Add a binary number type based on the naive number.

[ci skip]

.gitignore

@@ -20,3 +20,12 @@
 
 # virtual machine crash logs, see http://www.java.com/en/download/help/error_hotspot.xml
 hs_err_pid*
+
+# Custom Stuff
+# Gradle
+.gradle/*
+build/*
+
+# IntelliJ
+.idea/*
+abacus.iml

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+language: java

README.md

@@ -1,2 +1,26 @@
 # abacus
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/DanilaFe/abacus.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/DanilaFe/abacus)
+
 Summer project for NWAPW.
+Created by Arthur Drobot, Danila Fedorin and Riley Jones.
+
+## Project Description
+Abacus is a calculator built with extensibility and usability in mind. It provides a plugin interface, via Java, as Lua provides too difficult to link up to the Java core. The description of the internals of the project can be found on the wiki page.
+
+## Current State
+Abacus is being built for the Northwest Advanced Programming Workshop, a 3 week program in which students work in treams to complete a single project, following principles of agile development. Because of its short timeframe, Abacus is not even close to completed state. Below is a list of the current features and problems.
+- [x] Basic number class
+- [x] Implementation of basic functions 
+- [x] Implementation of `exp`, `ln`, `sqrt` using the basic functions and Taylor Series
+- [x] Plugin loading from JAR files
+- [x] Regular expression pattern construction and matching
+- [x] Infix and postfix operators
+- [ ] __Correct__ handling of postfix operators (`12+!3` parses to `12!+3`, which is wrong)
+- [ ] User-defined precision
+ 
+## Project Proposal
+>There is currently no calculator that is up to par with a sophisticated programmer's needs. The standard system ones are awful, not respecting the order of operations and having only a few basic functions programmed into them. The web ones are tied to the Internet and don't function offline. Physical ones like the TI-84 come close in terms of functionality, but they make the user have to switch between the computer and the device. 
+>
+>My proposal is a more ergonomic calculator for advanced users. Of course, for a calculator, being able to do the actual math is a requirement. However, in this project I also would like to include other features that would make it much more pleasant to use. The first of these features is a wide collection of built in functions, designed with usefulness and consistency in mind. The second is scripting capabilities - most simply using Lua and its provided library. By allowing the users to script in a standardized language that isn't TI-BASIC, the calculator could simplify a variety of tasks and not have to clutter up the default provided functions with overly specific things. Lastly, it's important for the calculator to have a good design that doesn't get in the way of its use, on the two major desktop platforms (macOS and Windows). 
+>
+>With these features I believe that this is a calculator that I would use (and frequently find myself wanting to use). It also seems to have a diverse array of tasks, such as UI design, implementing the math functions to be fast and optimized (fast inverse square root, anyone?), parsing code, and working with Lua integration.

RESOURCES.md

@@ -8,3 +8,5 @@
 * Rembulan(5.3) - https://github.com/mjanicek/rembulan
 * LuaJava - https://github.com/jasonsantos/luajava
 * jnlua - https://code.google.com/archive/p/jnlua/ 
+## Gist
+* https://gist.github.com/rileyJones/1c18338821b88e92a477bfa270344db3

build.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+apply plugin: 'java'
+apply plugin: 'application'
+
+repositories {
+  mavenCentral()
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    compile 'com.moandjiezana.toml:toml4j:0.7.1'
+    testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
+}
+
+// Define the main class for the application
+mainClassName = 'org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus'
+

gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#Fri Jul 28 17:18:51 PDT 2017
+distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+distributionPath=wrapper/dists
+zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-3.3-bin.zip

