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31
Makefile
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# dragino lora testing
# Single lora testing app
CC=g++
CFLAGS=-c -Wall `pkg-config --cflags sqlite3 'libprotobuf-c >= 1.0.0'`
LIBS=-lwiringPi -lprotobuf-c -lsqlite3
all: dragino_lora_app
dragino_lora_app: main.o protobuf.o message.pb-c.o database.o
$(CC) main.o protobuf.o database.o message.pb-c.o $(LIBS) -o dragino_lora_app
main.o: main.c protobuf.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) main.c
protobuf.o: message.pb-c.h protobuf.c protobuf.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) protobuf.c -o protobuf.o
protobuf.h: message.pb-c.h
database.o: database.c database.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) database.c -o database.o
message.pb-c.o: message.pb-c.h message.pb-c.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) message.pb-c.c -o message.pb-c.o
message.pb-c.h message.pb-c.c: message.proto
protoc-c --c_out=. message.proto
clean:
rm *.o dragino_lora_app message.pb-c.c message.pb-c.h

5
README
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Install the following packages on the Raspberry Pi:
wiringpi
Dragino User Manual:
www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa-GPS-HAT/LoRa_GPS_HAT_UserManual_v1.0.pdf

8
README.md Normal file
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# Dependencies
- protobuf-compiler
- python-sqlite
# Generate files from .proto file
```protoc -I=./ --python_out=./ message.proto```

53
database.c
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#include "database.h"
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
void database_state_init(struct database_state* s, const char* db_path) {
int return_code;
return_code = sqlite3_open_v2(db_path, &s->vm, SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE, NULL);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
}
void database_state_free(struct database_state* s) {
sqlite3_close_v2(s->vm);
}
void database_write_active(struct database_state* s, int collar_id, int active_status) {
const char query[] = "UPDATE collar SET active=? WHERE id=?";
int return_code;
sqlite3_stmt* stmt;
return_code = sqlite3_prepare_v2(s->vm, query, sizeof(query), &stmt, NULL);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
return_code = sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, active_status);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
return_code = sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 2, collar_id);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
do {
return_code = sqlite3_step(stmt);
} while(return_code == SQLITE_ROW);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_DONE);
}
void database_write_location(struct database_state* s, int collar_id, double x, double y) {
const char query[] = "INSERT INTO data_point(collar_id, longitude, latitude, datetime)"
"VALUES (?, ?, ?, datetime('now'))";
int return_code;
sqlite3_stmt* stmt;
return_code = sqlite3_prepare_v2(s->vm, query, sizeof(query), &stmt, NULL);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
return_code = sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, collar_id);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
return_code = sqlite3_bind_double(stmt, 2, x);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
return_code = sqlite3_bind_double(stmt, 3, y);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_OK);
do {
return_code = sqlite3_step(stmt);
} while(return_code == SQLITE_ROW);
assert(return_code == SQLITE_DONE);
}

14
database.h
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#include <sqlite3.h>
extern "C" {
struct database_state {
sqlite3* vm;
};
void database_state_init(struct database_state* s, const char* db_path);
void database_state_free(struct database_state* s);
void database_write_active(struct database_state* s, int collar_id, int active_status);
void database_write_location(struct database_state* s, int collar_id, double x, double y);
}

488
main.c
