Fix toString errors failing unit tests.

# Conflicts:
#	src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

.gitignore

@@ -20,3 +20,12 @@
 
 # virtual machine crash logs, see http://www.java.com/en/download/help/error_hotspot.xml
 hs_err_pid*
+
+# Custom Stuff
+# Gradle
+.gradle/*
+build/*
+
+# IntelliJ
+.idea/*
+abacus.iml

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+language: java

README.md

@@ -1,2 +1,26 @@
 # abacus
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/DanilaFe/abacus.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/DanilaFe/abacus)
+
 Summer project for NWAPW.
+Created by Arthur Drobot, Danila Fedorin and Riley Jones.
+
+## Project Description
+Abacus is a calculator built with extensibility and usability in mind. It provides a plugin interface, via Java, as Lua proves too difficult to link up to the Java core. The description of the internals of the project can be found on the wiki page.
+
+## Current State
+Abacus is being built for the Northwest Advanced Programming Workshop, a 3 week program in which students work in teams to complete a single project, following principles of agile development. Because of its short timeframe, Abacus is not even close to completed state. Below is a list of the current features and problems.
+- [x] Basic number class
+- [x] Implementation of basic functions 
+- [x] Implementation of `exp`, `ln`, `sqrt` using the basic functions and Taylor Series
+- [x] Plugin loading from JAR files
+- [x] Regular expression pattern construction and matching
+- [x] Infix and postfix operators
+- [ ] __Correct__ handling of postfix operators (`12+!3` parses to `12!+3`, which is wrong)
+- [ ] User-defined precision
+ 
+## Project Proposal
+>There is currently no calculator that is up to par with a sophisticated programmer's needs. The standard system ones are awful, not respecting the order of operations and having only a few basic functions programmed into them. The web ones are tied to the Internet and don't function offline. Physical ones like the TI-84 come close in terms of functionality, but they make the user have to switch between the computer and the device. 
+>
+>My proposal is a more ergonomic calculator for advanced users. Of course, for a calculator, being able to do the actual math is a requirement. However, in this project I also would like to include other features that would make it much more pleasant to use. The first of these features is a wide collection of built in functions, designed with usefulness and consistency in mind. The second is scripting capabilities - most simply using Lua and its provided library. By allowing the users to script in a standardized language that isn't TI-BASIC, the calculator could simplify a variety of tasks and not have to clutter up the default provided functions with overly specific things. Lastly, it's important for the calculator to have a good design that doesn't get in the way of its use, on the two major desktop platforms (macOS and Windows). 
+>
+>With these features I believe that this is a calculator that I would use (and frequently find myself wanting to use). It also seems to have a diverse array of tasks, such as UI design, implementing the math functions to be fast and optimized (fast inverse square root, anyone?), parsing code, and working with Lua integration.

build.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+plugins {
+    id 'java'
+    id 'application'
+    id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm' version '1.1.3'
+}
+apply plugin: 'java'
+apply plugin: 'application'
+
+repositories {
+  mavenCentral()
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    compile 'com.moandjiezana.toml:toml4j:0.7.1'
+    compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jre8"
+    testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
+}
+
+// Define the main class for the application
+mainClassName = 'org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus'
+

gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#Fri Jul 28 17:18:51 PDT 2017
+distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+distributionPath=wrapper/dists
+zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-3.3-bin.zip

gradlew

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+##############################################################################
+##
+##  Gradle start up script for UN*X
+##
+##############################################################################
+
+# Attempt to set APP_HOME
+# Resolve links: $0 may be a link
+PRG="$0"
+# Need this for relative symlinks.
+while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do
+    ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
+    link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
+    if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then
+        PRG="$link"
+    else
+        PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`"/$link"
+    fi
+done
+SAVED="`pwd`"
+cd "`dirname \"$PRG\"`/" >/dev/null
+APP_HOME="`pwd -P`"
+cd "$SAVED" >/dev/null
+
+APP_NAME="Gradle"
+APP_BASE_NAME=`basename "$0"`
+
+# Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=""
+
+# Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value.
+MAX_FD="maximum"
+
+warn ( ) {
+    echo "$*"
+}
+
+die ( ) {
+    echo
+    echo "$*"
+    echo
+    exit 1
+}
+
+# OS specific support (must be 'true' or 'false').
+cygwin=false
+msys=false
+darwin=false
+nonstop=false
+case "`uname`" in
+  CYGWIN* )
+    cygwin=true
+    ;;
+  Darwin* )
+    darwin=true
+    ;;
+  MINGW* )
+    msys=true
+    ;;
+  NONSTOP* )
+    nonstop=true
+    ;;
+esac
+
+CLASSPATH=$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
+
+# Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
+if [ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] ; then
+    if [ -x "$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java" ] ; then
+        # IBM's JDK on AIX uses strange locations for the executables
+        JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java"
+    else
+        JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/bin/java"
+    fi
+    if [ ! -x "$JAVACMD" ] ; then
+        die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: $JAVA_HOME
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+    fi
+else
+    JAVACMD="java"
+    which java >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+fi
+
+# Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can.
+if [ "$cygwin" = "false" -a "$darwin" = "false" -a "$nonstop" = "false" ] ; then
+    MAX_FD_LIMIT=`ulimit -H -n`
+    if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
+        if [ "$MAX_FD" = "maximum" -o "$MAX_FD" = "max" ] ; then
+            MAX_FD="$MAX_FD_LIMIT"
+        fi
+        ulimit -n $MAX_FD
+        if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
+            warn "Could not set maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD"
+        fi
+    else
+        warn "Could not query maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD_LIMIT"
+    fi
+fi
+
+# For Darwin, add options to specify how the application appears in the dock
+if $darwin; then
+    GRADLE_OPTS="$GRADLE_OPTS \"-Xdock:name=$APP_NAME\" \"-Xdock:icon=$APP_HOME/media/gradle.icns\""
+fi
+
+# For Cygwin, switch paths to Windows format before running java
+if $cygwin ; then
+    APP_HOME=`cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME"`
+    CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH"`
+    JAVACMD=`cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD"`
+
+    # We build the pattern for arguments to be converted via cygpath
+    ROOTDIRSRAW=`find -L / -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -type d 2>/dev/null`
+    SEP=""
+    for dir in $ROOTDIRSRAW ; do
+        ROOTDIRS="$ROOTDIRS$SEP$dir"
+        SEP="|"
+    done
+    OURCYGPATTERN="(^($ROOTDIRS))"
+    # Add a user-defined pattern to the cygpath arguments
+    if [ "$GRADLE_CYGPATTERN" != "" ] ; then
+        OURCYGPATTERN="$OURCYGPATTERN|($GRADLE_CYGPATTERN)"
+    fi
+    # Now convert the arguments - kludge to limit ourselves to /bin/sh
+    i=0
+    for arg in "$@" ; do
+        CHECK=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "$OURCYGPATTERN" -`
+        CHECK2=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "^-"`                                 ### Determine if an option
+
+        if [ $CHECK -ne 0 ] && [ $CHECK2 -eq 0 ] ; then                    ### Added a condition
+            eval `echo args$i`=`cygpath --path --ignore --mixed "$arg"`
+        else
+            eval `echo args$i`="\"$arg\""
+        fi
+        i=$((i+1))
+    done
+    case $i in
+        (0) set -- ;;
+        (1) set -- "$args0" ;;
+        (2) set -- "$args0" "$args1" ;;
+        (3) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" ;;
+        (4) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" ;;
+        (5) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" ;;
+        (6) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" ;;
+        (7) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" ;;
+        (8) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" ;;
+        (9) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" "$args8" ;;
+    esac
+fi
+
+# Escape application args
+save ( ) {
+    for i do printf %s\\n "$i" | sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/" ; done
+    echo " "
+}
+APP_ARGS=$(save "$@")
+
+# Collect all arguments for the java command, following the shell quoting and substitution rules
+eval set -- $DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS $JAVA_OPTS $GRADLE_OPTS "\"-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME\"" -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain "$APP_ARGS"
+
+# by default we should be in the correct project dir, but when run from Finder on Mac, the cwd is wrong
+if [ "$(uname)" = "Darwin" ] && [ "$HOME" = "$PWD" ]; then
+  cd "$(dirname "$0")"
+fi
+
+exec "$JAVACMD" "$@"

gradlew.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+@if "%DEBUG%" == "" @echo off
+@rem ##########################################################################
+@rem
+@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem
+@rem ##########################################################################
+
+@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
+if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+
+set DIRNAME=%~dp0
+if "%DIRNAME%" == "" set DIRNAME=.
+set APP_BASE_NAME=%~n0
+set APP_HOME=%DIRNAME%
+
+@rem Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=
+
+@rem Find java.exe
+if defined JAVA_HOME goto findJavaFromJavaHome
+
+set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
+%JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
+if "%ERRORLEVEL%" == "0" goto init
+
+echo.
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+echo.
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+echo location of your Java installation.
+
+goto fail
+
+:findJavaFromJavaHome
+set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
+set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
+
+if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto init
+
+echo.
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+echo.
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+echo location of your Java installation.
+
+goto fail
+
+:init
+@rem Get command-line arguments, handling Windows variants
+
+if not "%OS%" == "Windows_NT" goto win9xME_args
+
+:win9xME_args
+@rem Slurp the command line arguments.
+set CMD_LINE_ARGS=
+set _SKIP=2
+
+:win9xME_args_slurp
+if "x%~1" == "x" goto execute
+
+set CMD_LINE_ARGS=%*
+
+:execute
+@rem Setup the command line
+
+set CLASSPATH=%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar
+
+@rem Execute Gradle
+"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain %CMD_LINE_ARGS%
+
+:end
+@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
+if "%ERRORLEVEL%"=="0" goto mainEnd
+
+:fail
+rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
+rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
+if  not "" == "%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit 1
+exit /b 1
+
+:mainEnd
+if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
+
+:omega

settings.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+rootProject.name = 'abacus'

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.java

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusApplication;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.ShuntingYardParser;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.TreeBuilder;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.NumberReducer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+/**
+ * The main calculator class. This is responsible
+ * for piecing together all of the components, allowing
+ * their interaction with each other.
+ */
+public class Abacus {
+
+    /**
+     * The default number implementation to be used if no other one is available / selected.
+     */
+    public static final NumberImplementation DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION = StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE;
+
+    /**
+     * The plugin manager responsible for
+     * loading and unloading plugins,
+     * and getting functions from them.
+     */
+    private PluginManager pluginManager;
+    /**
+     * The reducer used to evaluate the tree.
+     */
+    private NumberReducer numberReducer;
+    /**
+     * The configuration loaded from a file.
+     */
+    private Configuration configuration;
+    /**
+     * The tree builder used to construct a tree
+     * from a string.
+     */
+    private TreeBuilder treeBuilder;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance of the Abacus calculator.
+     *
+     * @param configuration the configuration object for this Abacus instance.
+     */
+    public Abacus(Configuration configuration) {
+        pluginManager = new PluginManager(this);
+        numberReducer = new NumberReducer(this);
+        this.configuration = new Configuration(configuration);
+        LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
+        ShuntingYardParser shuntingYardParser = new ShuntingYardParser(this);
+        treeBuilder = new TreeBuilder<>(lexerTokenizer, shuntingYardParser);
+
+        pluginManager.addListener(shuntingYardParser);
+        pluginManager.addListener(lexerTokenizer);
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        AbacusApplication.launch(AbacusApplication.class, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current tree builder.
+     *
+     * @return the main tree builder in this abacus instance.
+     */
+    public TreeBuilder getTreeBuilder() {
+        return treeBuilder;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current plugin manager,
+     *
+     * @return the plugin manager in this abacus instance.
+     */
+    public PluginManager getPluginManager() {
+        return pluginManager;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the reducer that is responsible for transforming
+     * an expression into a number.
+     *
+     * @return the number reducer in this abacus instance.
+     */
+    public NumberReducer getNumberReducer() {
+        return numberReducer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the configuration object associated with this instance.
+     *
+     * @return the configuration object.
+     */
+    public Configuration getConfiguration() {
+        return configuration;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a string into a tree structure using the main
+     * tree builder.
+     *
+     * @param input the input string to parse
+     * @return the resulting tree, null if the tree builder or the produced tree are null.
+     */
+    public TreeNode parseString(String input) {
+        return treeBuilder.fromString(input);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the given tree using the main
+     * number reducer.
+     *
+     * @param tree the tree to reduce, must not be null.
+     * @return the resulting number, or null of the reduction failed.
+     */
+    public NumberInterface evaluateTree(TreeNode tree) {
+        return tree.reduce(numberReducer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a number from a string.
+     *
+     * @param numberString the string to create the number from.
+     * @return the resulting number.
+     */
+    public NumberInterface numberFromString(String numberString) {
+        NumberImplementation toInstantiate =
+                pluginManager.numberImplementationFor(configuration.getNumberImplementation());
+        if (toInstantiate == null) toInstantiate = DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION;
+
+        return toInstantiate.instanceForString(numberString);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/config/Configuration.java

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.config;
+
+import com.moandjiezana.toml.Toml;
+import com.moandjiezana.toml.TomlWriter;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * The configuration object that stores
+ * options that the user can change.
+ */
+public class Configuration {
+
+    /**
+     * The defaults TOML string.
+     */
+    private static final String DEFAULT_CONFIG =
+            "numberImplementation = \"naive\"\n" +
+                    "disabledPlugins = []";
+    /**
+     * The defaults TOML object, parsed from the string.
+     */
+    private static final Toml DEFAULT_TOML = new Toml().read(DEFAULT_CONFIG);
+    /**
+     * The TOML writer used to write this configuration to a file.
+     */
+    private static final TomlWriter TOML_WRITER = new TomlWriter();
+
+    /**
+     * The computation delay for which the thread can run without interruption.
+     */
+    private double computationDelay = 0;
+    /**
+     * The implementation of the number that should be used.
+     */
+    private String numberImplementation = "<default>";
+    /**
+     * The list of disabled plugins in this Configuration.
+     */
+    private Set<String> disabledPlugins = new HashSet<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new configuration form the given configuration.
+     *
+     * @param copyFrom the configuration to copy.
+     */
+    public Configuration(Configuration copyFrom){
+        copyFrom(copyFrom);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new configuration with the given values.
+     *
+     * @param computationDelay     the delay before the computation gets killed.
+     * @param numberImplementation the number implementation, like "naive" or "precise"
+     * @param disabledPlugins      the list of disabled plugins.
+     */
+    public Configuration(double computationDelay, String numberImplementation, String[] disabledPlugins) {
+        this.computationDelay = computationDelay;
+        this.numberImplementation = numberImplementation;
+        this.disabledPlugins.addAll(Arrays.asList(disabledPlugins));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads a configuration from a given file, keeping non-specified fields default.
+     *
+     * @param fromFile the file to load from.
+     */
+    public Configuration(File fromFile) {
+        if (!fromFile.exists()) return;
+        copyFrom(new Toml(DEFAULT_TOML).read(fromFile).to(Configuration.class));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the values from the given configuration into this one.
+     *
+     * @param otherConfiguration the configuration to copy from.
+     */
+    public void copyFrom(Configuration otherConfiguration) {
+        this.computationDelay = otherConfiguration.computationDelay;
+        this.numberImplementation = otherConfiguration.numberImplementation;
+        this.disabledPlugins.addAll(otherConfiguration.disabledPlugins);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves this configuration to the given file, creating
+     * any directories that do not exist.
+     *
+     * @param file the file to save to.
+     */
+    public void saveTo(File file) {
+        if (file.getParentFile() != null) file.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        try {
+            TOML_WRITER.write(this, file);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the value of this configuration as a string.
+     *
+     * @return the string that represents this configuration.
+     */
+    public String asTomlString(){
+        return TOML_WRITER.write(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation from this configuration.
+     *
+     * @return the number implementation.
+     */
+    public String getNumberImplementation() {
+        return numberImplementation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the number implementation for the configuration
+     *
+     * @param numberImplementation the number implementation.
+     */
+    public void setNumberImplementation(String numberImplementation) {
+        this.numberImplementation = numberImplementation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the list of disabled plugins.
+     *
+     * @return the list of disabled plugins.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getDisabledPlugins() {
+        return disabledPlugins;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the computation delay specified in the configuration.
+     *
+     * @return the computaton delay.
+     */
+    public double getComputationDelay() {
+        return computationDelay;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the computation delay.
+     *
+     * @param computationDelay the new computation delay.
+     */
+    public void setComputationDelay(double computationDelay) {
+        this.computationDelay = computationDelay;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Function.java

@@ -1,26 +1,16 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 
-import java.util.HashMap;
-
 /**
  * A function that operates on one or more
  * inputs and returns a single number.
  */
 public abstract class Function {
 
-    /**
-     * A map to correctly promote different number implementations to each other.
-     */
-    private static final HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Integer> priorityMap =
-            new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Integer>() {{
-                put(NaiveNumber.class, 0);
-            }};
-
     /**
      * Checks whether the given params will work for the given function.
+     *
      * @param params the given params
      * @return true if the params can be used with this function.
      */
@@ -29,6 +19,7 @@ public abstract class Function {
     /**
      * Internal apply implementation, which already receives appropriately promoted
      * parameters that have bee run through matchesParams
+     *
      * @param params the promoted parameters.
      * @return the return value of the function.
      */
@@ -36,11 +27,12 @@ public abstract class Function {
 