gradlew

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+##############################################################################
+##
+##  Gradle start up script for UN*X
+##
+##############################################################################
+
+# Attempt to set APP_HOME
+# Resolve links: $0 may be a link
+PRG="$0"
+# Need this for relative symlinks.
+while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do
+    ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
+    link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
+    if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then
+        PRG="$link"
+    else
+        PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`"/$link"
+    fi
+done
+SAVED="`pwd`"
+cd "`dirname \"$PRG\"`/" >/dev/null
+APP_HOME="`pwd -P`"
+cd "$SAVED" >/dev/null
+
+APP_NAME="Gradle"
+APP_BASE_NAME=`basename "$0"`
+
+# Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=""
+
+# Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value.
+MAX_FD="maximum"
+
+warn ( ) {
+    echo "$*"
+}
+
+die ( ) {
+    echo
+    echo "$*"
+    echo
+    exit 1
+}
+
+# OS specific support (must be 'true' or 'false').
+cygwin=false
+msys=false
+darwin=false
+nonstop=false
+case "`uname`" in
+  CYGWIN* )
+    cygwin=true
+    ;;
+  Darwin* )
+    darwin=true
+    ;;
+  MINGW* )
+    msys=true
+    ;;
+  NONSTOP* )
+    nonstop=true
+    ;;
+esac
+
+CLASSPATH=$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
+
+# Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
+if [ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] ; then
+    if [ -x "$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java" ] ; then
+        # IBM's JDK on AIX uses strange locations for the executables
+        JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java"
+    else
+        JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/bin/java"
+    fi
+    if [ ! -x "$JAVACMD" ] ; then
+        die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: $JAVA_HOME
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+    fi
+else
+    JAVACMD="java"
+    which java >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+fi
+
+# Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can.
+if [ "$cygwin" = "false" -a "$darwin" = "false" -a "$nonstop" = "false" ] ; then
+    MAX_FD_LIMIT=`ulimit -H -n`
+    if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
+        if [ "$MAX_FD" = "maximum" -o "$MAX_FD" = "max" ] ; then
+            MAX_FD="$MAX_FD_LIMIT"
+        fi
+        ulimit -n $MAX_FD
+        if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
+            warn "Could not set maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD"
+        fi
+    else
+        warn "Could not query maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD_LIMIT"
+    fi
+fi
+
+# For Darwin, add options to specify how the application appears in the dock
+if $darwin; then
+    GRADLE_OPTS="$GRADLE_OPTS \"-Xdock:name=$APP_NAME\" \"-Xdock:icon=$APP_HOME/media/gradle.icns\""
+fi
+
+# For Cygwin, switch paths to Windows format before running java
+if $cygwin ; then
+    APP_HOME=`cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME"`
+    CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH"`
+    JAVACMD=`cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD"`
+
+    # We build the pattern for arguments to be converted via cygpath
+    ROOTDIRSRAW=`find -L / -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -type d 2>/dev/null`
+    SEP=""
+    for dir in $ROOTDIRSRAW ; do
+        ROOTDIRS="$ROOTDIRS$SEP$dir"
+        SEP="|"
+    done
+    OURCYGPATTERN="(^($ROOTDIRS))"
+    # Add a user-defined pattern to the cygpath arguments
+    if [ "$GRADLE_CYGPATTERN" != "" ] ; then
+        OURCYGPATTERN="$OURCYGPATTERN|($GRADLE_CYGPATTERN)"
+    fi
+    # Now convert the arguments - kludge to limit ourselves to /bin/sh
+    i=0
+    for arg in "$@" ; do
+        CHECK=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "$OURCYGPATTERN" -`
+        CHECK2=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "^-"`                                 ### Determine if an option
+
+        if [ $CHECK -ne 0 ] && [ $CHECK2 -eq 0 ] ; then                    ### Added a condition
+            eval `echo args$i`=`cygpath --path --ignore --mixed "$arg"`
+        else
+            eval `echo args$i`="\"$arg\""
+        fi
+        i=$((i+1))
+    done
+    case $i in
+        (0) set -- ;;
+        (1) set -- "$args0" ;;
+        (2) set -- "$args0" "$args1" ;;
+        (3) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" ;;
+        (4) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" ;;
+        (5) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" ;;
+        (6) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" ;;
+        (7) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" ;;
+        (8) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" ;;
+        (9) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" "$args8" ;;
+    esac
+fi
+
+# Escape application args
+save ( ) {
+    for i do printf %s\\n "$i" | sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/" ; done
+    echo " "
+}
+APP_ARGS=$(save "$@")
+
+# Collect all arguments for the java command, following the shell quoting and substitution rules
+eval set -- $DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS $JAVA_OPTS $GRADLE_OPTS "\"-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME\"" -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain "$APP_ARGS"
+
+# by default we should be in the correct project dir, but when run from Finder on Mac, the cwd is wrong
+if [ "$(uname)" = "Darwin" ] && [ "$HOME" = "$PWD" ]; then
+  cd "$(dirname "$0")"
+fi
+
+exec "$JAVACMD" "$@"