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/*******************************************************************************
*
* Copyright (c) 2018 Dragino
*
* http://www.dragino.com
*
*******************************************************************************/
#include <string>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <wiringPi.h>
#include <wiringPiSPI.h>
#include "protobuf.h"
#include "database.h"
// #############################################
// #############################################
#define REG_FIFO 0x00
#define REG_OPMODE 0x01
#define REG_FIFO_ADDR_PTR 0x0D
#define REG_FIFO_TX_BASE_AD 0x0E
#define REG_FIFO_RX_BASE_AD 0x0F
#define REG_RX_NB_BYTES 0x13
#define REG_FIFO_RX_CURRENT_ADDR 0x10
#define REG_IRQ_FLAGS 0x12
#define REG_DIO_MAPPING_1 0x40
#define REG_DIO_MAPPING_2 0x41
#define REG_MODEM_CONFIG 0x1D
#define REG_MODEM_CONFIG2 0x1E
#define REG_MODEM_CONFIG3 0x26
#define REG_SYMB_TIMEOUT_LSB 0x1F
#define REG_PKT_SNR_VALUE 0x19
#define REG_PAYLOAD_LENGTH 0x22
#define REG_IRQ_FLAGS_MASK 0x11
#define REG_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH 0x23
#define REG_HOP_PERIOD 0x24
#define REG_SYNC_WORD 0x39
#define REG_VERSION 0x42
#define PAYLOAD_LENGTH 0x40
// LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER
#define REG_LNA 0x0C
#define LNA_MAX_GAIN 0x23
#define LNA_OFF_GAIN 0x00
#define LNA_LOW_GAIN 0x20
#define RegDioMapping1 0x40 // common
#define RegDioMapping2 0x41 // common
#define RegPaConfig 0x09 // common
#define RegPaRamp 0x0A // common
#define RegPaDac 0x5A // common
#define SX72_MC2_FSK 0x00
#define SX72_MC2_SF7 0x70
#define SX72_MC2_SF8 0x80
#define SX72_MC2_SF9 0x90
#define SX72_MC2_SF10 0xA0
#define SX72_MC2_SF11 0xB0
#define SX72_MC2_SF12 0xC0
#define SX72_MC1_LOW_DATA_RATE_OPTIMIZE 0x01 // mandated for SF11 and SF12
// sx1276 RegModemConfig1
#define SX1276_MC1_BW_125 0x70
#define SX1276_MC1_BW_250 0x80
#define SX1276_MC1_BW_500 0x90
#define SX1276_MC1_CR_4_5 0x02
#define SX1276_MC1_CR_4_6 0x04
#define SX1276_MC1_CR_4_7 0x06
#define SX1276_MC1_CR_4_8 0x08
#define SX1276_MC1_IMPLICIT_HEADER_MODE_ON 0x01
// sx1276 RegModemConfig2
#define SX1276_MC2_RX_PAYLOAD_CRCON 0x04
// sx1276 RegModemConfig3
#define SX1276_MC3_LOW_DATA_RATE_OPTIMIZE 0x08
#define SX1276_MC3_AGCAUTO 0x04
// preamble for lora networks (nibbles swapped)
#define LORA_MAC_PREAMBLE 0x34
#define RXLORA_RXMODE_RSSI_REG_MODEM_CONFIG1 0x0A
#ifdef LMIC_SX1276
#define RXLORA_RXMODE_RSSI_REG_MODEM_CONFIG2 0x70
#elif LMIC_SX1272
#define RXLORA_RXMODE_RSSI_REG_MODEM_CONFIG2 0x74
#endif
// FRF
#define REG_FRF_MSB 0x06
#define REG_FRF_MID 0x07
#define REG_FRF_LSB 0x08
#define FRF_MSB 0xD9 // 868.1 Mhz
#define FRF_MID 0x06
#define FRF_LSB 0x66
// ----------------------------------------
// Constants for radio registers
#define OPMODE_LORA 0x80
#define OPMODE_MASK 0x07
#define OPMODE_SLEEP 0x00
#define OPMODE_STANDBY 0x01
#define OPMODE_FSTX 0x02
#define OPMODE_TX 0x03
#define OPMODE_FSRX 0x04
#define OPMODE_RX 0x05
#define OPMODE_RX_SINGLE 0x06
#define OPMODE_CAD 0x07
// ----------------------------------------
// Bits masking the corresponding IRQs from the radio
#define IRQ_LORA_RXTOUT_MASK 0x80
#define IRQ_LORA_RXDONE_MASK 0x40
#define IRQ_LORA_CRCERR_MASK 0x20
#define IRQ_LORA_HEADER_MASK 0x10
#define IRQ_LORA_TXDONE_MASK 0x08
#define IRQ_LORA_CDDONE_MASK 0x04
#define IRQ_LORA_FHSSCH_MASK 0x02
#define IRQ_LORA_CDDETD_MASK 0x01
// DIO function mappings D0D1D2D3
#define MAP_DIO0_LORA_RXDONE 0x00 // 00------
#define MAP_DIO0_LORA_TXDONE 0x40 // 01------
#define MAP_DIO1_LORA_RXTOUT 0x00 // --00----
#define MAP_DIO1_LORA_NOP 0x30 // --11----
#define MAP_DIO2_LORA_NOP 0xC0 // ----11--
// #############################################
// #############################################
//
typedef bool boolean;
typedef unsigned char byte;
static const int CHANNEL = 0;
database_state db;
char message[256];
const char tok[2] = "|";
bool sx1272 = true;
byte receivedbytes;
enum sf_t { SF7=7, SF8, SF9, SF10, SF11, SF12 };
/*******************************************************************************
*
* Configure these values!