     /**
      * Function to check, promote arguments and run the function.
+     *
      * @param params the raw input parameters.
      * @return the return value of the function, or null if an error occurred.
      */
-    public NumberInterface apply(NumberInterface...params) {
-        if(!matchesParams(params)) return null;
+    public NumberInterface apply(NumberInterface... params) {
+        if (!matchesParams(params)) return null;
         return applyInternal(params);
     }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/OperatorType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
+
+/**
+ * The type of an operator, describing how it should behave.
+ */
+public enum OperatorType {
+    BINARY_INFIX, UNARY_POSTFIX, UNARY_PREFIX
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusApplication.java

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.application.Application;
+import javafx.fxml.FXMLLoader;
+import javafx.scene.Parent;
+import javafx.scene.Scene;
+import javafx.stage.Stage;
+
+/**
+ * The main application class for JavaFX responsible for loading
+ * and displaying the fxml file.
+ */
+public class AbacusApplication extends Application {
+
+    /**
+     * The controller currently managing the application.
+     */
+    private AbacusController controller;
+
+    @Override
+    public void start(Stage primaryStage) throws Exception {
+        FXMLLoader loader = new FXMLLoader(getClass().getResource("/abacus.fxml"));
+        Parent parent = loader.load();
+        controller = loader.getController();
+        Scene mainScene = new Scene(parent, 320, 480);
+        primaryStage.setScene(mainScene);
+        primaryStage.setTitle("Abacus");
+        primaryStage.show();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop() throws Exception {
+        super.stop();
+        controller.performStop();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.application.Platform;
+import javafx.beans.value.ChangeListener;
+import javafx.beans.value.ObservableValue;
+import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
+import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
+import javafx.collections.transformation.FilteredList;
+import javafx.fxml.FXML;
+import javafx.scene.control.*;
+import javafx.scene.control.cell.CheckBoxListCell;
+import javafx.scene.text.Text;
+import javafx.util.Callback;
+import javafx.util.StringConverter;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.ComputationInterruptedException;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.ClassFinder;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * The controller for the abacus FX UI, responsible
+ * for all the user interaction.
+ */
+public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * The file used for saving and loading configuration.
+     */
+    public static final File CONFIG_FILE = new File("config.toml");
+    /**
+     * The title for the apply alert dialog.
+     */
+    private static final String APPLY_MSG_TITLE = "\"Apply\" Needed";
+    /**
+     * The text for the header of the apply alert dialog.
+     */
+    private static final String APPLY_MSG_HEADER = "The settings have not been applied.";
+    /**
+     * The text for the dialog that is shown if settings haven't been applied.
+     */
+    private static final String APPLY_MSG_TEXT = "You have made changes to the configuration, however, you haven't pressed \"Apply\". " +
+            "The changes to the configuration will not be present in the calculator until \"Apply\" is pressed.";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the text could not be lexed or parsed.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_SYNTAX = "Syntax Error";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the tree could not be reduced.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_EVAL = "Evaluation Error";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are stopped before they are done.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_STOP = "Stopped";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are interrupted by an exception.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_EXCEPTION = "Exception Thrown";
+    @FXML
+    private TabPane coreTabPane;
+    @FXML
+    private Tab calculateTab;
+    @FXML
+    private Tab settingsTab;
+    @FXML
+    private Tab functionListTab;
+    @FXML
+    private TableView<HistoryModel> historyTable;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> inputColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> parsedColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> outputColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private Text outputText;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField inputField;
+    @FXML
+    private Button inputButton;
+    @FXML
+    private Button stopButton;
+    @FXML
+    private ComboBox<String> numberImplementationBox;
+    @FXML
+    private ListView<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPluginView;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField computationLimitField;
+    @FXML
+    private ListView<String> functionListView;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField functionListSearchField;
+
+    /**
+     * The list of history entries, created by the users.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<HistoryModel> historyData;
+
+    /**
+     * The abacus instance used for calculations and all
+     * other main processing code.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<String> numberImplementationOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * The list of plugin objects that can be toggled on and off,
+     * and, when reloaded, get added to the plugin manager's black list.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPlugins;
+    /**
+     * The list of functions that are registered in the calculator.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<String> functionList;
+    /**
+     * The filtered list displayed to the user.
+     */
+    private FilteredList<String> functionFilter;
+
+    /**
+     * The abacus instance used for changing the plugin configuration.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+
+    /**
+     * Boolean which represents whether changes were made to the configuration.
+     */
+    private boolean changesMade;
+    /**
+     * Whether an alert about changes to the configuration was already shown.
+     */
+    private boolean reloadAlertShown;
+    /**
+     * The alert shown when a press to "apply" is needed.
+     */
+    private Alert reloadAlert;
+    /**
+     * The runnable that takes care of killing computations that take too long.
+     */
+    private final Runnable TIMER_RUNNABLE = () -> {
+        try {
+            Configuration abacusConfig = abacus.getConfiguration();
+            if(abacusConfig.getComputationDelay() == 0) return;
+            Thread.sleep((long) (abacusConfig.getComputationDelay() * 1000));
+            performStop();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The runnable used to perform the calculation.
+     */
+    private final Runnable CALCULATION_RUNNABLE = new Runnable() {
+
+        private String attemptCalculation(){
+            try {
+                TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
+                if (constructedTree == null) {
+                    return ERR_SYNTAX;
+                }
+                NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
+                if (evaluatedNumber == null) {
+                    return ERR_EVAL;
+                }
+                String resultingString = evaluatedNumber.toString();
+                historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), resultingString));
+                return resultingString;
+            } catch (ComputationInterruptedException exception) {
+                return ERR_STOP;
+            } catch (RuntimeException exception){
+                exception.printStackTrace();
+                return ERR_EXCEPTION;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            String calculation = attemptCalculation();
+            Platform.runLater(() -> {
+                outputText.setText(calculation);
+                inputField.setText("");
+                inputButton.setDisable(false);
+                stopButton.setDisable(true);
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The thread that is waiting to pause the calculation.
+     */
+    private Thread computationLimitThread;
+    /**
+     * The thread in which the computation runs.
+     */
+    private Thread calculationThread;
+
+    /**
+     * Alerts the user if the changes they made
+     * have not yet been applied.
+     */
+    private void alertIfApplyNeeded(boolean ignorePrevious) {
+        if (changesMade && (!reloadAlertShown || ignorePrevious)) {
+            reloadAlertShown = true;
+            reloadAlert.showAndWait();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void initialize() {
+        Callback<TableColumn<HistoryModel, String>, TableCell<HistoryModel, String>> cellFactory =
+                param -> new CopyableCell<>();
+        Callback<ListView<ToggleablePlugin>, ListCell<ToggleablePlugin>> pluginCellFactory =
+                param -> new CheckBoxListCell<>(ToggleablePlugin::enabledProperty, new StringConverter<ToggleablePlugin>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public String toString(ToggleablePlugin object) {
+                        return object.getClassName().substring(object.getClassName().lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public ToggleablePlugin fromString(String string) {
+                        return new ToggleablePlugin(true, string);
+                    }
+                });
+
+        functionList = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        functionFilter = new FilteredList<>(functionList, (s) -> true);
+        functionListView.setItems(functionFilter);
+        functionListSearchField.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) ->
+                functionFilter.setPredicate((newValue.length() == 0) ? ((s) -> true) : ((s) -> s.contains(newValue))));
+        historyData = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        historyTable.setItems(historyData);
+        numberImplementationOptions = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        numberImplementationBox.setItems(numberImplementationOptions);
+        numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().selectedIndexProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
+        historyTable.getSelectionModel().setCellSelectionEnabled(true);
+        enabledPlugins = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        enabledPluginView.setItems(enabledPlugins);
+        enabledPluginView.setCellFactory(pluginCellFactory);
+        inputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        inputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().inputProperty());
+        parsedColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        parsedColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().parsedProperty());
+        outputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        outputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().outputProperty());
+        coreTabPane.getSelectionModel().selectedItemProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
+            if (oldValue.equals(settingsTab)) alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
+        });
+
+        abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration(CONFIG_FILE));
+        PluginManager abacusPluginManager = abacus.getPluginManager();
+        abacusPluginManager.addListener(this);
+        abacusPluginManager.addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(abacus.getPluginManager()));
+        try {
+            ClassFinder.loadJars("plugins").forEach(abacusPluginManager::addClass);
+        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        abacusPluginManager.reload();
+
+        computationLimitField.setText(Double.toString(abacus.getConfiguration().getComputationDelay()));
+        computationLimitField.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
+            if(!newValue.matches("(\\d+(\\.\\d*)?)?")) {
+                computationLimitField.setText(oldValue);
+            } else {
+                changesMade = true;
+            }
+        });
+
+        changesMade = false;
+        reloadAlertShown = false;
+
+        reloadAlert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.WARNING);
+        reloadAlert.setTitle(APPLY_MSG_TITLE);
+        reloadAlert.setHeaderText(APPLY_MSG_HEADER);
+        reloadAlert.setContentText(APPLY_MSG_TEXT);
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performCalculation() {
+        inputButton.setDisable(true);
+        stopButton.setDisable(false);
+        calculationThread = new Thread(CALCULATION_RUNNABLE);
+        calculationThread.start();
+        computationLimitThread = new Thread(TIMER_RUNNABLE);
+        computationLimitThread.start();
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performStop(){
+        if(calculationThread != null) {
+            calculationThread.interrupt();
+            calculationThread = null;
+        }
+        if(computationLimitThread != null){
+            computationLimitThread.interrupt();
+            computationLimitThread = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performSaveAndReload() {
+        performSave();
+        performReload();
+        changesMade = false;
+        reloadAlertShown = false;
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performReload() {
+        alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
+        abacus.getPluginManager().reload();
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performSave() {
+        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
+        configuration.setNumberImplementation(numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem());
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
+        disabledPlugins.clear();
+        for (ToggleablePlugin pluginEntry : enabledPlugins) {
+            if (!pluginEntry.isEnabled()) disabledPlugins.add(pluginEntry.getClassName());
+        }
+        if(computationLimitField.getText().matches("\\d*(\\.\\d+)?") && computationLimitField.getText().length() != 0)
+            configuration.setComputationDelay(Double.parseDouble(computationLimitField.getText()));
+        configuration.saveTo(CONFIG_FILE);
+        changesMade = false;
+        reloadAlertShown = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
+        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
+        numberImplementationOptions.addAll(abacus.getPluginManager().getAllNumberImplementations());
+        String actualImplementation = configuration.getNumberImplementation();
+        String toSelect = (numberImplementationOptions.contains(actualImplementation)) ? actualImplementation : "<default>";
+        numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().select(toSelect);
+        for (Class<?> pluginClass : abacus.getPluginManager().getLoadedPluginClasses()) {
+            String fullName = pluginClass.getName();
+            ToggleablePlugin plugin = new ToggleablePlugin(!disabledPlugins.contains(fullName), fullName);
+            plugin.enabledProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
+            enabledPlugins.add(plugin);
+        }
+        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllFunctions());
+        functionList.sort(String::compareTo);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
+        functionList.clear();
+        enabledPlugins.clear();
+        numberImplementationOptions.clear();
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/CopyableCell.java

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.scene.control.TableCell;
+import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection;
+
+/**
+ * A cell that copies its value to the clipboard
+ * when double clicked.
+ *
+ * @param <S> The type of the table view generic type.
+ * @param <T> The type of the value contained in the cell.
+ */
+public class CopyableCell<S, T> extends TableCell<S, T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new copyable cell.
+     */
+    public CopyableCell() {
+        addEventFilter(MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED, event -> {
+            if (event.getClickCount() == 2) {
+                Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard()
+                        .setContents(new StringSelection(getText()), null);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void updateItem(T item, boolean empty) {
+        super.updateItem(item, empty);
+        setText((empty || item == null) ? null : item.toString());
+        setGraphic(null);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/HistoryModel.java

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.StringProperty;
+
+/**
+ * The data model used for storing history entries.
+ */
+public class HistoryModel {
+
+    /**
+     * The property used for displaying the column
+     * for the user input.
+     */
+    private final StringProperty input;
+    /**
+     * The property used for displaying the column
+     * that contains the parsed input.
+     */
+    private final StringProperty parsed;
+    /**
+     * The property used for displaying the column
+     * that contains the program output.
+     */
+    private final StringProperty output;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new history model with the given variables.
+     *
+     * @param input  the user input
+     * @param parsed the parsed input
+     * @param output the program output.
+     */
+    public HistoryModel(String input, String parsed, String output) {
+        this.input = new SimpleStringProperty();
+        this.parsed = new SimpleStringProperty();
+        this.output = new SimpleStringProperty();
+        this.input.setValue(input);
+        this.parsed.setValue(parsed);
+        this.output.setValue(output);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the input property.
+     *
+     * @return the input property.
+     */
+    public StringProperty inputProperty() {
+        return input;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the input.
+     *
+     * @return the input.
+     */
+    public String getInput() {
+        return input.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the parsed input property.
+     *
+     * @return the parsed input property.
+     */
+    public StringProperty parsedProperty() {
+        return parsed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the parsed input.
+     *
+     * @return the parsed input.
+     */
+    public String getParsed() {
+        return parsed.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the output property.
+     *
+     * @return the output property.
+     */
+    public StringProperty outputProperty() {
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the program output.
+     *
+     * @return the output.
+     */
+    public String getOutput() {
+        return output.get();
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ToggleablePlugin.java

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.beans.property.BooleanProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleBooleanProperty;
+
+/**
+ * Class that represents an entry in the plugin check box list.
+ * The changes from this property are written to the config on application.
+ */
+public class ToggleablePlugin {
+
+    /**
+     * The property that determines whether the plugin will be enabled.
+     */
+    private final BooleanProperty enabled;
+    /**
+     * The name of the class this entry toggles.
+     */
+    private final String className;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new toggleable plugin with the given properties.
+     *
+     * @param enabled   the enabled / disabled state at the beginning.
+     * @param className the name of the class this plugin toggles.
+     */
+    public ToggleablePlugin(boolean enabled, String className) {
+        this.enabled = new SimpleBooleanProperty();
+        this.enabled.setValue(enabled);
+        this.className = className;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the enabled property of this plugin.
+     *
+     * @return the enabled property.
+     */
+    public BooleanProperty enabledProperty() {
+        return enabled;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if this plugin entry should be enabled.
+     *
+     * @return whether this plugin will be enabled.
+     */
+    public boolean isEnabled() {
+        return enabled.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the class name this plugin toggles.
+     *
+     * @return the class name that should be disabled.
+     */
+    public String getClassName() {
+        return className;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/Lexer.java

@@ -10,15 +10,111 @@ import java.util.*;
 /**
  * A lexer that can generate tokens of a given type given a list of regular expressions
  * to operate on.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type used to identify which match belongs to which pattern.
  */
 public class Lexer<T> {
 
+    /**
+     * The registered patterns.
+     */
+    private Map<PatternEntry<T>, Pattern<T>> patterns;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new lexer with no registered patterns.
+     */
+    public Lexer() {
+        patterns = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a single pattern.
+     *
+     * @param pattern the pattern regex
+     * @param id      the ID by which to identify the pattern.
+     */
+    public void register(String pattern, T id) {
+        Pattern<T> compiledPattern = new Pattern<>(pattern, id);
+        if (compiledPattern.getHead() != null) patterns.put(new PatternEntry<>(pattern, id), compiledPattern);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters a pattern.
+     *
+     * @param pattern the pattern to unregister
+     * @param id      the ID by which to identify the pattern.
+     */
+    public void unregister(String pattern, T id) {
+        patterns.remove(new PatternEntry<>(pattern, id));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads one token from the given string.
+     *
+     * @param from    the string to read from
+     * @param startAt the index to start at
+     * @param compare the comparator used to sort tokens by their ID.
+     * @return the best match.
+     */
+    public Match<T> lexOne(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare) {
+        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
+        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> currentSet = new HashSet<>();
+        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> futureSet = new HashSet<>();
+        int index = startAt;
+        for (Pattern<T> pattern : patterns.values()) {
+            pattern.getHead().addInto(currentSet);
+        }
+        while (!currentSet.isEmpty()) {
+            for (PatternNode<T> node : currentSet) {
+                if (index < from.length() && node.matches(from.charAt(index))) {
+                    node.addOutputsInto(futureSet);
+                } else if (node instanceof EndNode) {
+                    matches.add(new Match<>(from.substring(startAt, index), ((EndNode<T>) node).getPatternId()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            HashSet<PatternNode<T>> tmp = currentSet;
+            currentSet = futureSet;
+            futureSet = tmp;
+            futureSet.clear();
+
+            index++;
+        }
+        matches.sort((a, b) -> compare.compare(a.getType(), b.getType()));
+        if (compare != null) {
+            matches.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(a -> a.getContent().length()));
+        }
+        return matches.isEmpty() ? null : matches.get(matches.size() - 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads all tokens from a string.
+     *
+     * @param from    the string to start from.
+     * @param startAt the index to start at.
+     * @param compare the comparator used to sort matches by their IDs.
+     * @return the resulting list of matches, in order, or null on error.
+     */
+    public List<Match<T>> lexAll(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare) {
+        int index = startAt;
+        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
+        Match<T> lastMatch = null;
+        while (index < from.length() && (lastMatch = lexOne(from, index, compare)) != null) {
+            int length = lastMatch.getContent().length();
+            if (length == 0) return null;
+            matches.add(lastMatch);
+            index += length;
+        }
+        if (lastMatch == null) return null;
+        return matches;
+    }
+
     /**
      * An entry that represents a pattern that has been registered with the lexer.
+     *
      * @param <T> the type used to identify the pattern.
      */
-    private static class PatternEntry<T>{
+    private static class PatternEntry<T> {
         /**
          * The name of the entry.
          */
@@ -30,10 +126,11 @@ public class Lexer<T> {
 