gradlew.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+@if "%DEBUG%" == "" @echo off
+@rem ##########################################################################
+@rem
+@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem
+@rem ##########################################################################
+
+@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
+if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+
+set DIRNAME=%~dp0
+if "%DIRNAME%" == "" set DIRNAME=.
+set APP_BASE_NAME=%~n0
+set APP_HOME=%DIRNAME%
+
+@rem Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=
+
+@rem Find java.exe
+if defined JAVA_HOME goto findJavaFromJavaHome
+
+set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
+%JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
+if "%ERRORLEVEL%" == "0" goto init
+
+echo.
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+echo.
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+echo location of your Java installation.
+
+goto fail
+
+:findJavaFromJavaHome
+set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
+set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
+
+if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto init
+
+echo.
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+echo.
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+echo location of your Java installation.
+
+goto fail
+
+:init
+@rem Get command-line arguments, handling Windows variants
+
+if not "%OS%" == "Windows_NT" goto win9xME_args
+
+:win9xME_args
+@rem Slurp the command line arguments.
+set CMD_LINE_ARGS=
+set _SKIP=2
+
+:win9xME_args_slurp
+if "x%~1" == "x" goto execute
+
+set CMD_LINE_ARGS=%*
+
+:execute
+@rem Setup the command line
+
+set CLASSPATH=%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar
+
+@rem Execute Gradle
+"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain %CMD_LINE_ARGS%
+
+:end
+@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
+if "%ERRORLEVEL%"=="0" goto mainEnd
+
+:fail
+rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
+rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
+if  not "" == "%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit 1
+exit /b 1
+
+:mainEnd
+if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
+
+:omega

settings.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+rootProject.name = 'abacus'

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.java

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.ConfigurationObject;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusApplication;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.ShuntingYardParser;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.TreeBuilder;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.ClassFinder;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.NumberReducer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+
+/**
+ * The main calculator class. This is responsible
+ * for piecing together all of the components, allowing
+ * their interaction with each other.
+ */
+public class Abacus {
+
+    /**
+     * The default implementation to use for the number representation.
+     */
+    public static final Class<? extends NumberInterface> DEFAULT_NUMBER = NaiveNumber.class;
+    /**
+     * The file used for saving and loading configuration.
+     */
+    public static final File CONFIG_FILE = new File("config.toml");
+
+    /**
+     * The plugin manager responsible for
+     * loading and unloading plugins,
+     * and getting functions from them.
+     */
+    private PluginManager pluginManager;
+    /**
+     * The reducer used to evaluate the tree.
+     */
+    private NumberReducer numberReducer;
+    /**
+     * The configuration loaded from a file.
+     */
+    private ConfigurationObject configuration;
+    /**
+     * The tree builder used to construct a tree
+     * from a string.
+     */
+    private TreeBuilder treeBuilder;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance of the Abacus calculator.
+     */
+    public Abacus() {
+        pluginManager = new PluginManager();
+        numberReducer = new NumberReducer(this);
+        configuration = new ConfigurationObject(CONFIG_FILE);
+        configuration.save(CONFIG_FILE);
+        LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
+        ShuntingYardParser shuntingYardParser = new ShuntingYardParser(this);
+        treeBuilder = new TreeBuilder<>(lexerTokenizer, shuntingYardParser);
+
+        pluginManager.addListener(lexerTokenizer);
+        pluginManager.addListener(shuntingYardParser);
+        pluginManager.addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(pluginManager));
+        try {
+            ClassFinder.loadJars("plugins")
+                    .forEach(plugin -> pluginManager.addClass(plugin));
+        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        pluginManager.load();
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        AbacusApplication.launch(AbacusApplication.class, args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current tree builder.
+     *
+     * @return the main tree builder in this abacus instance.
+     */
+    public TreeBuilder getTreeBuilder() {
+        return treeBuilder;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current plugin manager,
+     *
+     * @return the plugin manager in this abacus instance.
+     */
+    public PluginManager getPluginManager() {
+        return pluginManager;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the reducer that is responsible for transforming
+     * an expression into a number.
+     *
+     * @return the number reducer in this abacus instance.
+     */
+    public NumberReducer getNumberReducer() {
+        return numberReducer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the configuration object associated with this instance.
+     *
+     * @return the configuration object.
+     */
+    public ConfigurationObject getConfiguration() {
+        return configuration;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a string into a tree structure using the main
+     * tree builder.
+     *
+     * @param input the input string to parse
+     * @return the resulting tree, null if the tree builder or the produced tree are null.
+     */
+    public TreeNode parseString(String input) {
+        return treeBuilder.fromString(input);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the given tree using the main
+     * number reducer.
+     *
+     * @param tree the tree to reduce, must not be null.
+     * @return the resulting number, or null of the reduction failed.
+     */
+    public NumberInterface evaluateTree(TreeNode tree) {
+        return tree.reduce(numberReducer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a number from a string.
+     *
+     * @param numberString the string to create the number from.
+     * @return the resulting number.
+     */
+    public NumberInterface numberFromString(String numberString) {
+        Class<? extends NumberInterface> toInstantiate =
+                pluginManager.numberFor(configuration.getNumberImplementation());
+        if (toInstantiate == null) toInstantiate = DEFAULT_NUMBER;
+
+        try {
+            return toInstantiate.getConstructor(String.class).newInstance(numberString);
+        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/config/Configuration.java