*
*******************************************************************************/
// SX1272 - Raspberry connections
int ssPin = 6;
int dio0 = 7;
int RST = 0;
// Set spreading factor (SF7 - SF12)
sf_t sf = SF7;
// Set center frequency
uint32_t freq = 915000000; // in Mhz! (915)
byte hello[32] = "HELLO";
void txlora(byte *frame, byte datalen);
static void configPower (int8_t pw);
void die(const char *s)
{
perror(s);
exit(1);
}
void selectreceiver()
{
digitalWrite(ssPin, LOW);
}
void unselectreceiver()
{
digitalWrite(ssPin, HIGH);
}
byte readReg(byte addr)
{
unsigned char spibuf[2];
selectreceiver();
spibuf[0] = addr & 0x7F;
spibuf[1] = 0x00;
wiringPiSPIDataRW(CHANNEL, spibuf, 2);
unselectreceiver();
return spibuf[1];
}
void writeReg(byte addr, byte value)
{
unsigned char spibuf[2];
spibuf[0] = addr | 0x80;
spibuf[1] = value;
selectreceiver();
wiringPiSPIDataRW(CHANNEL, spibuf, 2);
unselectreceiver();
}
static void opmode (uint8_t mode) {
writeReg(REG_OPMODE, (readReg(REG_OPMODE) & ~OPMODE_MASK) | mode);
}
static void opmodeLora() {
uint8_t u = OPMODE_LORA;
if (sx1272 == false)
u |= 0x8; // TBD: sx1276 high freq
writeReg(REG_OPMODE, u);
}
void SetupLoRa()
{
digitalWrite(RST, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(RST, LOW);
delay(100);
byte version = readReg(REG_VERSION);
if (version == 0x22) {
// sx1272
printf("SX1272 detected, starting.\n");
sx1272 = true;
} else {
// sx1276?
digitalWrite(RST, LOW);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(RST, HIGH);
delay(100);
version = readReg(REG_VERSION);
if (version == 0x12) {
// sx1276
//printf("SX1276 detected, starting.\n");
sx1272 = false;
} else {
printf("Unrecognized transceiver.\n");
//printf("Version: 0x%x\n",version);
exit(1);
}
}
opmode(OPMODE_SLEEP);
// set frequency
uint64_t frf = ((uint64_t)freq << 19) / 32000000;
writeReg(REG_FRF_MSB, (uint8_t)(frf>>16) );
writeReg(REG_FRF_MID, (uint8_t)(frf>> 8) );
writeReg(REG_FRF_LSB, (uint8_t)(frf>> 0) );
writeReg(REG_SYNC_WORD, 0x34); // LoRaWAN public sync word
if (sx1272) {
if (sf == SF11 || sf == SF12) {
writeReg(REG_MODEM_CONFIG,0x0B);
} else {
writeReg(REG_MODEM_CONFIG,0x0A);
}
writeReg(REG_MODEM_CONFIG2,(sf<<4) | 0x04);
} else {
if (sf == SF11 || sf == SF12) {
writeReg(REG_MODEM_CONFIG3,0x0C);
} else {
writeReg(REG_MODEM_CONFIG3,0x04);
}
writeReg(REG_MODEM_CONFIG,0x72);
writeReg(REG_MODEM_CONFIG2,(sf<<4) | 0x04);
}
if (sf == SF10 || sf == SF11 || sf == SF12) {
writeReg(REG_SYMB_TIMEOUT_LSB,0x05);
} else {
writeReg(REG_SYMB_TIMEOUT_LSB,0x08);
}
writeReg(REG_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH,0x80);
writeReg(REG_PAYLOAD_LENGTH,PAYLOAD_LENGTH);
writeReg(REG_HOP_PERIOD,0xFF);
writeReg(REG_FIFO_ADDR_PTR, readReg(REG_FIFO_RX_BASE_AD));
writeReg(REG_LNA, LNA_MAX_GAIN);
}
boolean receive(char *payload) {
// clear rxDone
writeReg(REG_IRQ_FLAGS, 0x40);
int irqflags = readReg(REG_IRQ_FLAGS);
// payload crc: 0x20
if((irqflags & 0x20) == 0x20)
{
printf("CRC error\n");
writeReg(REG_IRQ_FLAGS, 0x20);
return false;
} else {
byte currentAddr = readReg(REG_FIFO_RX_CURRENT_ADDR);
byte receivedCount = readReg(REG_RX_NB_BYTES);
receivedbytes = receivedCount;
writeReg(REG_FIFO_ADDR_PTR, currentAddr);
for(int i = 0; i < receivedCount; i++)
{
payload[i] = (char)readReg(REG_FIFO);
}
}
return true;
}
int send(char * s) {
opmode(OPMODE_STANDBY);
txlora((byte *) s, strlen((char *) s));