         /**
          * Creates a new pattern entry with the given name and id.
+         *
          * @param name the name of the pattern entry.
          * @param id   the id of the pattern entry.
          */
-        public PatternEntry(String name, T id){
+        public PatternEntry(String name, T id) {
             this.name = name;
             this.id = id;
         }
@@ -51,93 +148,4 @@ public class Lexer<T> {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * The registered patterns.
-     */
-    private HashMap<PatternEntry<T>, Pattern<T>> patterns;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new lexer with no registered patterns.
-     */
-    public Lexer(){
-        patterns = new HashMap<>();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Registers a single pattern.
-     * @param pattern the pattern regex
-     * @param id the ID by which to identify the pattern.
-     */
-    public void register(String pattern, T id){
-        Pattern<T> compiledPattern = new Pattern<>(pattern, id);
-        if(compiledPattern.getHead() != null) patterns.put(new PatternEntry<>(pattern, id), compiledPattern);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Unregisters a pattern.
-     * @param pattern the pattern to unregister
-     * @param id the ID by which to identify the pattern.
-     */
-    public void unregister(String pattern, T id){
-        patterns.remove(new PatternEntry<>(pattern, id));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reads one token from the given string.
-     * @param from the string to read from
-     * @param startAt the index to start at
-     * @param compare the comparator used to sort tokens by their ID.
-     * @return the best match.
-     */
-    public Match<T> lexOne(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare){
-        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
-        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> currentSet = new HashSet<>();
-        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> futureSet = new HashSet<>();
-        int index = startAt;
-        for(Pattern<T> pattern : patterns.values()){
-            pattern.getHead().addInto(currentSet);
-        }
-        while(!currentSet.isEmpty()){
-            for(PatternNode<T> node : currentSet){
-                if(index < from.length() && node.matches(from.charAt(index))) {
-                    node.addOutputsInto(futureSet);
-                } else if(node instanceof EndNode){
-                    matches.add(new Match<>(startAt, index, ((EndNode<T>) node).getPatternId()));
-                }
-            }
-
-            HashSet<PatternNode<T>> tmp = currentSet;
-            currentSet = futureSet;
-            futureSet = tmp;
-            futureSet.clear();
-
-            index++;
-        }
-        matches.sort((a, b) -> compare.compare(a.getType(), b.getType()));
-        if(compare != null) {
-            matches.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(a -> a.getTo() - a.getFrom()));
-        }
-        return matches.isEmpty() ? null : matches.get(matches.size() - 1);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reads all tokens from a string.
-     * @param from the string to start from.
-     * @param startAt the index to start at.
-     * @param compare the comparator used to sort matches by their IDs.
-     * @return the resulting list of matches, in order, or null on error.
-     */
-    public ArrayList<Match<T>> lexAll(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare){
-        int index = startAt;
-        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
-        Match<T> lastMatch = null;
-        while(index < from.length() && (lastMatch = lexOne(from, index, compare)) != null){
-            if(lastMatch.getTo() == lastMatch.getFrom()) return null;
-            matches.add(lastMatch);
-            index += lastMatch.getTo() - lastMatch.getFrom();
-        }
-        if(lastMatch == null) return null;
-        return matches;
-    }
-
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/AnyNode.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
 /**
  * A pattern node that matches any character.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
  */
 public class AnyNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/EndNode.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
 /**
  * A node that represents a successful match.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
  */
 public class EndNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
@@ -13,17 +14,19 @@ public class EndNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new end node with the given ID.
+     *
      * @param patternId the pattern ID.
      */
-    public EndNode(T patternId){
+    public EndNode(T patternId) {
         this.patternId = patternId;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the pattern ID.
+     *
      * @return the pattern ID.
      */
-    public T getPatternId(){
+    public T getPatternId() {
         return patternId;
     }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/LinkNode.java

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
 
 /**
  * A node that is used as structural glue in pattern compilation.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
  */
 public class LinkNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
 
     @Override
     public void addInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into) {
+        if (!into.contains(this)) {
+            into.add(this);
             addOutputsInto(into);
         }
+    }
 
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Match.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+/**
+ * A match that has been generated by the lexer.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type used to represent the ID of the pattern this match belongs to.
+ */
+public class Match<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The content of this match.
+     */
+    private String content;
+    /**
+     * The pattern type this match matched.
+     */
+    private T type;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new match with the given parameters.
+     *
+     * @param content the content of this match.
+     * @param type    the type of the match.
+     */
+    public Match(String content, T type) {
+        this.content = content;
+        this.type = type;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the content of this match.
+     *
+     * @return the content.
+     */
+    public String getContent() {
+        return content;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the pattern type of the node.
+     *
+     * @return the ID of the pattern that this match matched.
+     */
+    public T getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Pattern.java

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Stack;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 
 /**
  * A pattern that can be compiled from a string and used in lexing.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type that is used to identify and sort this pattern.
  */
 public class Pattern<T> {
@@ -32,20 +34,60 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
      * A map of regex operator to functions that modify a PatternChain
      * with the appropriate operation.
      */
-    private HashMap<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>> operations =
+    private Map<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>> operations =
             new HashMap<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>>() {{
                 put('+', Pattern.this::transformPlus);
                 put('*', Pattern.this::transformStar);
                 put('?', Pattern.this::transformQuestion);
             }};
 
+    /**
+     * Creates / compiles a new pattern with the given id from the given string.
+     *
+     * @param from the string to compile a pattern from.
+     * @param id   the ID to use.
+     */
+    public Pattern(String from, T id) {
+        this.id = id;
+        index = 0;
+        source = from;
+
+        PatternChain<T> chain = parseSegment(false);
+        if (chain == null) {
+            head = null;
+        } else {
+            chain.append(new EndNode<>(id));
+            head = chain.head;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all characters that are considered "special" from
+     * the given string.
+     *
+     * @param from the string to sanitize.
+     * @return the resulting string.
+     */
+    public static String sanitize(String from) {
+        Pattern<Integer> pattern = new Pattern<>("", 0);
+        from = from.replace(".", "\\.");
+        from = from.replace("|", "\\|");
+        from = from.replace("(", "\\(");
+        from = from.replace(")", "\\)");
+        for (Character key : pattern.operations.keySet()) {
+            from = from.replace("" + key, "\\" + key);
+        }
+        return from;
+    }
+
     /**
      * A regex operator function that turns the chain
      * into a one-or-more chain.
+     *
      * @param chain the chain to transform.
      * @return the modified chain.
      */
-    private PatternChain<T> transformPlus(PatternChain<T> chain){
+    private PatternChain<T> transformPlus(PatternChain<T> chain) {
         chain.tail.outputStates.add(chain.head);
         return chain;
     }
@@ -53,10 +95,11 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
     /**
      * A regex operator function that turns the chain
      * into a zero-or-more chain.
+     *
      * @param chain the chain to transform.
      * @return the modified chain.
      */
-    private PatternChain<T> transformStar(PatternChain<T> chain){
+    private PatternChain<T> transformStar(PatternChain<T> chain) {
         LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
         LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
         newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
@@ -71,10 +114,11 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
     /**
      * A regex operator function that turns the chain
      * into a zero-or-one chain.
+     *
      * @param chain the chain to transform.
      * @return the modified chain.
      */
-    private PatternChain<T> transformQuestion(PatternChain<T> chain){
+    private PatternChain<T> transformQuestion(PatternChain<T> chain) {
         LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
         LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
         newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
@@ -87,14 +131,15 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
 
     /**
      * Combines a collection of chains into one OR chain.
+     *
      * @param collection the collection of chains to combine.
      * @return the resulting OR chain.
      */
-    private PatternChain<T> combineChains(Collection<PatternChain<T>> collection){
+    private PatternChain<T> combineChains(Collection<PatternChain<T>> collection) {
         LinkNode<T> head = new LinkNode<>();
         LinkNode<T> tail = new LinkNode<>();
         PatternChain<T> newChain = new PatternChain<>(head, tail);
-        for(PatternChain<T> chain : collection){
+        for (PatternChain<T> chain : collection) {
             head.outputStates.add(chain.head);
             chain.tail.outputStates.add(tail);
         }
@@ -103,105 +148,108 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
 
     /**
      * Parses a single value from the input into a chain.
+     *
      * @return the resulting chain, or null on error.
      */
-    private PatternChain<T> parseValue(){
-        if(index >= source.length()) return null;
-        if(source.charAt(index) == '\\'){
-            if(++index >= source.length()) return null;
+    private PatternChain<T> parseValue() {
+        if (index >= source.length()) return null;
+        if (source.charAt(index) == '\\') {
+            if (++index >= source.length()) return null;
         }
         return new PatternChain<>(new ValueNode<>(source.charAt(index++)));
     }
 
     /**
      * Parses a [] range from the input into a chain.
+     *
      * @return the resulting chain, or null on error.
      */
-    private PatternChain<T> parseOr(){
+    private PatternChain<T> parseOr() {
         Stack<PatternChain<T>> orStack = new Stack<>();
         index++;
-        while(index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ']'){
-            if(source.charAt(index) == '-'){
+        while (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ']') {
+            if (source.charAt(index) == '-') {
                 index++;
-                if(orStack.empty() || orStack.peek().tail.range() == '\0') return null;
+                if (orStack.empty() || orStack.peek().tail.range() == '\0') return null;
                 PatternChain<T> bottomRange = orStack.pop();
                 PatternChain<T> topRange = parseValue();
-                if(topRange == null || topRange.tail.range() == '\0') return null;
+                if (topRange == null || topRange.tail.range() == '\0') return null;
 
                 orStack.push(new PatternChain<>(new RangeNode<>(bottomRange.tail.range(), topRange.tail.range())));
             } else {
                 PatternChain<T> newChain = parseValue();
-                if(newChain == null) return null;
+                if (newChain == null) return null;
                 orStack.push(newChain);
             }
         }
-        if(index++ >= source.length()) return null;
+        if (index++ >= source.length()) return null;
         return (orStack.size() == 1) ? orStack.pop() : combineChains(orStack);
     }
 
     /**
      * Parses a repeatable segment from the input into a chain
+     *
      * @param isSubsegment whether the segment is a sub-expression "()", and therefore
      *                     whether to expect a closing brace.
      * @return the resulting chain, or null on error.
      */
-    private PatternChain<T> parseSegment(boolean isSubsegment){
-        if(index >= source.length() || ((source.charAt(index) != '(') && isSubsegment)) return null;
-        if(isSubsegment) index++;
+    private PatternChain<T> parseSegment(boolean isSubsegment) {
+        if (index >= source.length() || ((source.charAt(index) != '(') && isSubsegment)) return null;
+        if (isSubsegment) index++;
 
         Stack<PatternChain<T>> orChain = new Stack<>();
         PatternChain<T> fullChain = new PatternChain<>();
         PatternChain<T> currentChain = null;
-        while (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ')'){
+        while (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ')') {
             char currentChar = source.charAt(index);
-            if(operations.containsKey(currentChar)){
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
+            if (operations.containsKey(currentChar)) {
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
 
                 currentChain = operations.get(currentChar).apply(currentChain);
                 fullChain.append(currentChain);
                 currentChain = null;
                 index++;
-            } else if(currentChar == '|'){
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
+            } else if (currentChar == '|') {
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
 
                 fullChain.append(currentChain);
                 orChain.push(fullChain);
                 currentChain = null;
                 fullChain = new PatternChain<>();
-                if(++index >= source.length()) return null;
-            } else if(currentChar == '('){
-                if(currentChain != null) {
+                if (++index >= source.length()) return null;
+            } else if (currentChar == '(') {
+                if (currentChain != null) {
                     fullChain.append(currentChain);
                 }
 
                 currentChain = parseSegment(true);
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
-            } else if(currentChar == '['){
-                if(currentChain != null){
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
+            } else if (currentChar == '[') {
+                if (currentChain != null) {
                     fullChain.append(currentChain);
                 }
                 currentChain = parseOr();
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
-            } else if(currentChar == '.'){
-                if(currentChain != null){
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
+            } else if (currentChar == '.') {
+                if (currentChain != null) {
                     fullChain.append(currentChain);
                 }
                 currentChain = new PatternChain<>(new AnyNode<>());
                 index++;
             } else {
-                if(currentChain != null){
+                if (currentChain != null) {
                     fullChain.append(currentChain);
                 }
                 currentChain = parseValue();
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
             }
         }
 
-        if(!(!isSubsegment || (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) == ')'))) return null;
-        if(isSubsegment) index++;
+        if (!(!isSubsegment || (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) == ')'))) return null;
+        if (isSubsegment) index++;
 
-        if(currentChain != null) fullChain.append(currentChain);
-        if(!orChain.empty()){
+        if (currentChain != null) fullChain.append(currentChain);
+        if (!orChain.empty()) {
             orChain.push(fullChain);
             fullChain = combineChains(orChain);
         }
@@ -209,27 +257,9 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
         return fullChain;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Creates / compiles a new pattern with the given id from the given string.
-     * @param from the string to compile a pattern from.
-     * @param id the ID to use.
-     */
-    public Pattern(String from, T id){
-        this.id = id;
-        index = 0;
-        source = from;
-
-        PatternChain<T> chain = parseSegment(false);
-        if(chain == null) {
-            head = null;
-        } else {
-            chain.append(new EndNode<>(id));
-            head = chain.head;
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Gets the head PatternNode, for use in matching
+     *
      * @return the pattern node.
      */
     public PatternNode<T> getHead() {

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/PatternChain.java

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 /**
  * A chain of nodes that can be treated as a single unit.
  * Used during pattern compilation.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type used to identify which pattern has been matched.
  */
 public class PatternChain<T> {
@@ -18,26 +19,28 @@ public class PatternChain<T> {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new chain with the given start and end.
+     *
      * @param head the start of the chain.
      * @param tail the end of the chain.
      */
-    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> head, PatternNode<T> tail){
+    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> head, PatternNode<T> tail) {
         this.head = head;
         this.tail = tail;
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a chain that starts and ends with the same node.
+     *
      * @param node the node to use.
      */
-    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> node){
+    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> node) {
         this(node, node);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates an empty chain.
      */
-    public PatternChain(){
+    public PatternChain() {
         this(null);
     }
 
@@ -45,10 +48,11 @@ public class PatternChain<T> {
      * Appends the other chain to this one. This modifies
      * the nodes, as well.
      * If this chain is empty, it is set to the other.
+     *
      * @param other the other chain to append.
      */
-    public void append(PatternChain<T> other){
-        if(other.head == null || tail == null) {
+    public void append(PatternChain<T> other) {
+        if (other.head == null || tail == null) {
             this.head = other.head;
             this.tail = other.tail;
         } else {
@@ -61,10 +65,11 @@ public class PatternChain<T> {
      * Appends a single node to this chain. This modifies
      * the nodes, as well.
      * If this chain is empty, it is set to the node.
+     *
      * @param node the node to append to this chain.
      */
-    public void append(PatternNode<T> node){
-        if(tail == null){
+    public void append(PatternNode<T> node) {
+        if (tail == null) {
             head = tail = node;
         } else {
             tail.outputStates.add(node);

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/PatternNode.java

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
  * A base class for a pattern node. Provides all functions
  * necessary for matching, and is constructed by a Pattern instance
  * from a string.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
  */
 public class PatternNode<T> {
@@ -16,47 +17,51 @@ public class PatternNode<T> {
      * The set of states to which the lexer should continue
      * should this node be correctly matched.
      */
-    protected HashSet<PatternNode<T>> outputStates;
+    protected Set<PatternNode<T>> outputStates;
 
     /**
      * Creates a new pattern node.
      */
-    public PatternNode(){
+    public PatternNode() {
         outputStates = new HashSet<>();
     }
 
     /**
      * Determines whether the current input character can
      * be matched by this node.
+     *
      * @param other the character being matched.
      * @return true if the character can be matched, false otherwise.
      */
-    public boolean matches(char other){
+    public boolean matches(char other) {
         return false;
     }
 
     /**
      * If this node can be used as part of a range, returns that value.
+     *
      * @return a NULL terminator if this character cannot be converted
      * into a range bound, or the appropriate range bound if it can.
      */
-    public char range(){
+    public char range() {
         return '\0';
     }
 