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.config;
+
+/**
+ * Serializable class that will be used to load TOML
+ * configurations.
+ */
+public class Configuration {
+
+    /**
+     * The type of number this calculator should use.
+     */
+    public String numberType;
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/config/ConfigurationObject.java

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.config;
+
+import com.moandjiezana.toml.Toml;
+import com.moandjiezana.toml.TomlWriter;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * A configuration object, which essentially
+ * manages saving, loading, and getting values
+ * from the configuration. While Configuration is
+ * the data model, this is the interface with it.
+ */
+public class ConfigurationObject {
+
+    /**
+     * The writer used to store the configuration.
+     */
+    private static final TomlWriter TOML_WRITER = new TomlWriter();
+    /**
+     * The configuration instance being modeled.
+     */
+    private Configuration configuration;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new configuration object with the given config.
+     *
+     * @param config the config to use.
+     */
+    public ConfigurationObject(Configuration config) {
+        setup(config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a configuration object by attempting to
+     * load a config from the given path, using the
+     * default configuration otherwise.
+     *
+     * @param path the path to attempt to load.
+     */
+    public ConfigurationObject(File path) {
+        Configuration config;
+        if (!path.exists()) {
+            config = getDefaultConfig();
+        } else {
+            Toml parse = new Toml();
+            parse.read(path);
+            config = parse.to(Configuration.class);
+        }
+        setup(config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new configuration object with the
+     * default configuration.
+     */
+    public ConfigurationObject() {
+        setup(getDefaultConfig());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets up the ConfigurationObject.
+     * different constructors do different things,
+     * but they all lead here.
+     *
+     * @param configuration the configuration to set up with.
+     */
+    private void setup(Configuration configuration) {
+        this.configuration = configuration;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a default configuration.
+     *
+     * @return the newly created default configuration.
+     */
+    private Configuration getDefaultConfig() {
+        configuration = new Configuration();
+        configuration.numberType = "naive";
+        return configuration;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the implementation the user has requested to
+     * represent their numbers.
+     *
+     * @return the implementation name.
+     */
+    public String getNumberImplementation() {
+        return configuration.numberType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves the ConfigurationObject to the given file.
+     *
+     * @param toFile the file to save ot.
+     * @return true if the save succeed, false if otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean save(File toFile) {
+        if (toFile.getParentFile() != null) toFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        try {
+            TOML_WRITER.write(configuration, toFile);
+            return true;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Function.java