SetupLoRa();
opmodeLora();
opmode(OPMODE_STANDBY);
writeReg(RegPaRamp, (readReg(RegPaRamp) & 0xF0) | 0x08);
configPower(23);
opmode(OPMODE_RX);
return 1;
}
void receivepacket() {
long int SNR;
int rssicorr;
if(digitalRead(dio0) == 1)
{
if(receive(message)) {
byte value = readReg(REG_PKT_SNR_VALUE);
if( value & 0x80 ) // The SNR sign bit is 1
{
// Invert and divide by 4
value = ( ( ~value + 1 ) & 0xFF ) >> 2;
SNR = -value;
}
else
{
// Divide by 4
SNR = ( value & 0xFF ) >> 2;
}
if (sx1272) {
rssicorr = 139;
} else {
rssicorr = 157;
}
/*
printf("Packet RSSI: %d, ", readReg(0x1A)-rssicorr);
printf("RSSI: %d, ", readReg(0x1B)-rssicorr);
printf("SNR: %li, ", SNR);
printf("Length: %i", (int)receivedbytes);
printf("\n");
printf("Payload: %s\n", message);
*/
Fenceless__CollarResponse * m = decode_update(sizeof(message), (uint8_t*) message);
printf("Received message (x, y): ");
printf("%f ", m->loc->x);
printf("%f", m->loc->y);
database_write_location(&db, 1, m->loc->x, m->loc->y);
} // received a message
} // dio0=1
}
static void configPower (int8_t pw) {
if (sx1272 == false) {
// no boost used for now
if(pw >= 17) {
pw = 15;
} else if(pw < 2) {
pw = 2;
}
// check board type for BOOST pin
writeReg(RegPaConfig, (uint8_t)(0x80|(pw&0xf)));
writeReg(RegPaDac, readReg(RegPaDac)|0x4);
} else {
// set PA config (2-17 dBm using PA_BOOST)
if(pw > 17) {
pw = 17;
} else if(pw < 2) {
pw = 2;
}
writeReg(RegPaConfig, (uint8_t)(0x80|(pw-2)));
}
}
static void writeBuf(byte addr, byte *value, byte len) {
unsigned char spibuf[256];
spibuf[0] = addr | 0x80;
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
spibuf[i + 1] = value[i];
}
selectreceiver();
wiringPiSPIDataRW(CHANNEL, spibuf, len + 1);
unselectreceiver();
}
void txlora(byte *frame, byte datalen) {
// set the IRQ mapping DIO0=TxDone DIO1=NOP DIO2=NOP
writeReg(RegDioMapping1, MAP_DIO0_LORA_TXDONE|MAP_DIO1_LORA_NOP|MAP_DIO2_LORA_NOP);
// clear all radio IRQ flags
writeReg(REG_IRQ_FLAGS, 0xFF);
// mask all IRQs but TxDone
writeReg(REG_IRQ_FLAGS_MASK, ~IRQ_LORA_TXDONE_MASK);
// initialize the payload size and address pointers
writeReg(REG_FIFO_TX_BASE_AD, 0x00);
writeReg(REG_FIFO_ADDR_PTR, 0x00);
writeReg(REG_PAYLOAD_LENGTH, datalen);
// download buffer to the radio FIFO
writeBuf(REG_FIFO, frame, datalen);
// now we actually start the transmission
opmode(OPMODE_TX);
printf("send: %s\n", frame);
}
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc != 2) {
printf("./a.out [Database Location]");
return 1;
} else {
database_state_init(&db, argv[1]);
}
wiringPiSetup () ;
pinMode(ssPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(dio0, INPUT);
pinMode(RST, OUTPUT);
wiringPiSPISetup(CHANNEL, 500000);
SetupLoRa();
opmodeLora();
opmode(OPMODE_STANDBY);
writeReg(RegPaRamp, (readReg(RegPaRamp) & 0xF0) | 0x08);
configPower(23);
opmode(OPMODE_RX);
while(1) {
receivepacket();
delay(1);
}
database_state_free(&db);
return 0;
}

63
main.py Normal file
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import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
import json
import base64
import message_pb2
import sqlite3
app_id = "fenceles_grazing"
access_key = "ttn-account-v2.XVvtBVcWzkeby-fe9eLtiJBLRbjQR-b358S4z70Xa-0"
# For now use collar id of 1, should look up collar id based on collarname from db
def store_coord(collarname, x, y):