     /**
      * Adds this node in a collection of other nodes.
+     *
      * @param into the collection to add into.
      */
-    public void addInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into){
+    public void addInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into) {
         into.add(this);
     }
 
     /**
      * Adds the node's children into a collection of other nodes.
+     *
      * @param into the collection to add into.
      */
-    public void addOutputsInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into){
+    public void addOutputsInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into) {
         outputStates.forEach(e -> e.addInto(into));
     }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/RangeNode.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
 /**
  * A node that matches a range of characters.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
  */
 public class RangeNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
@@ -17,10 +18,11 @@ public class RangeNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new range node from the given range.
+     *
      * @param from the bottom bound of the range.
      * @param to   the top bound of hte range.
      */
-    public RangeNode(char from, char to){
+    public RangeNode(char from, char to) {
         this.from = from;
         this.to = to;
     }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/ValueNode.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
 /**
  * A node that matches a single value.
+ *
  * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
  */
 public class ValueNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
@@ -13,9 +14,10 @@ public class ValueNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new node that matches the given character.
-     * @param value
+     *
+     * @param value the character value of the node.
      */
-    public ValueNode(char value){
+    public ValueNode(char value) {
         this.value = value;
     }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/ComputationInterruptedException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when the computation is interrupted by
+ * the user.
+ */
+public class ComputationInterruptedException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception of this type.
+     */
+    public ComputationInterruptedException(){
+        super("Computation interrupted by user.");
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * An implementation of NumberInterface using a double.
+ */
+public class NaiveNumber extends NumberInterface {
+
+    /**
+     * The number zero.
+     */
+    public static final NaiveNumber ZERO = new NaiveNumber(0);
+    /**
+     * The number one.
+     */
+    public static final NaiveNumber ONE = new NaiveNumber(1);
+    /**
+     * The value of this number.
+     */
+    private double value;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new NaiveNumber with the given string.
+     *
+     * @param value the value, which will be parsed as a double.
+     */
+    public NaiveNumber(String value) {
+        this(Double.parseDouble(value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new NaiveNumber with the given value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to use.
+     */
+    public NaiveNumber(double value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxPrecision() {
+        return 18;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value * ((NaiveNumber) multiplier).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value / ((NaiveNumber) divisor).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value + ((NaiveNumber) summand).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value - ((NaiveNumber) subtrahend).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(-value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
+        if (exponent == 0) {
+            return NaiveNumber.ONE;
+        }
+        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent < 0;
+        exponent = Math.abs(exponent);
+        NumberInterface power = this;
+        for (int currentExponent = 1; currentExponent < exponent; currentExponent++) {
+            power = power.multiply(this);
+        }
+        if (takeReciprocal) {
+            power = NaiveNumber.ONE.divide(power);
+        }
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(NumberInterface number) {
+        NaiveNumber num = (NaiveNumber) number;
+        return Double.compare(value, num.value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int signum() {
+        return this.compareTo(ZERO);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(Math.ceil(value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(Math.floor(value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value - Math.floor(value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int) value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        if (toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
+        else if (toClass == PreciseNumber.class) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(Double.toString(value));
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        double shiftBy = Math.pow(10, 10);
+        return Double.toString(Math.round(value * shiftBy) / shiftBy);
+    }
+
+}
+

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.java

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * An interface used to represent a number.
+ */
+public abstract class NumberInterface {
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the thread was interrupted and
+     * throw an exception to end the computation.
+     */
+    private static void checkInterrupted(){
+        if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
+            throw new ComputationInterruptedException();
+    }
+    /**
+     * The maximum precision to which this number operates.
+     *
+     * @return the precision.
+     */
+    public abstract int getMaxPrecision();
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier);
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return multiplyInternal(multiplier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor);
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return divideInternal(divisor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return addInternal(summand);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return subtractInternal(subtrahend);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of this number with
+     * the sign flipped.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface negateInternal();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of this number with
+     * the sign flipped. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface negate(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return negateInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent);
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface intPow(int exponent){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return intPowInternal(exponent);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this number to another.
+     *
+     * @param number the number to compare to.
+     * @return same as Integer.compare();
+     */
+    public abstract int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
+
+    /**
+     * Same as Math.signum().
+     *
+     * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
+     */
+    public abstract int signum();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     *
+     * @return the least integer greater or equal to the number, if int can hold the value.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface ceilingInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the least integer bigger or equal to the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface ceiling(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return ceilingInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest integer smaller or equal the number.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface floorInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest int smaller than or equal to the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface floor(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return floorInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number.
+     *
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number, specifically x - floor(x).
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted,
+     * and if so, throws an exception.
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface fractionalPart(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return fractionalPartInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the integer representation of this number, discarding any fractional part,
+     * if int can hold the value.
+     *
+     * @return the integer value of this number.
+     */
+    public abstract int intValue();
+
+    /**
+     * Promotes this class to another number class.
+     *
+     * @param toClass the class to promote to.
+     * @return the resulting new instance.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
+
+    /**
+     * Promotes this class to another number class. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param toClass the class to promote to.
+     * @return the resulting new instance.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return promoteToInternal(toClass);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/PreciseNumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.RoundingMode;
+
+/**
+ * A number that uses a BigDecimal to store its value,
+ * leading to infinite possible precision.
+ */
+public class PreciseNumber extends NumberInterface {
+
+    /**
+     * The number one.
+     */
+    public static final PreciseNumber ONE = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ONE);
+    /**
+     * The number zero.
+     */
+    public static final PreciseNumber ZERO = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ZERO);
+    /**
+     * The number ten.
+     */
+    public static final PreciseNumber TEN = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.TEN);
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the PreciseNumber.
+     */
+    BigDecimal value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a precise number from the given string.
+     *
+     * @param string a string representation of the number meeting the same conditions
+     *               as the BidDecimal(String) constructor.
+     */
+    public PreciseNumber(String string) {
+        value = new BigDecimal(string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a precise number from the given BigDecimal.
+     *
+     * @param value a BigDecimal object representing the value of the number.
+     */
+    public PreciseNumber(BigDecimal value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxPrecision() {
+        return 65;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(this.value.multiply(((PreciseNumber) multiplier).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.divide(((PreciseNumber) divisor).value, this.getMaxPrecision(), RoundingMode.HALF_UP));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.add(((PreciseNumber) summand).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.subtract(((PreciseNumber) subtrahend).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
+        if (exponent == 0) {
+            return PreciseNumber.ONE;
+        }
+        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent < 0;
+        exponent = Math.abs(exponent);
+        NumberInterface power = this;
+        for (int currentExponent = 1; currentExponent < exponent; currentExponent++) {
+            power = power.multiply(this);
+        }
+        if (takeReciprocal) {
+            power = PreciseNumber.ONE.divide(power);
+        }
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(NumberInterface number) {
+        return value.compareTo(((PreciseNumber) number).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int signum() {
+        return value.signum();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
+        String str = value.toPlainString();
+        int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
+        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
+            return this.floor().add(ONE);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
+        String str = value.toPlainString();
+        int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
+        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
+            NumberInterface floor = new PreciseNumber(str.substring(0, decimalIndex));
+            if(signum() == -1){
+                floor = floor.subtract(ONE);
+            }
+            return floor;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
+        return this.subtractInternal(floorInternal());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int intValue() {
+        return value.intValue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.negate());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        if (toClass == this.getClass()) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        BigDecimal rounded = value.setScale(getMaxPrecision() - 15, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);
+        return rounded.stripTrailingZeros().toPlainString();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/LexerTokenizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Pattern;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TokenType;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A tokenzier that uses the lexer class and registered function and operator
+ * names to turn input into tokens in O(n) time.
+ */
+public class LexerTokenizer implements Tokenizer<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * Comparator used to sort the tokens produced by the lexer.
+     */
+    protected static final Comparator<TokenType> TOKEN_SORTER = Comparator.comparingInt(e -> e.priority);
+
+    /**
+     * The lexer instance used to turn strings into matches.
+     */
+    private Lexer<TokenType> lexer;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new lexer tokenizer.
+     */
+    public LexerTokenizer() {
+        lexer = new Lexer<TokenType>() {{
+            register(" ", TokenType.WHITESPACE);
+            register(",", TokenType.COMMA);
+            register("[0-9]*(\\.[0-9]+)?", TokenType.NUM);
+            register("\\(", TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH);
+            register("\\)", TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH);
+        }};
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Match<TokenType>> tokenizeString(String string) {
+        return lexer.lexAll(string, 0, TOKEN_SORTER);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
+            lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.OP);
+        }
+        for (String function : manager.getAllFunctions()) {
+            lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.FUNCTION);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
+            lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.OP);
+        }
+        for (String function : manager.getAllFunctions()) {
+            lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.FUNCTION);
+        }
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/Parser.java

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * An itnerface that provides the ability to convert a list of tokens
+ * into a parse tree.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of tokens accepted by this parser.
+ */
+public interface Parser<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a tree out of the given tokens.
+     *
+     * @param tokens the tokens to construct a tree from.
+     * @return the constructed tree, or null on error.
+     */
+    public TreeNode constructTree(List<T> tokens);
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/ShuntingYardParser.java

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.*;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * A parser that uses shunting yard to rearranged matches into postfix
+ * and then convert them into a parse tree.
+ */
+public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * The Abacus instance used to create number instances.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+    /**
+     * Map of operator precedences, loaded from the plugin operators.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Integer> precedenceMap;
+    /**
+     * Map of operator associativity, loaded from the plugin operators.
+     */
+    private Map<String, OperatorAssociativity> associativityMap;
+    /**
+     * Map of operator types, loaded from plugin operators.
+     */
+    private Map<String, OperatorType> typeMap;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Shunting Yard parser with the given Abacus instance.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the abacus instance.
+     */
+    public ShuntingYardParser(Abacus abacus) {
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+        precedenceMap = new HashMap<>();
+        associativityMap = new HashMap<>();
+        typeMap = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rearranges tokens into a postfix list, using Shunting Yard.
+     *
+     * @param from the tokens to be rearranged.
+     * @return the resulting list of rearranged tokens.
+     */
+    public List<Match<TokenType>> intoPostfix(List<Match<TokenType>> from) {
+        ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> output = new ArrayList<>();
+        Stack<Match<TokenType>> tokenStack = new Stack<>();
+        TokenType previousType;
+        TokenType matchType = null;
+        while (!from.isEmpty()) {
+            Match<TokenType> match = from.remove(0);
+            previousType = matchType;
+            matchType = match.getType();
+            if (matchType == TokenType.NUM) {
+                output.add(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
+                output.add(new Match<>("", TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END));
+                tokenStack.push(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+                String tokenString = match.getContent();
+                OperatorType type = typeMap.get(tokenString);
+                int precedence = precedenceMap.get(tokenString);
+                OperatorAssociativity associativity = associativityMap.get(tokenString);
+
+                if (type == OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX) {
+                    output.add(match);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (tokenString.equals("-") && (previousType == null || previousType == TokenType.OP ||
+                        previousType == TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH)) {
+                    from.add(0, new Match<>("`", TokenType.OP));
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                while (!tokenStack.empty() && type == OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX) {
+                    Match<TokenType> otherMatch = tokenStack.peek();
+                    TokenType otherMatchType = otherMatch.getType();
+                    if (!(otherMatchType == TokenType.OP || otherMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION)) break;
+
+                    if (otherMatchType == TokenType.OP) {
+                        int otherPrecedence = precedenceMap.get(otherMatch.getContent());
+                        if (otherPrecedence < precedence ||
+                                (associativity == OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT && otherPrecedence == precedence)) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
+                }
+                tokenStack.push(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH) {
+                tokenStack.push(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH || matchType == TokenType.COMMA) {
+                while (!tokenStack.empty() && tokenStack.peek().getType() != TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH) {
+                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
+                }
+                if (tokenStack.empty()) return null;
+                if (matchType == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH) {
+                    tokenStack.pop();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        while (!tokenStack.empty()) {
+            Match<TokenType> match = tokenStack.peek();
+            TokenType newMatchType = match.getType();
+            if (!(newMatchType == TokenType.OP || newMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION)) return null;
+            output.add(tokenStack.pop());
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a tree recursively from a list of tokens.
+     *
+     * @param matches the list of tokens from the source string.
+     * @return the construct tree expression.
+     */
+    public TreeNode constructRecursive(List<Match<TokenType>> matches) {
+        if (matches.size() == 0) return null;
+        Match<TokenType> match = matches.remove(0);
+        TokenType matchType = match.getType();
+        if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+            String operator = match.getContent();
+            OperatorType type = typeMap.get(operator);
+            if (type == OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX) {
+                TreeNode right = constructRecursive(matches);
+                TreeNode left = constructRecursive(matches);
+                if (left == null || right == null) return null;
+                else return new BinaryNode(operator, left, right);
+            } else {
+                TreeNode applyTo = constructRecursive(matches);
+                if (applyTo == null) return null;
+                else return new UnaryNode(operator, applyTo);
+            }
+        } else if (matchType == TokenType.NUM) {
+            return new NumberNode(abacus.numberFromString(match.getContent()));
+        } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
+            String functionName = match.getContent();
+            FunctionNode node = new FunctionNode(functionName);
+            while (!matches.isEmpty() && matches.get(0).getType() != TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END) {
+                TreeNode argument = constructRecursive(matches);
+                if (argument == null) return null;
+                node.prependChild(argument);
+            }
+            if (matches.isEmpty()) return null;
+            matches.remove(0);
+            return node;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public TreeNode constructTree(List<Match<TokenType>> tokens) {
+        tokens = intoPostfix(new ArrayList<>(tokens));
+        if(tokens == null) return null;
+        Collections.reverse(tokens);
+        TreeNode constructedTree = constructRecursive(tokens);
+        return tokens.size() == 0 ? constructedTree : null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
+            Operator operatorInstance = manager.operatorFor(operator);
+            precedenceMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getPrecedence());
+            associativityMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getAssociativity());
+            typeMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getType());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
+        precedenceMap.clear();
+        associativityMap.clear();
+        typeMap.clear();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/Tokenizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Interface that provides the ability to convert a string into a list of tokens.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of the tokens produced.
+ */
+public interface Tokenizer<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a string into tokens.
+     *
+     * @param string the string to convert.
+     * @return the list of tokens, or null on error.
+     */
+    public List<T> tokenizeString(String string);
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/TreeBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * TreeBuilder class used to piece together a Tokenizer and
+ * Parser of the same kind. This is used to essentially avoid
+ * working with any parameters at all, and the generics
+ * in this class are used only to ensure the tokenizer and parser
+ * are of the same type.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of tokens created by the tokenizer and used by the parser.
+ */
+public class TreeBuilder<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The tokenizer used to convert a string into tokens.
+     */
+    private Tokenizer<T> tokenizer;
+    /**
+     * The parser used to parse a list of tokens into a tree.
+     */
+    private Parser<T> parser;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new Tree Builder with the given tokenizer and parser
+     *
+     * @param tokenizer the tokenizer to turn strings into tokens
+     * @param parser    the parser to turn tokens into a tree
+     */
+    public TreeBuilder(Tokenizer<T> tokenizer, Parser<T> parser) {
+        this.tokenizer = tokenizer;
+        this.parser = parser;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the given string into a tree.
+     *
+     * @param input the string to parse into a tree.
+     * @return the resulting tree.
+     */
+    public TreeNode fromString(String input) {
+        List<T> tokens = tokenizer.tokenizeString(input);
+        if (tokens == null) return null;
+        return parser.constructTree(tokens);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/ClassFinder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLClassLoader;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * Class that loads plugin classes from their jars.
+ */
+public class ClassFinder {
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all the plugin classes from the given plugin folder.
+     *
+     * @param filePath the path for the plugin folder.
+     * @return the list of all loaded classes.
+     * @throws IOException            thrown if an error occurred scanning the plugin folder.
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException thrown if the class listed in the file doesn't get loaded.
+     */
+    public static List<Class<?>> loadJars(String filePath) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        return loadJars(new File(filePath));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all the plugin classes from the given plugin folder.
+     *
+     * @param pluginFolderPath the folder in which to look for plugins.
+     * @return the list of all loaded classes.
+     * @throws IOException            thrown if an error occurred scanning the plugin folder.
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException thrown if the class listed in the file doesn't get loaded.
+     */
+    public static List<Class<?>> loadJars(File pluginFolderPath) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        ArrayList<Class<?>> toReturn = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (!pluginFolderPath.exists()) return toReturn;
+        ArrayList<File> files = Files.walk(pluginFolderPath.toPath())
+                .map(Path::toFile)
+                .filter(f -> f.getName().endsWith(".jar"))
+                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));
+        for (File file : files) {
+            toReturn.addAll(loadJar(file));
+        }
+        return toReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the classes from a single path, given by the file.
+     *
+     * @param jarLocation the location of the jar to load.
+     * @return the list of loaded classes loaded from the jar.
+     * @throws IOException            thrown if there was an error reading the file
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException thrown if the class could not be loaded.
+     */
+    public static List<Class<?>> loadJar(File jarLocation) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        ArrayList<Class<?>> loadedClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+        String path = jarLocation.getPath();
+        URL[] urls = new URL[]{new URL("jar:file:" + path + "!/")};
+
+        URLClassLoader classLoader = URLClassLoader.newInstance(urls);
+        JarFile jarFolder = new JarFile(jarLocation);
+        Enumeration jarEntityList = jarFolder.entries();
+
+        while (jarEntityList.hasMoreElements()) {
+            JarEntry jarEntity = (JarEntry) jarEntityList.nextElement();
+            if (jarEntity.getName().endsWith(".class")) {
+                loadedClasses.add(classLoader.loadClass(jarEntity.getName().replace('/', '.').substring(0, jarEntity.getName().length() - 6)));
+            }
+        }
+        return loadedClasses;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/NumberImplementation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * A class that holds data about a number implementation.
+ */
+public abstract class NumberImplementation {
+
+    /**
+     * The list of paths through which this implementation can be promoted.
+     */
+    protected Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> promotionPaths;
+    /**
+     * The implementation class for this implementation.
+     */
+    private Class<? extends NumberInterface> implementation;
+    /**
+     * The priority of converting into this number implementation.
+     */
+    private int priority;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new number implementation with the given data.
+     *
+     * @param implementation the implementation class.
+     * @param priority       the priority, higher means more likely to be converted into.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation(Class<? extends NumberInterface> implementation, int priority) {
+        this.implementation = implementation;
+        this.priority = priority;
+        promotionPaths = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the list of all promotion paths this implementation can take.
+     *
+     * @return the map of documentation paths.
+     */
+    public final Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> getPromotionPaths() {
+        return promotionPaths;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the implementation class used by this implementation.
+     *
+     * @return the implementation class.
+     */
+    public final Class<? extends NumberInterface> getImplementation() {
+        return implementation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the priority of this number implementation.
+     *
+     * @return the priority.
+     */
+    public final int getPriority() {
+        return priority;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract function to create a new instance from a string.
+     *
+     * @param string the string to create a number from.
+     * @return the resulting number.
+     */
+    public abstract NumberInterface instanceForString(String string);
+
+    /**
+     * Get the instance of pi with the given implementation.
+     *
+     * @return pi
+     */
+    public abstract NumberInterface instanceForPi();
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/Plugin.java

