoPi);
+            } else if (theta.compareTo(pi.divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(pi.getClass()))) > 0) {
+                theta = pi.subtract(theta);
+            }
+            //System.out.println(theta);
+            return sinTaylor(theta);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cosine function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionCos = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionSin.apply(getPi(params[0].getClass()).divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()))
+                    .subtract(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The tangent function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionTan = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionSin.apply(params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The secant function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionSec = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cosecant function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionCsc = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).divide(functionSin.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cotangent function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionCot = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionCos.apply(params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
 
     public StandardPlugin(PluginManager manager) {
         super(manager);
@@ -320,10 +473,84 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         return (new NaiveNumber(10)).promoteTo(number.getClass()).intPow(-number.getMaxPrecision());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * A factorial function that uses memoization for each number class; it efficiently
+     * computes factorials of non-negative integers.
+     *
+     * @param numberClass type of number to return.
+     * @param n           non-negative integer.
+     * @return a number of numClass with value n factorial.
+     */
+    public static NumberInterface factorial(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, int n) {
+        if (!FACTORIAL_LISTS.containsKey(numberClass)) {
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.put(numberClass, new ArrayList<>());
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
+        }
+        ArrayList<NumberInterface> list = FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass);
+        if (n >= list.size()) {
+            while (list.size() < n + 16) {
+                list.add(list.get(list.size() - 1).multiply(new NaiveNumber(list.size()).promoteTo(numberClass)));
+            }
+        }
+        return list.get(n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of the Taylor series for sin (centered at 0) at x.
+     *
+     * @param x where the series is evaluated.
+     * @return the value of the series
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface sinTaylor(NumberInterface x) {
+        NumberInterface power = x, multiplier = x.multiply(x).negate(), currentTerm = x, sum = x;
+        NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
+        int n = 1;
+        do {
+            n += 2;
+            power = power.multiply(multiplier);
+            currentTerm = power.divide(factorial(x.getClass(), n));
+            sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+        } while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0);
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an equivalent angle in the interval [0, 2pi)
+     *
+     * @param phi an angle (in radians).
+     * @return theta in [0, 2pi) that differs from phi by a multiple of 2pi.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface getSmallAngle(NumberInterface phi, NumberInterface pi) {
+        NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber("2").promoteTo(phi.getClass()));
+        NumberInterface theta = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(phi).subtract(twoPi
+                .multiply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(phi).divide(twoPi).floor())); //Now theta is in [0, 2pi).
+        if (phi.signum() < 0) {
+            theta = twoPi.subtract(theta);
+        }
+        return theta;
+    }
+
+    public static NumberInterface intPow(NumberInterface number, Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, NumberInterface exponent) {
+        if (exponent.compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0)).promoteTo(numberClass)) == 0) {
+            return (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass);
+        }
+        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent.compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0)).promoteTo(numberClass)) < 0;
+        exponent = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(exponent);
+        NumberInterface power = number;
+        for (NumberInterface currentExponent = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass); currentExponent.compareTo(exponent) < 0; currentExponent = currentExponent.add((new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass))) {
+            power = power.multiply(number);
+        }
+        if (takeReciprocal) {
+            power = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass).divide(power);
+        }
+        return power;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void onEnable() {
-        registerNumber("naive", NaiveNumber.class);
-        registerNumber("precise", PreciseNumber.class);
+        registerNumberImplementation("naive", IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE);
+        registerNumberImplementation("precise", IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE);
 
         registerOperator("+", OP_ADD);
         registerOperator("-", OP_SUBTRACT);
@@ -337,26 +564,16 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         registerFunction("exp", FUNCTION_EXP);
         registerFunction("ln", FUNCTION_LN);
         registerFunction("sqrt", FUNCTION_SQRT);
+        registerFunction("sin", functionSin);
+        registerFunction("cos", functionCos);
+        registerFunction("tan", functionTan);
+        registerFunction("sec", functionSec);
+        registerFunction("csc", functionCsc);
+        registerFunction("cot", functionCot);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void onDisable() {
 
     }
-
-    public static NumberInterface factorial(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, int n){
-        if(!factorialLists.containsKey(numberClass)){
-            factorialLists.put(numberClass, new ArrayList<>());
-            factorialLists.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
-            factorialLists.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
-        }
-        ArrayList<NumberInterface> list = factorialLists.get(numberClass);
-        if(n >= list.size()){
-            while(list.size() < n + 16){
-                list.add(list.get(list.size()-1).multiply(new NaiveNumber(list.size()).promoteTo(numberClass)));
-            }
-        }
-        return list.get(n);
-    }
-
 }

src/main/resources/abacus.fxml

@@ -2,14 +2,10 @@
 
 <?import javafx.geometry.Insets?>
 <?import javafx.scene.control.*?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.VBox?>
+<?import javafx.scene.layout.*?>
 <?import javafx.scene.text.Text?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.HBox?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.FlowPane?>
-<BorderPane xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx"
-            xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml"
+<BorderPane xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml"
+            xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx"
             fx:controller="org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusController">
     <center>
         <TabPane fx:id="coreTabPane">
@@ -38,19 +34,24 @@
                             <TextField fx:id="inputField" onAction="#performCalculation"/>
                             <Button fx:id="inputButton" text="Calculate" maxWidth="Infinity"
                                     onAction="#performCalculation"/>
+                            <Button fx:id="stopButton" text="Stop" maxWidth="Infinity"
+                                    onAction="#performStop" disable="true"/>
                         </VBox>
                     </bottom>
                 </BorderPane>
             </Tab>
             <Tab fx:id="settingsTab" text="Settings" closable="false">
                 <GridPane hgap="10" vgap="10">
-                    <padding><Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/></padding>
+                    <padding>
+                        <Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/>
+                    </padding>
                     <Label text="Number Implementation" GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
                     <ComboBox fx:id="numberImplementationBox" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
                     <ListView fx:id="enabledPluginView"
                               GridPane.rowIndex="1" GridPane.columnIndex="0"
                               GridPane.columnSpan="2" maxHeight="100"/>
-                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="2" hgap="10" vgap="10">
+                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="2" hgap="10"
+                              vgap="10">
                         <Button text="Apply" onAction="#performSave"/>
                         <Button text="Reload Plugins" onAction="#performReload"/>
                         <Button text="Apply and Reload" onAction="#performSaveAndReload"/>