print("Coord {x: " + str(x) + ", y: " + str(y) + "}")
db = sqlite3.connect('data.sqlite')
entries = [(1, x, y)]
db.executemany("INSERT INTO data_point (collar_id, longitude, latitude, datetime) VALUES (?,?,?,datetime('now'))", entries)
db.commit()
db.close()
# The callback for when the client receives a CONNACK response from the server.
def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
print("Connected with result code "+str(rc))
# Subscribing in on_connect() means that if we lose the connection and
# reconnect then subscriptions will be renewed.
# client.subscribe("+/devices/+/events/activations")
client.subscribe("+/devices/+/up")
client.publish(appid+"/devices/+/down", "hello world")
# The callback for when a PUBLISH message is received from the server.
def on_message(client, userdata, msg):
# Print entire payload
print(msg.payload)
# Parse payload (JSON)
payload = json.loads(msg.payload)
# Decode payload_raw, which is the protobuf
code = payload['payload_raw']
bcode = base64.b64decode(code)
res = message_pb2.CollarResponse()
res.ParseFromString(bcode)
store_coord(payload['dev_id'], res.loc.x, res.loc.y)
# Test protobuf here
# code = bytearray('CgoNAAAAABUAAAAA', "utf-8")
# print(code)
# bcode = base64.b64decode(code)
# res = message_pb2.CollarResponse()
# res.ParseFromString(bcode)
# print("Coord {x: " + str(res.loc.x) + ", y: " + str(res.loc.y) + "}")
client = mqtt.Client()
client.on_connect = on_connect
client.on_message = on_message
client.username_pw_set(app_id, access_key)
client.connect("us-west.thethings.network", 1883, 60)
# Blocking call that processes network traffic, dispatches callbacks and
# handles reconnecting.
# Other loop*() functions are available that give a threaded interface and a
# manual interface.
client.loop_forever()

12
message.proto
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syntax = "proto2";
package Fenceless;
message Coordinate {
required float x = 1;
required float y = 2;
}
message CollarResponse {
required Coordinate loc = 1;
}

32
protobuf.c
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#include "message.pb-c.h"
#include "protobuf.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
void* _allocator_alloc(void*, size_t count) {
return malloc(count);
}
void _allocator_free(void*, void* data) {
free(data);
}
static ProtobufCAllocator malloc_allocator = {
_allocator_alloc, _allocator_free, NULL
};
void encode_update(double x, double y, uint8_t* buffer) {
Fenceless__Coordinate coord;
Fenceless__CollarResponse response;
fenceless__coordinate__init(&coord);
coord.x = x;
coord.y = y;
fenceless__collar_response__init(&response);
response.loc = &coord;
fenceless__collar_response__pack(&response, buffer);
}
Fenceless__CollarResponse* decode_update(size_t len, uint8_t* buffer) {
return fenceless__collar_response__unpack(&malloc_allocator, len, buffer);
}

4
protobuf.h
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#include "message.pb-c.h"
void encode_update(double x, double y, uint8_t* buffer);
Fenceless__CollarResponse* decode_update(size_t len, uint8_t* buffer);

9
sample.c
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#include "database.h"
int main() {
struct database_state state;
database_state_init(&state, "data.sqlite");
database_write_active(&state, 1, 1);
database_write_location(&state, 1, 5.0, 5.0);
database_state_free(&state);
}