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
@@ -15,14 +17,6 @@ import java.util.Set;
  */
 public abstract class Plugin {
 
-    /**
-     * A hash map of functions mapped to their string names.
-     */
-    private HashMap<String, Function> functions;
-    /**
-     * A hash map of operators mapped to their string names.
-     */
-    private HashMap<String, Operator> operators;
     /**
      * The plugin manager in which to search for functions
      * not inside this package,
@@ -33,59 +27,25 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      */
     private boolean enabled;
 
-    private Plugin(){ }
+    private Plugin() {
+    }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new plugin with the given PluginManager.
+     *
      * @param manager the manager controlling this plugin.
      */
     public Plugin(PluginManager manager) {
         this.manager = manager;
-        functions = new HashMap<>();
-        operators = new HashMap<>();
         enabled = false;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
-     * @return the list of registered functions.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedFunctions(){
-        return functions.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
-     * @return the list of registered functions.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedOperators(){
-        return operators.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a function under the given function name.
-     * @param functionName the name of the function to get
-     * @return the function, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final Function getFunction(String functionName) {
-        return functions.get(functionName);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an operator under the given operator name.
-     * @param operatorName the name of the operator to get.
-     * @return the operator, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final Operator getOperator(String operatorName) {
-        return operators.get(operatorName);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Enables the function, loading the necessary instances
      * of functions.
      */
-    public final void enable(){
-        if(enabled) return;
+    public final void enable() {
+        if (enabled) return;
         onEnable();
         enabled = true;
     }
@@ -94,39 +54,51 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * Disables the plugin, clearing loaded data store by default
      * and calling its disable() method.
      */
-    public final void disable(){
-        if(!enabled) return;
+    public final void disable() {
+        if (!enabled) return;
         onDisable();
-        functions.clear();
-        operators.clear();
         enabled = false;
     }
 
     /**
      * To be used in load(). Registers a function abstract class with the
      * plugin internally, which makes it accessible to the plugin manager.
+     *
      * @param name       the name to register by.
      * @param toRegister the function implementation.
      */
     protected final void registerFunction(String name, Function toRegister) {
-        functions.put(name, toRegister);
+        manager.registerFunction(name, toRegister);
     }
 
     /**
      * To be used in load(). Registers an operator abstract class
      * with the plugin internally, which makes it accessible to
      * the plugin manager.
+     *
      * @param name     the name of the operator.
      * @param operator the operator to register.
      */
     protected final void registerOperator(String name, Operator operator) {
-        operators.put(name, operator);
+        manager.registerOperator(name, operator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used in load(). Registers a new number implementation with the plugin.
+     * This makes it accessible to the plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param name           the name of the implementation.
+     * @param implementation the actual implementation class to register.
+     */
+    protected final void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation) {
+        manager.registerNumberImplementation(name, implementation);
     }
 
     /**
      * Searches the PluginManager for the given function name.
      * This can be used by the plugins internally in order to call functions
      * they do not provide.
+     *
      * @param name the name for which to search
      * @return the resulting function, or null if none was found for that name.
      */
@@ -138,6 +110,7 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * Searches the PluginManager for the given operator name.
      * This can be used by the plugins internally in order to call
      * operations they do not provide.
+     *
      * @param name the name for which to search
      * @return the resulting operator, or null if none was found for that name.
      */
@@ -145,6 +118,31 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
         return manager.operatorFor(name);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Searches the PluginManager for the given number implementation
+     * name. This can be used by the plugins internally in order to find
+     * implementations that they do not provide.
+     *
+     * @param name the name for which to search.
+     * @return the resulting number implementation, or null if none was found.
+     */
+    protected final NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name) {
+        return manager.numberImplementationFor(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the plugin manager for a Pi value for the given number implementation.
+     * This is done so that number implementations with various degrees of precision
+     * can provide their own pi values, without losing said precision by
+     * promoting NaiveNumbers.
+     *
+     * @param forClass the class to which to find the pi instance.
+     * @return the pi value for the given class.
+     */
+    protected final NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
+        return manager.piFor(forClass);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Abstract method to be overridden by plugin implementation, in which the plugins
      * are supposed to register the functions they provide and do any other

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginListener.java

@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ public interface PluginListener {
 
     /**
      * Called when the PluginManager loads plugins.
+     *
      * @param manager the manager that fired the event.
      */
     public void onLoad(PluginManager manager);
 
     /**
      * Called when the PluginManager unloads all its plugins.
+     *
      * @param manager the manager that fired the event.
      */
     public void onUnload(PluginManager manager);

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * A class that controls instances of plugins, allowing for them
+ * to interact with each other and the calculator.
+ */
+public class PluginManager {
+
+    /**
+     * List of classes loaded by this manager.
+     */
+    private Set<Class<?>> loadedPluginClasses;
+    /**
+     * A list of loaded plugins.
+     */
+    private Set<Plugin> plugins;
+    /**
+     * The map of functions registered by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Function> registeredFunctions;
+    /**
+     * The map of operators registered by the plugins
+     */
+    private Map<String, Operator> registeredOperators;
+    /**
+     * The map of number implementations registered by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> registeredNumberImplementations;
+    /**
+     * The list of number implementations that have been
+     * found by their implementation class.
+     */
+    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberImplementation> cachedInterfaceImplementations;
+    /**
+     * The pi values for each implementation class that have already been computer.
+     */
+    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberInterface> cachedPi;
+    /**
+     * The list of plugin listeners attached to this instance.
+     */
+    private Set<PluginListener> listeners;
+    /**
+     * The abacus instance used to access other
+     * components of the application.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the abacus instance.
+     */
+    public PluginManager(Abacus abacus) {
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+        loadedPluginClasses = new HashSet<>();
+        plugins = new HashSet<>();
+        registeredFunctions = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredOperators = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredNumberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedInterfaceImplementations = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedPi = new HashMap<>();
+        listeners = new HashSet<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a function under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the function.
+     * @param function the function to register.
+     */
+    public void registerFunction(String name, Function function){
+        registeredFunctions.put(name, function);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers an operator under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the operator.
+     * @param operator the operator to register.
+     */
+    public void registerOperator(String name, Operator operator){
+        registeredOperators.put(name, operator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a number implementation under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the number implementation.
+     * @param implementation the number implementation to register.
+     */
+    public void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation){
+        registeredNumberImplementations.put(name, implementation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the function registered under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the function.
+     * @return the function, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public Function functionFor(String name){
+        return registeredFunctions.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operator registered under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the operator.
+     * @return the operator, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public Operator operatorFor(String name){
+        return registeredOperators.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation registered under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the number implementation.
+     * @return the number implementation, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name){
+        return registeredNumberImplementations.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation for the given implementation class.
+     *
+     * @param name the class for which to find the implementation.
+     * @return the implementation.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation interfaceImplementationFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> name) {
+        if (cachedInterfaceImplementations.containsKey(name)) return cachedInterfaceImplementations.get(name);
+        NumberImplementation toReturn = null;
+        for(String key : registeredNumberImplementations.keySet()){
+            NumberImplementation implementation = registeredNumberImplementations.get(key);
+            if(implementation.getImplementation() == name) {
+                toReturn = implementation;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        cachedInterfaceImplementations.put(name, toReturn);
+        return toReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the mathematical constant pi for the given implementation class.
+     *
+     * @param forClass the class for which to find pi.
+     * @return pi
+     */
+    public NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
+        if (cachedPi.containsKey(forClass)) return cachedPi.get(forClass);
+        NumberImplementation implementation = interfaceImplementationFor(forClass);
+        NumberInterface generatedPi = null;
+        if (implementation != null) {
+            generatedPi = implementation.instanceForPi();
+        }
+        cachedPi.put(forClass, generatedPi);
+        return generatedPi;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an instance of Plugin that already has been instantiated.
+     *
+     * @param plugin the plugin to add.
+     */
+    public void addInstantiated(Plugin plugin) {
+        if (loadedPluginClasses.contains(plugin.getClass())) return;
+        plugins.add(plugin);
+        loadedPluginClasses.add(plugin.getClass());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates a class of plugin, and adds it to this
+     * plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param newClass the new class to instantiate.
+     */
+    public void addClass(Class<?> newClass) {
+        if (!Plugin.class.isAssignableFrom(newClass) || newClass == Plugin.class) return;
+        try {
+            addInstantiated((Plugin) newClass.getConstructor(PluginManager.class).newInstance(this));
+        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void load() {
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = abacus.getConfiguration().getDisabledPlugins();
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+            if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
+            plugin.enable();
+        }
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onLoad(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void unload() {
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = abacus.getConfiguration().getDisabledPlugins();
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+            if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
+            plugin.disable();
+        }
+        registeredFunctions.clear();
+        registeredOperators.clear();
+        registeredNumberImplementations.clear();
+        cachedInterfaceImplementations.clear();
+        cachedPi.clear();
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void reload() {
+        unload();
+        load();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the functions loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all functions that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllFunctions() {
+        return registeredFunctions.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the operators loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all operators that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllOperators() {
+        return registeredOperators.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the number implementations loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all implementations that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllNumberImplementations() {
+        return registeredNumberImplementations.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a plugin change listener to this plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param listener the listener to add.
+     */
+    public void addListener(PluginListener listener) {
+        listeners.add(listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the plugin change listener from this plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param listener the listener to remove.
+     */
+    public void removeListener(PluginListener listener) {
+        listeners.remove(listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a list of all the plugin class files that have been
+     * added to the plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @return the list of all the added plugin classes.
+     */
+    public Set<Class<?>> getLoadedPluginClasses() {
+        return loadedPluginClasses;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PreciseNumber;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+
+/**
+ * The plugin providing standard functions such as addition and subtraction to
+ * the calculator.
+ */
+public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
+
+    /**
+     * Stores objects of NumberInterface with integer values for reuse.
+     */
+    private final static HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, HashMap<Integer, NumberInterface>> integerValues = new HashMap<>();
+
+    /**
+     * The addition operator, +
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_ADD = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length >= 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface sum = params[0];
+            for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
+                sum = sum.add(params[i]);
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The subtraction operator, -
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_SUBTRACT = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
+
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The negation operator, -
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_NEGATE = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.UNARY_PREFIX, 0, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].negate();
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The multiplication operator, *
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_MULTIPLY = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length >= 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface product = params[0];
+            for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
+                product = product.multiply(params[i]);
+            }
+            return product;
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The division operator, /
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_DIVIDE = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2 && params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) != 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].divide(params[1]);
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The factorial operator, !
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_FACTORIAL = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX, 0, new Function() {
+        //private HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> storedList = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1
+                    && params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0
+                    && params[0].signum() >= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (params[0].signum() == 0) {
+                return fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 1);
+            }
+            NumberInterface factorial = params[0];
+            NumberInterface multiplier = params[0];
+            //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
+            while ((multiplier = multiplier.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(multiplier.getClass()))).signum() == 1) {
+                factorial = factorial.multiply(multiplier);
+            }
+            return factorial;
+                /*if(!storedList.containsKey(params[0].getClass())){
+                    storedList.put(params[0].getClass(), new ArrayList<NumberInterface>());
+                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                }*/
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The absolute value function, abs(-3) = 3
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_ABS = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(params[0].signum())).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The natural log function.
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_LN = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1 && params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) > 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface param = params[0];
+            int powersOf2 = 0;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))).compareTo(new NaiveNumber(0.1).promoteTo(param.getClass())) >= 0) {
+                if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() == 1) {
+                    param = param.divide(fromInt(param.getClass(), 2));
+                    powersOf2++;
+                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != 1) {
+                        break;
+                        //No infinite loop for you.
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    param = param.multiply(fromInt(param.getClass(), 2));
+                    powersOf2--;
+                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != -1) {
+                        break;
+                        //No infinite loop for you.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return getLog2(param).multiply((new NaiveNumber(powersOf2)).promoteTo(param.getClass())).add(getLogPartialSum(param));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the partial sum of the Taylor series for logx (around x=1).
+         * Automatically determines the number of terms needed based on the precision of x.
+         * @param x value at which the series is evaluated. 0 < x < 2. (x=2 is convergent but impractical.)
+         * @return the partial sum.
+         */
+        private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(NumberInterface x) {
+
+            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
+            x = x.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(x.getClass())); //Terms used are for log(x+1).
+            NumberInterface currentNumerator = x, currentTerm = x, sum = x;
+            int n = 1;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
+                n++;
+                currentNumerator = currentNumerator.multiply(x).negate();
+                currentTerm = currentNumerator.divide(new NaiveNumber(n).promoteTo(x.getClass()));
+                sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns natural log of 2 to the required precision of the class of number.
+         * @param number a number of the same type as the return type. (Used for precision.)
+         * @return the value of log(2) with the appropriate precision.
+         */
+        private NumberInterface getLog2(NumberInterface number) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(number);
+            //NumberInterface errorBound = fromInt(number.getClass(), 1);
+            //We'll use the series \sigma_{n >= 1) ((1/3^n + 1/4^n) * 1/n)
+            //In the following, a=1/3^n, b=1/4^n, c = 1/n.
+            //a is also an error bound.
+            NumberInterface a = fromInt(number.getClass(), 1), b = a, c = a;
+            NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(number.getClass());
+            int n = 0;
+            while (a.compareTo(maxError) >= 1) {
+                n++;
+                a = a.divide(fromInt(number.getClass(), 3));
+                b = b.divide(fromInt(number.getClass(), 4));
+                c = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(number.getClass()).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
+                sum = sum.add(a.add(b).multiply(c));
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The square root function.
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_SQRT = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return OP_CARET.getFunction().apply(params[0], ((new NaiveNumber(0.5)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass())));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The implementation for double-based naive numbers.
+     */
+    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE = new NumberImplementation(NaiveNumber.class, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
+            return new NaiveNumber(string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
+            return new NaiveNumber(Math.PI);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The implementation for the infinite-precision BigDecimal.
+     */
+    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE = new NumberImplementation(PreciseNumber.class, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
+            NumberInterface C = FUNCTION_SQRT.apply(new PreciseNumber("10005")).multiply(new PreciseNumber("426880"));
+            NumberInterface M = PreciseNumber.ONE;
+            NumberInterface L = new PreciseNumber("13591409");
+            NumberInterface X = M;
+            NumberInterface sum = L;
+            int termsNeeded = C.getMaxPrecision() / 13 + 1;
+
+            NumberInterface lSummand = new PreciseNumber("545140134");
+            NumberInterface xMultiplier = new PreciseNumber("262537412")
+                    .multiply(new PreciseNumber("1000000000"))
+                    .add(new PreciseNumber("640768000"))
+                    .negate();
+            for (int i = 0; i < termsNeeded; i++) {
+                M = M
+                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12 * i + 2).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
+                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12 * i + 6).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
+                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12 * i + 10).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
+                        .divide(new NaiveNumber(Math.pow(i + 1, 3)).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class));
+                L = L.add(lSummand);
+                X = X.multiply(xMultiplier);
+                sum = sum.add(M.multiply(L).divide(X));
+            }
+            return C.divide(sum);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> FACTORIAL_LISTS = new HashMap<>();
+    /**
+     * The exponential function, exp(1) = e^1 = 2.71...
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_EXP = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(params[0]);
+            int n = 0;
+            if (params[0].signum() <= 0) {
+                NumberInterface currentTerm = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()), sum = currentTerm;
+                while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
+                    n++;
+                    currentTerm = currentTerm.multiply(params[0]).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                    sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+                }
+                return sum;
+            } else {
+                //We need n such that x^(n+1) * 3^ceil(x) <= maxError * (n+1)!.
+                //right and left refer to lhs and rhs in the above inequality.
+                NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+                NumberInterface nextNumerator = params[0];
+                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 3).intPow(params[0].ceiling().intValue())), right = maxError;
+                do {
+                    sum = sum.add(nextNumerator.divide(factorial(params[0].getClass(), n + 1)));
+                    n++;
+                    nextNumerator = nextNumerator.multiply(params[0]);
+                    left = left.multiply(params[0]);
+                    NumberInterface nextN = (new NaiveNumber(n + 1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+                    right = right.multiply(nextN);
+                    //System.out.println(left + ", " + right);
+                }
+                while (left.compareTo(right) > 0);
+                //System.out.println(n+1);
+                return sum;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The caret / pow operator, ^
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_CARET = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2
+                    && !(params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0
+                    && params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) == 0)
+                    && !(params[0].signum() == -1 && params[1].fractionalPart().compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) != 0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0)
+                return NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+            else if (params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0)
+                return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[1].getClass());
+            //Detect integer bases:
+            if(params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 0)) == 0
+                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[0]).compareTo(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), Integer.MAX_VALUE)) < 0
+                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[1]).compareTo(fromInt(params[1].getClass(), 1)) >= 0){
+                NumberInterface[] newParams = {params[0], params[1].fractionalPart()};
+                return params[0].intPow(params[1].floor().intValue()).multiply(applyInternal(newParams));
+            }
+            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(FUNCTION_LN.apply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[0])).multiply(params[1]));
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The sine function (the argument is interpreted in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionSin = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface pi = piFor(params[0].getClass());
+            NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(fromInt(pi.getClass(), 2));
+            NumberInterface theta = getSmallAngle(params[0], pi);
+            //System.out.println(theta);
+            if (theta.compareTo(pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber(1.5).promoteTo(twoPi.getClass()))) >= 0) {
+                theta = theta.subtract(twoPi);
+            } else if (theta.compareTo(pi.divide(fromInt(pi.getClass(), 2))) > 0) {
+                theta = pi.subtract(theta);
+            }
+            //System.out.println(theta);
+            return sinTaylor(theta);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cosine function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionCos = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionSin.apply(piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 2))
+                    .subtract(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The tangent function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionTan = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionSin.apply(params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The secant function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionSec = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cosecant function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionCsc = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).divide(functionSin.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cotangent function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final Function functionCot = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionCos.apply(params[0]).divide(functionSin.apply(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+
+    public StandardPlugin(PluginManager manager) {
+        super(manager);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a partial sum of a series whose terms are given by the nthTermFunction, evaluated at x.
+     *
+     * @param x               the value at which the series is evaluated.
+     * @param nthTermFunction the function that returns the nth term of the series, in the format term(x, n).
+     * @param n               the number of terms in the partial sum.
+     * @return the value of the partial sum that has the same class as x.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface sumSeries(NumberInterface x, BiFunction<Integer, NumberInterface, NumberInterface> nthTermFunction, int n) {
+        NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(x.getClass());
+        for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
+            sum = sum.add(nthTermFunction.apply(i, x));
+        }
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum error based on the precision of the class of number.
+     *
+     * @param number Any instance of the NumberInterface in question (should return an appropriate precision).
+     * @return the maximum error.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface getMaxError(NumberInterface number) {
+        return fromInt(number.getClass(), 10).intPow(-number.getMaxPrecision());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A factorial function that uses memoization for each number class; it efficiently
+     * computes factorials of non-negative integers.
+     *
+     * @param numberClass type of number to return.
+     * @param n           non-negative integer.
+     * @return a number of numClass with value n factorial.
+     */
+    public static NumberInterface factorial(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, int n) {
+        if (!FACTORIAL_LISTS.containsKey(numberClass)) {
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.put(numberClass, new ArrayList<>());
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
+        }
+        ArrayList<NumberInterface> list = FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass);
+        if (n >= list.size()) {
+            while (list.size() < n + 16) {
+                list.add(list.get(list.size() - 1).multiply(new NaiveNumber(list.size()).promoteTo(numberClass)));
+            }
+        }
+        return list.get(n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of the Taylor series for sin (centered at 0) at x.
+     *
+     * @param x where the series is evaluated.
+     * @return the value of the series
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface sinTaylor(NumberInterface x) {
+        NumberInterface power = x, multiplier = x.multiply(x).negate(), currentTerm = x, sum = x;
+        NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
+        int n = 1;
+        do {
+            n += 2;
+            power = power.multiply(multiplier);
+            currentTerm = power.divide(factorial(x.getClass(), n));
+            sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+        } while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0);
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an equivalent angle in the interval [0, 2pi)
+     *
+     * @param phi an angle (in radians).
+     * @return theta in [0, 2pi) that differs from phi by a multiple of 2pi.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface getSmallAngle(NumberInterface phi, NumberInterface pi) {
+        NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber("2").promoteTo(phi.getClass()));
+        NumberInterface theta = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(phi).subtract(twoPi
+                .multiply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(phi).divide(twoPi).floor())); //Now theta is in [0, 2pi).
+        if (phi.signum() < 0) {
+            theta = twoPi.subtract(theta);
+        }
+        return theta;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a number of class numType with value n.
+     * @param numType class of number to return.
+     * @param n value of returned number.
+     * @return numClass instance with value n.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface fromInt(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numType, int n){
+        if(!integerValues.containsKey(numType)){
+            integerValues.put(numType, new HashMap<>());
+        }
+        if(!integerValues.get(numType).containsKey(n)){
+            integerValues.get(numType).put(n, new NaiveNumber(n).promoteTo(numType));
+        }
+        return integerValues.get(numType).get(n);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onEnable() {
+        registerNumberImplementation("naive", IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE);
+        registerNumberImplementation("precise", IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE);
+
+        registerOperator("+", OP_ADD);
+        registerOperator("-", OP_SUBTRACT);
+        registerOperator("`", OP_NEGATE);
+        registerOperator("*", OP_MULTIPLY);
+        registerOperator("/", OP_DIVIDE);
+        registerOperator("^", OP_CARET);
+        registerOperator("!", OP_FACTORIAL);
+
+        registerFunction("abs", FUNCTION_ABS);
+        registerFunction("exp", FUNCTION_EXP);
+        registerFunction("ln", FUNCTION_LN);
+        registerFunction("sqrt", FUNCTION_SQRT);
+        registerFunction("sin", functionSin);
+        registerFunction("cos", functionCos);
+        registerFunction("tan", functionTan);
+        registerFunction("sec", functionSec);
+        registerFunction("csc", functionCsc);
+        registerFunction("cot", functionCot);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDisable() {
+
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberReducer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+/**
+ * A reducer implementation that turns a tree into a single number.
+ * This is not always guaranteed to work.
+ */
+public class NumberReducer implements Reducer<NumberInterface> {
+
+    /**
+     * The plugin manager from which to draw the functions.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new number reducer.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the calculator instance.
+     */
+    public NumberReducer(Abacus abacus) {
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface reduceNode(TreeNode node, Object... children) {
+        if (node instanceof NumberNode) {
+            return ((NumberNode) node).getNumber();
+        } else if (node instanceof BinaryNode) {
+            NumberInterface left = (NumberInterface) children[0];
+            NumberInterface right = (NumberInterface) children[1];
+            Function function = abacus.getPluginManager().operatorFor(((BinaryNode) node).getOperation()).getFunction();
+            if (function == null) return null;
+            return function.apply(left, right);
+        } else if (node instanceof UnaryNode) {
+            NumberInterface child = (NumberInterface) children[0];
+            Function functionn = abacus.getPluginManager().operatorFor(((UnaryNode) node).getOperation()).getFunction();
+            if (functionn == null) return null;
+            return functionn.apply(child);
+        } else if (node instanceof FunctionNode) {
+            NumberInterface[] convertedChildren = new NumberInterface[children.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < convertedChildren.length; i++) {
+                convertedChildren[i] = (NumberInterface) children[i];
+            }
+            Function function = abacus.getPluginManager().functionFor(((FunctionNode) node).getFunction());
+            if (function == null) return null;
+            return function.apply(convertedChildren);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/Reducer.java

@@ -2,16 +2,18 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
 
 /**
  * Interface used to reduce a tree into a single value.
+ *
  * @param <T> the value to reduce into.
  */
 public interface Reducer<T> {
 
     /**
      * Reduces the given tree into a single value of type T.
+     *
      * @param node     the node being passed in to be reduced.
      * @param children the already-reduced children of this node.
      * @return the resulting value from the reduce.
      */
-    public T reduceNode(TreeNode node, Object...children);
+    public T reduceNode(TreeNode node, Object... children);
 
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TokenType.java

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
 public enum TokenType {
 
     INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END(-1),
-    ANY(0), COMMA(1), OP(2), NUM(3), FUNCTION(4), OPEN_PARENTH(5), CLOSE_PARENTH(6);
+    ANY(0), WHITESPACE(1), COMMA(2), OP(3), NUM(4), FUNCTION(5), OPEN_PARENTH(6), CLOSE_PARENTH(7);
 
     /**
      * The priority by which this token gets sorted.
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ public enum TokenType {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new token type with the given priority.
+     *
      * @param priority the priority of this token type.
      */
-    TokenType(int priority){
+    TokenType(int priority) {
         this.priority = priority;
     }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/window/HistoryTableModel.java

@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.window;
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
 
-import javax.swing.event.TableModelListener;
 import javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel;
-import javax.swing.table.TableModel;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  * A table model to store data about the history of inputs
@@ -30,34 +29,10 @@ public class HistoryTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
             TreeNode.class,
             String.class
     };
-
-    /**
-     * Class used specifically to hold data about
-     * the previous entries into the calculator.
-     */
-    public static class HistoryEntry {
-        public String input;
-        public TreeNode parsedInput;
-        public String output;
-
-        public HistoryEntry(String input, TreeNode parsedInput, String output){
-            this.input = input;
-            this.parsedInput = parsedInput;
-            this.output = output;
-        }
-
-        Object nthValue(int n){
-            if(n == 0) return input;
-            if(n == 1) return parsedInput;
-            if(n == 2) return output;
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * The list of entries.
      */
-    ArrayList<HistoryEntry> entries;
+    List<HistoryEntry> entries;
 
     /**
      * Creates a new empty history table model
@@ -68,9 +43,10 @@ public class HistoryTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
 
     /**
      * Adds an entry to the model.
+     *
      * @param entry the entry to add.
      */
-    public void addEntry(HistoryEntry entry){
+    public void addEntry(HistoryEntry entry) {
         entries.add(entry);
     }
 
@@ -104,4 +80,27 @@ public class HistoryTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
         return entries.get(rowIndex).nthValue(columnIndex);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Class used specifically to hold data about
+     * the previous entries into the calculator.
+     */
+    public static class HistoryEntry {
+        public String input;
+        public TreeNode parsedInput;
+        public String output;
+
+        public HistoryEntry(String input, TreeNode parsedInput, String output) {
+            this.input = input;
+            this.parsedInput = parsedInput;
+            this.output = output;
+        }
+
+        Object nthValue(int n) {
+            if (n == 0) return input;
+            if (n == 1) return parsedInput;
+            if (n == 2) return output;
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/window/Window.java

@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.window;
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.NumberReducer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeBuilder;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
 
 import javax.swing.*;
@@ -18,7 +14,7 @@ import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
 /**
  * The main UI window for the calculator.
  */
-public class Window extends JFrame implements PluginListener {
+public class Window extends JFrame {
 
     private static final String CALC_STRING = "Calculate";
     private static final String SYNTAX_ERR_STRING = "Syntax Error";
@@ -47,18 +43,10 @@ public class Window extends JFrame implements PluginListener {
     };
 
     /**
-     * The plugin manager used to retrieve functions.
+     * The instance of the Abacus class, used
+     * for interaction with plugins and configuration.
      */
-    private PluginManager manager;
-    /**
-     * The builder used to construct the parse trees.
-     */
-    private TreeBuilder builder;
-    /**
-     * The reducer used to evaluate the tree.
-     */
-    private NumberReducer reducer;
-
+    private Abacus abacus;
     /**
      * The last output by the calculator.
      */
@@ -130,15 +118,14 @@ public class Window extends JFrame implements PluginListener {
      * Action listener that causes the input to be evaluated.
      */
     private ActionListener evaluateListener = (event) -> {
-        if(builder == null) return;
-        TreeNode parsedExpression = builder.fromString(inputField.getText());
-        if(parsedExpression == null){
+        TreeNode parsedExpression = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
+        if (parsedExpression == null) {
             lastOutputArea.setText(SYNTAX_ERR_STRING);
             return;
         }
-        NumberInterface numberInterface = parsedExpression.reduce(reducer);
-        if(numberInterface == null){
-            lastOutputArea.setText(EVAL_ERR_STRING);;
+        NumberInterface numberInterface = abacus.evaluateTree(parsedExpression);
+        if (numberInterface == null) {
+            lastOutputArea.setText(EVAL_ERR_STRING);
             return;
         }
         lastOutput = numberInterface.toString();
@@ -159,13 +146,12 @@ public class Window extends JFrame implements PluginListener {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new window with the given manager.
-     * @param manager the manager to use.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the calculator instance to interact with other components.
      */
-    public Window(PluginManager manager){
+    public Window(Abacus abacus) {
         this();
-        this.manager = manager;
-        manager.addListener(this);
-        reducer = new NumberReducer(manager);
+        this.abacus = abacus;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -233,11 +219,11 @@ public class Window extends JFrame implements PluginListener {
             inputField.setEnabled(enabled);
             inputEnterButton.setEnabled(enabled);
 
-            for(ActionListener removingListener : inputEnterButton.getActionListeners()){
+            for (ActionListener removingListener : inputEnterButton.getActionListeners()) {
                 inputEnterButton.removeActionListener(removingListener);
                 inputField.removeActionListener(removingListener);
             }
-            if(listener != null){
+            if (listener != null) {
                 inputEnterButton.addActionListener(listener);
                 inputField.addActionListener(listener);
             }
@@ -251,7 +237,7 @@ public class Window extends JFrame implements PluginListener {
             @Override
             public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
                 Point clickPoint = e.getPoint();
-                if(e.getClickCount() == 2){
+                if (e.getClickCount() == 2) {
                     int row = historyTable.rowAtPoint(clickPoint);
                     int column = historyTable.columnAtPoint(clickPoint);
                     String toCopy = historyTable.getValueAt(row, column).toString();
@@ -262,19 +248,8 @@ public class Window extends JFrame implements PluginListener {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
-        builder = new TreeBuilder();
-        for(String function : manager.getAllFunctions()){
-            builder.registerFunction(function);
-        }
-        for(String operator : manager.getAllOperators()){
-            Operator operatorObject = manager.operatorFor(operator);
-            builder.registerOperator(operator, operatorObject.getPrecedence(), operatorObject.getAssociativity());
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
-        builder = null;
+    public void setVisible(boolean b) {
+        super.setVisible(b);
+        if (b) inputField.requestFocusInWindow();
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Operator.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+/**
+ * A single operator that can be used by Abacus.
+ *
+ * This is a data class that holds the information about a single operator, such as a plus or minus.
+ *
+ * @param associativity the associativity of this operator, used for order of operations;.
+ * @param type the type of this operator, used for parsing (infix / prefix / postfix and binary / unary)
+ * @param precedence the precedence of this operator, used for order of operations.
+ * @param function the function this operator applies to its arguments.
+ */
+data class Operator(val associativity: OperatorAssociativity, val type: OperatorType,
+                    val precedence: Int, val function: Function)

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/BinaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a binary operation.
+ *
+ * This node represents any binary operation, such as binary infix or binary postfix. The only
+ * currently implemented into Abacus is binary infix, but that has more to do with the parser than
+ * this class, which doesn't care about the order that its operation and nodes were found in text.
+ *
+ * @param operation the operation this node performs on its children.
+ * @param left the left node.
+ * @param right the right node.
+ */
+data class BinaryNode(val operation: String, val left: TreeNode? = null, val right: TreeNode?) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val leftReduce = left?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        val rightReduce = right?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, leftReduce, rightReduce)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "(" + (left?.toString() ?: "null") + operation + (right?.toString() ?: "null") + ")"
+    }
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/FunctionNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a function call.
+ *
+ * The function call node can hold any number of children, and passes the to the appropriate reducer,
+ * but that is its sole purpose.
+ *
+ * @param function the function string.
+ */
+data class FunctionNode(val function: String) : TreeNode() {
+
+    /**
+     * List of function parameters added to this node.
+     */
+    val children: MutableList<TreeNode> = mutableListOf()
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val children = Array<Any?>(children.size, { children[it].reduce(reducer) ?: return null; })
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, *children)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        val buffer = StringBuffer()
+        buffer.append(function)
+        buffer.append('(')
+        for (i in 0 until children.size) {
+            buffer.append(children[i].toString())
+            buffer.append(if (i == children.size - 1) ")" else ",")
+        }
+        return buffer.toString()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a child to this node's list of children.
+     *
+     * @node the node to append.
+     */
+    fun appendChild(node: TreeNode){
+        children.add(node)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepends a child to this node's list of children.
+     *
+     * @node the node to prepend.
+     */
+    fun prependChild(node: TreeNode){
+        children.add(0, node)
+    }
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a single number value.
+ *
+ * This is a tree node that holds a single NumberInterface, which represents any number,
+ * and is not defined during compile time.
+ *
+ * @number the number value of this node.
+ */
+data class NumberNode(val number: NumberInterface) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return number.toString()
+    }
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node.
+ */
+abstract class TreeNode {
+
+    abstract fun <T: Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>) : T?
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/UnaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a unary operation.
+ *
+ * This node holds a single operator applied to a single parameter, and does not care
+ * whether the operation was found before or after the parameter in the text.
+ *
+ * @param operation the operation applied to the given node.
+ * @param applyTo the node to which the operation will be applied.
+ */
+data class UnaryNode(val operation: String, val applyTo: TreeNode? = null) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val reducedChild = applyTo?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChild)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "(" + (applyTo?.toString() ?: "null") + ")" + operation
+    }
+
+}

src/main/resources/abacus.fxml

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+
+<?import javafx.geometry.Insets?>
+<?import javafx.scene.control.*?>
+<?import javafx.scene.layout.*?>
+<?import javafx.scene.text.Text?>
+<BorderPane xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml"
+            xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx"
+            fx:controller="org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusController">
+    <center>
+        <TabPane fx:id="coreTabPane">
+            <Tab fx:id="calculateTab" text="Calculator" closable="false">
+                <BorderPane>
+                    <center>
+                        <TableView fx:id="historyTable">
+                            <columnResizePolicy>
+                                <TableView fx:constant="CONSTRAINED_RESIZE_POLICY"/>
+                            </columnResizePolicy>
+                            <columns>
+                                <TableColumn fx:id="inputColumn" text="Input" sortable="false"/>
+                                <TableColumn fx:id="parsedColumn" text="Parsed" sortable="false"/>
+                                <TableColumn fx:id="outputColumn" text="Output" sortable="false"/>
+                            </columns>
+                        </TableView>
+                    </center>
+                    <bottom>
+                        <VBox>
+                            <ScrollPane prefHeight="50" vbarPolicy="NEVER">
+                                <padding>
+                                    <Insets top="10" bottom="10" left="10" right="10"/>
+                                </padding>
+                                <Text fx:id="outputText"/>
+                            </ScrollPane>
+                            <TextField fx:id="inputField" onAction="#performCalculation"/>
+                            <Button fx:id="inputButton" text="Calculate" maxWidth="Infinity"
+                                    onAction="#performCalculation"/>
+                            <Button fx:id="stopButton" text="Stop" maxWidth="Infinity"
+                                    onAction="#performStop" disable="true"/>
+                        </VBox>
+                    </bottom>
+                </BorderPane>
+            </Tab>
+            <Tab fx:id="settingsTab" text="Settings" closable="false">
+                <GridPane hgap="10" vgap="10">
+                    <padding>
+                        <Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/>
+                    </padding>
+                    <Label text="Number Implementation" GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
+                    <ComboBox fx:id="numberImplementationBox" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
+                    <ListView fx:id="enabledPluginView"
+                              GridPane.rowIndex="1" GridPane.columnIndex="0"
+                              GridPane.columnSpan="2" maxHeight="100"/>
+                    <Text GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="2" text="Computation Limit"/>
+                    <TextField fx:id="computationLimitField" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="2"/>
+                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="3" hgap="10"
+                              vgap="10">
+                        <Button text="Apply" onAction="#performSave"/>
+                        <Button text="Reload Plugins" onAction="#performReload"/>
+                        <Button text="Apply and Reload" onAction="#performSaveAndReload"/>
+                    </FlowPane>
+                </GridPane>
+            </Tab>
+            <Tab fx:id="functionListTab" text="Functions" closable="false">
+                <VBox spacing="10">
+                    <padding>
+                        <Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/>
+                    </padding>
+                    <TextField fx:id="functionListSearchField" maxWidth="Infinity"/>
+                    <ListView maxWidth="Infinity" fx:id="functionListView"/>
+                </VBox>
+            </Tab>
+        </TabPane>
+    </center>
+
+</BorderPane>

src/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.java

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.window.Window;
-
-import javax.swing.*;
-
-public class Abacus {
-
-    private Window mainUi;
-    private PluginManager manager;
-
-    public Abacus(){
-        init();
-    }
-
-    private void init() {
-        try {
-            UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
-        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | InstantiationException | UnsupportedLookAndFeelException | IllegalAccessException e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        }
-        manager = new PluginManager();
-        manager.addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(manager));
-        mainUi = new Window(manager);
-        mainUi.setVisible(true);
-        manager.load();
-    }
-
-    public static void main(String[] args){
-        new Abacus();
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Operator.java

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
-
-/**
- * A class that represents a single infix operator.
- */
-public abstract class Operator {
-
-    /**
-     * The associativity of the operator.
-     */
-    private OperatorAssociativity associativity;
-    /**
-     * The precedence of the operator.
-     */
-    private int precedence;
-    /**
-     * The function that is called by this operator.
-     */
-    private Function function;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operator with the given parameters.
-     * @param associativity the associativity of the operator.
-     * @param precedence the precedence of the operator.
-     * @param function the function that the operator calls.
-     */
-    public Operator(OperatorAssociativity associativity, int precedence, Function function){
-        this.associativity = associativity;
-        this.precedence = precedence;
-        this.function = function;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's associativity.
-     * @return the associativity.
-     */
-    public OperatorAssociativity getAssociativity() {
-        return associativity;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's precedence.
-     * @return the precedence.
-     */
-    public int getPrecedence() {
-        return precedence;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's function.
-     * @return the function.
-     */
-    public Function getFunction() {
-        return function;
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Match.java

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-/**
- * A match that has been generated by the lexer.
- * @param <T> the type used to represent the ID of the pattern this match belongs to.
- */
-public class Match<T> {
-
-    /**
-     * The bottom range of the string, inclusive.
-     */
-    private int from;
-    /**
-     * The top range of the string, exclusive.
-     */
-    private int to;
-    /**
-     * The pattern type this match matched.
-     */
-    private T type;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new match with the given parameters.
-     * @param from the bottom range of the string.
-     * @param to the top range of the string.
-     * @param type the type of the match.
-     */
-    public Match(int from, int to, T type){
-        this.from = from;
-        this.to = to;
-        this.type = type;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the bottom range bound of the string.
-     * @return the bottom range bound of the string.
-     */
-    public int getFrom() {
-        return from;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the top range bound of the string.
-     * @return the top range bound of the string.
-     */
-    public int getTo() {
-        return to;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the pattern type of the node.
-     * @return the ID of the pattern that this match matched.
-     */
-    public T getType() {
-        return type;
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
-
-/**
- * An implementation of NumberInterface using a double.
- */
-public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
-
-    /**
-     * The value of this number.
-     */
-    private double value;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new NaiveNumber with the given value.
-     * @param value the value to use.
-     */
-    public NaiveNumber(double value) {
-        this.value = value;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * The number zero.
-     */
-    public static final NaiveNumber ZERO = new NaiveNumber(0);
-    /**
-     * The number one.
-     */
-    public static final NaiveNumber ONE = new NaiveNumber(1);
-
-    @Override
-    public int precision() {
-        return 15;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value * ((NaiveNumber)multiplier).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value / ((NaiveNumber)divisor).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value + ((NaiveNumber)summand).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value - ((NaiveNumber)subtrahend).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface negate() {
-        return new NaiveNumber(-value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
-        if(exponent == 0){
-            return NaiveNumber.ONE;
-        }
-        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent < 0;
-        exponent = Math.abs(exponent);
-        NumberInterface power = this;
-        for(int currentExponent = 1; currentExponent < exponent; currentExponent++){
-            power = power.multiply(this);
-        }
-        if(takeReciprocal){
-            power = NaiveNumber.ONE.divide(power);
-        }
-        return power;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int compareTo(NumberInterface number) {
-        NaiveNumber num = (NaiveNumber) number;
-        return Double.compare(value, num.value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int signum() {
-        return this.compareTo(ZERO);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
-        if(toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public String toString(){
-        return Double.toString(value);
-    }
-
-}
-

src/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.java

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
-
-/**
- * An interface used to represent a number.
- */
-public interface NumberInterface {
-
-    /**
-     * The precision to which this number operates.
-     * @return the precision.
-     */
-    int precision();
-
-    /**
-     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance.
-     * @param multiplier the multiplier
-     * @return the result of the multiplication.
-     */
-    NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier);
-    /**
-     * Divides this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance.
-     * @param divisor the divisor
-     * @return the result of the division.
-     */
-    NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor);
-    /**
-     * Adds this number to another, returning
-     * a new number instance.
-     * @param summand the summand
-     * @return the result of the summation.
-     */
-    NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand);
-    /**
-     * Subtracts another number from this number,
-     * a new number instance.
-     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
-     * @return the result of the subtraction.
-     */
-    NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend);
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a new instance of this number with
-     * the sign flipped.
-     * @return the new instance.
-     */
-    NumberInterface negate();
-
-    /**
-     * Raises this number to an integer power.
-     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
-     * @return the resulting value.
-     */
-    NumberInterface intPow(int exponent);
-
-    /**
-     * Compares this number to another.
-     * @param number the number to compare to.
-     * @return same as Integer.compare();
-     */
-    int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
-
-    /**
-     * Same as Math.signum().
-     * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
-     */
-    int signum();
-
-    /**
-     * Promotes this class to another number class.
-     * @param toClass the class to promote to.
-     * @return the resulting new instance.
-     */
-    NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
-
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
-import java.util.*;
-
-/**
- * A class that controls instances of plugins, allowing for them
- * to interact with each other and the calculator.
- */
-public class PluginManager {
-
-    /**
-     * A list of loaded plugins.
-     */
-    private ArrayList<Plugin> plugins;
-    /**
-     * List of functions that have been cached,
-     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
-     */
-    private HashMap<String, Function> cachedFunctions;
-    /**
-     * List of operators tha have been cached,
-     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
-     */
-    private HashMap<String, Operator> cachedOperators;
-    /**
-     * List of all functions loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private HashSet<String> allFunctions;
-    /**
-     * List of all operators loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private HashSet<String> allOperators;
-    /**
-     * The list of plugin listeners attached to this instance.
-     */
-    private HashSet<PluginListener> listeners;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new plugin manager.
-     */
-    public PluginManager(){
-        plugins = new ArrayList<>();
-        cachedFunctions = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedOperators = new HashMap<>();
-        allFunctions = new HashSet<>();
-        allOperators = new HashSet<>();
-        listeners = new HashSet<>();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Searches the plugin list for a certain value, retrieving the Plugin's
-     * list of items of the type using the setFunction and getting the value
-     * of it is available via getFunction. If the value is contained
-     * in the cache, it returns the cached value instead.
-     * @param plugins the plugin list to search.
-     * @param cache the cache to use
-     * @param setFunction the function to retrieve a set of available T's from the plugin
-     * @param getFunction the function to get the T value under the given name
-     * @param name the name to search for
-     * @param <T> the type of element being search
-     * @return the retrieved element, or null if it was not found.
-     */
-    private static <T> T searchCached(Collection<Plugin> plugins, Map<String, T> cache,
-                                      java.util.function.Function<Plugin, Set<String>> setFunction,
-                                      java.util.function.BiFunction<Plugin, String, T> getFunction,
-                                      String name){
-        if(cache.containsKey(name)) return cache.get(name);
-
-        T loadedValue = null;
-        for(Plugin plugin : plugins){
-            if(setFunction.apply(plugin).contains(name)){
-                loadedValue = getFunction.apply(plugin, name);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        cache.put(name, loadedValue);
-        return loadedValue;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets a function under the given name.
-     * @param name the name of the function
-     * @return the function under the given name.
-     */
-    public Function functionFor(String name){
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedFunctions, Plugin::providedFunctions, Plugin::getFunction, name);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an operator under the given name.
-     * @param name the name of the operator.
-     * @return the operator under the given name.
-     */
-    public Operator operatorFor(String name){
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedOperators, Plugin::providedOperators, Plugin::getOperator, name);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds an instance of Plugin that already has been instantiated.
-     * @param plugin the plugin to add.
-     */
-    public void addInstantiated(Plugin plugin){
-        plugins.add(plugin);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Instantiates a class of plugin, and adds it to this
-     * plugin manager.
-     * @param newClass the new class to instantiate.
-     */
-    public void addClass(Class<?> newClass){
-        if(!Plugin.class.isAssignableFrom(newClass)) return;
-        try {
-            addInstantiated((Plugin) newClass.getConstructor(PluginManager.class).newInstance(this));
-        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Loads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
-     */
-    public void load(){
-        for(Plugin plugin : plugins) plugin.enable();
-        for(Plugin plugin : plugins){
-            allFunctions.addAll(plugin.providedFunctions());
-            allOperators.addAll(plugin.providedOperators());
-        }
-        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onLoad(this));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Unloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
-     */
-    public void unload(){
-        for(Plugin plugin : plugins) plugin.disable();
-        allFunctions.clear();
-        allOperators.clear();
-        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
-     */
-    public void reload(){
-        unload();
-        reload();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the functions loaded by the Plugin Manager.
-     * @return the set of all functions that were loaded.
-     */
-    public HashSet<String> getAllFunctions() {
-        return allFunctions;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the operators loaded by the Plugin Manager.
-     * @return the set of all operators that were loaded.
-     */
-    public HashSet<String> getAllOperators() {
-        return allOperators;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a plugin change listener to this plugin manager.
-     * @param listener the listener to add.
-     */
-    public void addListener(PluginListener listener){
-        listeners.add(listener);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Remove the plugin change listener from this plugin manager.
-     * @param listener the listener to remove.
-     */
-    public void removeListener(PluginListener listener){
-        listeners.remove(listener);
-    }
-    
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-
-import java.util.function.BiFunction;
-
-/**
- * The plugin providing standard functions such as addition and subtraction to
- * the calculator.
- */
-public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
-
-    public StandardPlugin(PluginManager manager) {
-        super(manager);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onEnable() {
-        registerFunction("+", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params.length >= 1;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                NumberInterface sum = params[0];
-                for(int i = 1; i < params.length; i++){
-                    sum = sum.add(params[i]);
-                }
-                return sum;
-            }
-        });
-
-        registerFunction("-", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params.length == 2;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
-            }
-        });
-
-        registerFunction("*", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params.length >= 1;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                NumberInterface product = params[0];
-                for(int i = 1; i < params.length; i++){
-                    product = product.multiply(params[i]);
-                }
-                return product;
-            }
-        });
-
-        registerFunction("/", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params.length == 2;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params[0].divide(params[1]);
-            }
-        });
-
-        registerFunction("!", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params.length == 1;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                if(params[0].signum() == 0){
-                    return (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
-                }
-                NumberInterface factorial = params[0];
-                NumberInterface multiplier = params[0];
-                //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
-                while((multiplier = multiplier.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(multiplier.getClass()))).signum() == 1){
-                    factorial = factorial.multiply(multiplier);
-                }
-                return factorial;
-            }
-        });
-
-        registerFunction("exp", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return params.length == 1;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-                return sumSeries(params[0], StandardPlugin.this::getExpSeriesTerm, getNTermsExp(getMaxError(params[0]), params[0]));
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onDisable() {
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the nth term of the Taylor series (centered at 0) of e^x
-     * @param n the term required (n >= 0).
-     * @param x the real number at which the series is evaluated.
-     * @return the nth term of the series.
-     */
-    private NumberInterface getExpSeriesTerm(int n, NumberInterface x){
-        return x.intPow(n).divide(this.getFunction("!").apply((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(x.getClass())));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the number of terms needed to evaluate the exponential function (at x)
-     * such that the error is at most maxError.
-     * @param maxError Maximum error permissible (This should probably be positive.)
-     * @param x where the function is evaluated.
-     * @return the number of terms needed to evaluated the exponential function.
-     */
-    private int getNTermsExp(NumberInterface maxError, NumberInterface x){
-        //We need n such that x^(n+2) <= (n+1)! * maxError
-        //The variables LHS and RHS refer to the above inequality.
-        int n = 0;
-        NumberInterface LHS = x.intPow(2), RHS = maxError;
-        while(LHS.compareTo(RHS) > 0){
-            n++;
-            LHS = LHS.multiply(x);
-            RHS = RHS.multiply(new NaiveNumber(n).promoteTo(RHS.getClass()));
-        }
-        return n;
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a partial sum of a series whose terms are given by the nthTermFunction, evaluated at x.
-     * @param x the value at which the series is evaluated.
-     * @param nthTermFunction the function that returns the nth term of the series, in the format term(x, n).
-     * @param n the number of terms in the partial sum.
-     * @return the value of the partial sum that has the same class as x.
-     */
-    private NumberInterface sumSeries(NumberInterface x, BiFunction<Integer, NumberInterface, NumberInterface> nthTermFunction, int n){
-        NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(x.getClass());
-        for(int i = 0; i <= n; i++){
-            sum = sum.add(nthTermFunction.apply(i, x));
-        }
-        return sum;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the maximum error based on the precision of the class of number.
-     * @param number Any instance of the NumberInterface in question (should return an appropriate precision).
-     * @return the maximum error.
-     */
-    private NumberInterface getMaxError(NumberInterface number){
-        return (new NaiveNumber(10)).promoteTo(number.getClass()).intPow(-number.precision());
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/FunctionNode.java

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-
-/**
- * A node that represents a function call.
- */
-public class FunctionNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The name of the function being called
-     */
-    private String function;
-    /**
-     * The list of arguments to the function.
-     */
-    private ArrayList<TreeNode> children;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a function node with no function.
-     */
-    private FunctionNode() { }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new function node with the given function name.
-     * @param function the function name.
-     */
-    public FunctionNode(String function){
-        this.function = function;
-        children = new ArrayList<>();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the function name for this node.
-     * @return the function name.
-     */
-    public String getFunction() {
-        return function;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a child to this node.
-     * @param node the child to add.
-     */
-    public void addChild(TreeNode node){
-        children.add(node);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        Object[] reducedChildren = new Object[children.size()];
-        for(int i = 0; i < reducedChildren.length; i++){
-            reducedChildren[i] = children.get(i).reduce(reducer);
-            if(reducedChildren[i] == null) return null;
-        }
-        return reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChildren);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
-        buffer.append(function);
-        buffer.append("(");
-        for(int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++){
-            buffer.append(children.get(i));
-            buffer.append(i == children.size() - 1 ? "" : ", ");
-        }
-        buffer.append(")");
-        return buffer.toString();
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberNode.java

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-
-/**
- * A node implementation that represents a single number.
- */
-public class NumberNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The number that is represented by this number node.
-     */
-    private NumberInterface number;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a number node with no number.
-     */
-    public NumberNode(){
-        number = null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new number node with the given double value.
-     * @param value the value to use.
-     */
-    public NumberNode(double value){
-        number = new NaiveNumber(value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new number node with the given string value, converted
-     * to a double.
-     * @param value the value.
-     */
-    public NumberNode(String value){
-        this(Double.parseDouble(value));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the number value of this node.
-     * @return the number value of this node.
-     */
-    public NumberInterface getNumber() {
-        return number;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        return reducer.reduceNode(this);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return number != null ? number.toString() : "null";
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberReducer.java

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-
-/**
- * A reducer implementation that turns a tree into a single number.
- * This is not always guaranteed to work.
- */
-public class NumberReducer implements Reducer<NumberInterface> {
-
-    /**
-     * The plugin manager from which to draw the functions.
-     */
-    private PluginManager manager;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new number reducer with the given plugin manager.
-     * @param manager the plugin manager.
-     */
-    public NumberReducer(PluginManager manager){
-        this.manager = manager;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface reduceNode(TreeNode node, Object... children) {
-        if(node instanceof NumberNode) {
-            return ((NumberNode) node).getNumber();
-        } else if(node instanceof OpNode){
-            NumberInterface left = (NumberInterface) children[0];
-            NumberInterface right = (NumberInterface) children[1];
-            Function function = manager.functionFor(((OpNode) node).getOperation());
-            if(function == null) return null;
-            return function.apply(left, right);
-        } else if(node instanceof FunctionNode){
-            NumberInterface[] convertedChildren = new NumberInterface[children.length];
-            for(int i = 0; i < convertedChildren.length; i++){
-                convertedChildren[i] = (NumberInterface) children[i];
-            }
-            Function function = manager.functionFor(((FunctionNode) node).getFunction());
-            if(function == null) return null;
-            return function.apply(convertedChildren);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/OpNode.java

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-/**
- * A tree node that represents an operation being applied to two operands.
- */
-public class OpNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The operation being applied.
-     */
-    private String operation;
-    /**
-     * The left node of the operation.
-     */
-    private TreeNode left;
-    /**
-     * The right node of the operation.
-     */
-    private TreeNode right;
-
-    private OpNode() {}
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
-     * and no child nodes.
-     * @param operation the operation.
-     */
-    public OpNode(String operation){
-        this(operation, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
-     * and child nodes.
-     * @param operation the operation.
-     * @param left the left node of the expression.
-     * @param right the right node of the expression.
-     */
-    public OpNode(String operation, TreeNode left, TreeNode right){
-        this.operation = operation;
-        this.left = left;
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operation in this node.
-     * @return the operation in this node.
-     */
-    public String getOperation() {
-        return operation;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the left sub-expression of this node.
-     * @return the left node.
-     */
-    public TreeNode getLeft() {
-        return left;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the left sub-expression of this node.
-     * @param left the sub-expression to apply.
-     */
-    public void setLeft(TreeNode left) {
-        this.left = left;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the right sub-expression of this node.
-     * @return the right node.
-     */
-    public TreeNode getRight() {
-        return right;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the right sub-expression of this node.
-     * @param right the sub-expression to apply.
-     */
-    public void setRight(TreeNode right) {
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        T leftReduce = left.reduce(reducer);
-        T rightReduce = right.reduce(reducer);
-        if(leftReduce == null || rightReduce == null) return null;
-        return reducer.reduceNode(this, leftReduce, rightReduce);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        String leftString = left != null ? left.toString() : "null";
-        String rightString = right != null ? right.toString() : "null";
-
-        return "(" + leftString + operation + rightString + ")";
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeBuilder.java

@@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
-
-import java.util.*;
-
-/**
- * The builder responsible for turning strings into trees.
- */
-public class TreeBuilder {
-
-    /**
-     * The lexer used to get the input tokens.
-     */
-    private Lexer<TokenType> lexer;
-    /**
-     * The map of operator precedences.
-     */
-    private HashMap<String, Integer> precedenceMap;
-    /**
-     * The map of operator associativity.
-     */
-    private HashMap<String, OperatorAssociativity> associativityMap;
-
-    /**
-     * Comparator used to sort token types.
-     */
-    protected static Comparator<TokenType> tokenSorter = Comparator.comparingInt(e -> e.priority);
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new TreeBuilder.
-     */
-    public TreeBuilder(){
-        lexer = new Lexer<TokenType>(){{
-            register(",", TokenType.COMMA);
-            register("[0-9]+(\\.[0-9]+)?", TokenType.NUM);
-            register("\\(", TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH);
-            register("\\)", TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH);
-        }};
-        precedenceMap = new HashMap<>();
-        associativityMap = new HashMap<>();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Registers a function with the TreeBuilder.
-     * @param function the function to register.
-     */
-    public void registerFunction(String function){
-        lexer.register(function, TokenType.FUNCTION);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Registers an operator with the TreeBuilder.
-     * @param operator the operator to register.
-     * @param precedence the precedence of the operator.
-     * @param associativity the associativity of the operator.
-     */
-    public void registerOperator(String operator, int precedence, OperatorAssociativity associativity){
-        lexer.register(operator, TokenType.OP);
-        precedenceMap.put(operator, precedence);
-        associativityMap.put(operator, associativity);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Tokenizes a string, converting it into matches
-     * @param string the string to tokenize.
-     * @return the list of tokens produced.
-     */
-    public ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> tokenize(String string){
-        return lexer.lexAll(string, 0, tokenSorter);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Rearranges tokens into a postfix list, using Shunting Yard.
-     * @param source the source string.
-     * @param from the tokens to be rearranged.
-     * @return the resulting list of rearranged tokens.
-     */
-    public ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> intoPostfix(String source, ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> from){
-        ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> output = new ArrayList<>();
-        Stack<Match<TokenType>> tokenStack = new Stack<>();
-        while(!from.isEmpty()){
-            Match<TokenType> match = from.remove(0);
-            TokenType matchType = match.getType();
-            if(matchType == TokenType.NUM) {
-                output.add(match);
-            } else if(matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
-                output.add(new Match<>(0, 0, TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END));
-                tokenStack.push(match);
-            } else if(matchType == TokenType.OP){
-                String tokenString = source.substring(match.getFrom(), match.getTo());
-                int precedence = precedenceMap.get(tokenString);
-                OperatorAssociativity associativity = associativityMap.get(tokenString);
-
-                while(!tokenStack.empty()) {
-                    Match<TokenType> otherMatch = tokenStack.peek();
-                    TokenType otherMatchType = otherMatch.getType();
-                    if(otherMatchType != TokenType.OP) break;
-
-                    int otherPrecdence = precedenceMap.get(source.substring(otherMatch.getFrom(), otherMatch.getTo()));
-                    if(otherPrecdence < precedence ||
-                            (associativity == OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT && otherPrecdence == precedence)) {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
-                }
-                tokenStack.push(match);
-            } else if(matchType == TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH){
-                tokenStack.push(match);
-            } else if(matchType == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH || matchType == TokenType.COMMA){
-                while(!tokenStack.empty() && tokenStack.peek().getType() != TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH){
-                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
-                }
-                if(tokenStack.empty()) return null;
-                if(matchType == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH){
-                    tokenStack.pop();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        while(!tokenStack.empty()){
-            Match<TokenType> match = tokenStack.peek();
-            TokenType matchType = match.getType();
-            if(!(matchType == TokenType.OP || matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION)) return null;
-            output.add(tokenStack.pop());
-        }
-        return output;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Constructs a tree recursively from a list of tokens.
-     * @param source the source string.
-     * @param matches the list of tokens from the source string.
-     * @return the construct tree expression.
-     */
-    public TreeNode fromStringRecursive(String source, ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> matches){
-        if(matches.size() == 0) return null;
-        Match<TokenType> match = matches.remove(0);
-        TokenType matchType = match.getType();
-        if(matchType == TokenType.OP){
-            TreeNode right = fromStringRecursive(source, matches);
-            TreeNode left = fromStringRecursive(source, matches);
-            if(left == null || right == null) return null;
-            else return new OpNode(source.substring(match.getFrom(), match.getTo()), left, right);
-        } else if(matchType == TokenType.NUM){
-            return new NumberNode(Double.parseDouble(source.substring(match.getFrom(), match.getTo())));
-        } else if(matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION){
-            String functionName = source.substring(match.getFrom(), match.getTo());
-            FunctionNode node = new FunctionNode(functionName);
-            while(!matches.isEmpty() && matches.get(0).getType() != TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END){
-                TreeNode argument = fromStringRecursive(source, matches);
-                if(argument == null) return null;
-                node.addChild(argument);
-            }
-            if(matches.isEmpty()) return null;
-            matches.remove(0);
-            return node;
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a tree node from a string.
-     * @param string the string to create a node from.
-     * @return the resulting tree.
-     */
-    public TreeNode fromString(String string){
-        ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> matches = tokenize(string);
-        if(matches == null) return null;
-        matches = intoPostfix(string, matches);
-        if(matches == null) return null;
-
-        Collections.reverse(matches);
-        return fromStringRecursive(string, matches);
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeNode.java

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
-
-import java.util.*;
-
-/**
- * An abstract class that represents an expression tree node.
- */
-public abstract class TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The function that reduces a tree to a single vale.
-     * @param reducer the reducer used to reduce the tree.
-     * @param <T> the type the reducer produces.
-     * @return the result of the reduction, or null on error.
-     */
-    public abstract <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer);
-
-}

src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/CalculationTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+public class CalculationTests {
+
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration(0, "precise", new String[]{}));
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void prepareTests(){
+        abacus.getPluginManager().addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(abacus.getPluginManager()));
+        abacus.getPluginManager().load();
+    }
+
+    private void testOutput(String input, String parseOutput, String output){
+        TreeNode parsedTree = abacus.parseString(input);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(parsedTree);
+        Assert.assertEquals(parsedTree.toString(), parseOutput);
+        NumberInterface result = abacus.evaluateTree(parsedTree);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(result);
+        Assert.assertTrue(result.toString().startsWith(output));
+    }
+
+    private void testEvalError(String input, String parseOutput){
+        TreeNode parsedTree = abacus.parseString(input);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(parsedTree);
+        Assert.assertEquals(parsedTree.toString(), parseOutput);
+        Assert.assertNull(abacus.evaluateTree(parsedTree));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddition(){
+        testOutput("9.5+10", "(9.5+10)", "19.5");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubtraction(){
+        testOutput("9.5-10", "(9.5-10)", "-0.5");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiplication(){
+        testOutput("9.5*10", "(9.5*10)", "95");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDivision(){
+        testOutput("9.5/2", "(9.5/2)", "4.75");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNegation(){
+        testOutput("-9.5", "(9.5)`", "-9.5");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactorial(){
+        testOutput("7!", "(7)!", "5040");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAbs(){
+        testOutput("abs(-1)", "abs((1)`)", "1");
+        testOutput("abs(1)", "abs(1)", "1");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLn(){
+        testEvalError("ln(-1)", "ln((1)`)");
+        testOutput("ln2", "ln(2)", "0.6931471805599453094172321214581765680755");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSqrt(){
+        testOutput("sqrt0", "sqrt(0)", "0");
+        testOutput("sqrt4", "sqrt(4)", "2");
+        testOutput("sqrt2", "sqrt(2)", "1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExp(){
+        testOutput("exp0", "exp(0)", "1");
+        testOutput("exp1", "exp(1)", "2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247");
+        testOutput("exp300", "exp(300)", "19424263952412559365842088360176992193662086");
+        testOutput("exp300", "exp(300)", "19424263952412559365842088360176992193662086");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPow(){
+        testOutput("0^2", "(0^2)", "0");
+        testOutput("2^0", "(2^0)", "1");
+        testOutput("2^1", "(2^1)", "2");
+        testOutput("2^-1", "(2^(1)`)", "0.5");
+        testOutput("2^50", "(2^50)", "112589990684262");
+    }
+
+}

src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/LexerTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class LexerTests {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicSuccess() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("abc", 0);
+        lexer.register("def", 1);
+        List<Match<Integer>> matchedIntegers = lexer.lexAll("abcdefabc", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(matchedIntegers);
+        Assert.assertEquals(matchedIntegers.get(0).getType(), Integer.valueOf(0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(matchedIntegers.get(1).getType(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+        Assert.assertEquals(matchedIntegers.get(2).getType(), Integer.valueOf(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicFailure() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("abc", 0);
+        lexer.register("def", 1);
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("abcdefabcz", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoPatterns() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("abcdefabc", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyMatches() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a?", 0);
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOneOrMore() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a+", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testZeroOrMore() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a*", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testZeroOrOne() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a?", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 4);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGreedyMatching() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a*a", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAnyCharacter() {
+        String testString = "abcdef";
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register(".", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll(testString, 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), testString.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < tokens.size(); i++) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(testString.substring(i, i + 1), tokens.get(i).getContent());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicGroup() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("(abc)", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("abc", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.get(0).getContent(), "abc");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicRangeSuccess() {
+        String testString = "abcdef";
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("[a-f]", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll(testString, 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(testString.length(), tokens.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < tokens.size(); i++) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(testString.substring(i, i + 1), tokens.get(i).getContent());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicRangeFailure() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("[a-f]", 0);
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("g", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGroupAndOperator() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("(abc)+", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("abcabc", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+}

src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/TokenizerTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.Plugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TokenType;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class TokenizerTests {
+
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration(0, "precise", new String[]{}));
+    private static LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
+    private static Function subtractFunction = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
+        }
+    };
+    private static Plugin testPlugin = new Plugin(abacus.getPluginManager()) {
+        @Override
+        public void onEnable() {
+            registerOperator("+", new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
+                    0, subtractFunction));
+            registerOperator("-", new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
+                    0, subtractFunction));
+            registerFunction("subtract", subtractFunction);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisable() {
+
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static void assertTokensMatch(List<Match<TokenType>> tokenList, TokenType[] expectedTypes) {
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokenList);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokenList.size(), expectedTypes.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < expectedTypes.length; i++) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(expectedTypes[i], tokenList.get(i).getType());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void prepareTests() {
+        abacus.getPluginManager().addListener(lexerTokenizer);
+        abacus.getPluginManager().addInstantiated(testPlugin);
+        abacus.getPluginManager().load();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInteger() {
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("11"), new TokenType[]{TokenType.NUM});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLeadingZeroDecimal() {
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("0.1"), new TokenType[]{TokenType.NUM});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonLeadingDecimal() {
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString(".1"), new TokenType[]{TokenType.NUM});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSimpleChars() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH,
+                TokenType.WHITESPACE,
+                TokenType.COMMA,
+                TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("( ,)"), types);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFunctionParsing() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.FUNCTION,
+                TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH,
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.COMMA,
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("subtract(1,2)"), types);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOperatorParsing() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.OP,
+                TokenType.NUM
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("1-1"), types);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSanitizedOperators() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.OP,
+                TokenType.NUM
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("1+1"), types);
+    }
+
+}