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PreciseNumber;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * A function that operates on one or more
+ * inputs and returns a single number.
+ */
+public abstract class Function {
+
+    /**
+     * A map to correctly promote different number implementations to each other.
+     */
+    private static final HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Integer> priorityMap =
+            new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Integer>() {{
+                put(NaiveNumber.class, 0);
+                put(PreciseNumber.class, 1);
+            }};
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether the given params will work for the given function.
+     *
+     * @param params the given params
+     * @return true if the params can be used with this function.
+     */
+    protected abstract boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params);
+
+    /**
+     * Internal apply implementation, which already receives appropriately promoted
+     * parameters that have bee run through matchesParams
+     *
+     * @param params the promoted parameters.
+     * @return the return value of the function.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params);
+
+    /**
+     * Function to check, promote arguments and run the function.
+     *
+     * @param params the raw input parameters.
+     * @return the return value of the function, or null if an error occurred.
+     */
+    public NumberInterface apply(NumberInterface... params) {
+        if (!matchesParams(params)) return null;
+        return applyInternal(params);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Operator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
+
+/**
+ * A class that represents a single infix operator.
+ */
+public class Operator {
+
+    /**
+     * The associativity of the operator.
+     */
+    private OperatorAssociativity associativity;
+    /**
+     * The type of this operator.
+     */
+    private OperatorType type;
+    /**
+     * The precedence of the operator.
+     */
+    private int precedence;
+    /**
+     * The function that is called by this operator.
+     */
+    private Function function;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new operator with the given parameters.
+     *
+     * @param associativity the associativity of the operator.
+     * @param precedence    the precedence of the operator.
+     * @param function      the function that the operator calls.
+     */
+    public Operator(OperatorAssociativity associativity, OperatorType operatorType, int precedence, Function function) {
+        this.associativity = associativity;
+        this.type = operatorType;
+        this.precedence = precedence;
+        this.function = function;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operator's associativity.
+     *
+     * @return the associativity.
+     */
+    public OperatorAssociativity getAssociativity() {
+        return associativity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operator's type.
+     *
+     * @return the type.
+     */
+    public OperatorType getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operator's precedence.
+     *
+     * @return the precedence.
+     */
+    public int getPrecedence() {
+        return precedence;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operator's function.
+     *
+     * @return the function.
+     */
+    public Function getFunction() {
+        return function;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/OperatorAssociativity.java

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
+
+/**
+ * Enum to represent the associativity of an operator.
+ */
+public enum OperatorAssociativity {
+    LEFT, RIGHT
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/OperatorType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
+
+/**
+ * The type of an operator, describing how it should behave.
+ */
+public enum OperatorType {
+    BINARY_INFIX, UNARY_POSTFIX
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusApplication.java

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.application.Application;
+import javafx.fxml.FXMLLoader;
+import javafx.scene.Parent;
+import javafx.scene.Scene;
+import javafx.stage.Stage;
+
+/**
+ * The main application class for JavaFX responsible for loading
+ * and displaying the fxml file.
+ */
+public class AbacusApplication extends Application {
+
+    @Override
+    public void start(Stage primaryStage) throws Exception {
+        Parent parent = FXMLLoader.load(getClass().getResource("/abacus.fxml"));
+        Scene mainScene = new Scene(parent, 320, 480);
+        primaryStage.setScene(mainScene);
+        primaryStage.setTitle("Abacus");
+        primaryStage.show();
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
+import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
+import javafx.fxml.FXML;
+import javafx.scene.control.*;
+import javafx.scene.text.Text;
+import javafx.util.Callback;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+
+/**
+ * The controller for the abacus FX UI, responsible
+ * for all the user interaction.
+ */
+public class AbacusController {
+
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the text could not be lexed or parsed.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_SYNTAX = "Syntax Error";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the tree could not be reduced.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_EVAL = "Evaluation Error";
+
+    @FXML
+    private TableView<HistoryModel> historyTable;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> inputColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> parsedColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> outputColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private Text outputText;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField inputField;
+    @FXML
+    private Button inputButton;
+
+    /**
+     * The list of history entries, created by the users.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<HistoryModel> historyData;
+
+    /**
+     * The abacus instance used for calculations and all
+     * other main processing code.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+
+    @FXML
+    public void initialize(){
+        Callback<TableColumn<HistoryModel, String>, TableCell<HistoryModel, String>> cellFactory =
+                param -> new CopyableCell<>();
+
+        abacus = new Abacus();
+        historyData = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        historyTable.setItems(historyData);
+        historyTable.getSelectionModel().setCellSelectionEnabled(true);
+        inputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        inputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().inputProperty());
+        parsedColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        parsedColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().parsedProperty());
+        outputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        outputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().outputProperty());
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    private void performCalculation(){
+        inputButton.setDisable(true);
+        TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
+        if(constructedTree == null){
+            outputText.setText(ERR_SYNTAX);
+            inputButton.setDisable(false);
+            return;
+        }
+        NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
+        if(evaluatedNumber == null){
+            outputText.setText(ERR_EVAL);
+            inputButton.setDisable(false);
+            return;
+        }
+        outputText.setText(evaluatedNumber.toString());
+        historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), evaluatedNumber.toString()));
+
+        inputButton.setDisable(false);
+        inputField.setText("");
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/CopyableCell.java

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.scene.control.TableCell;
+import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection;
+
+/**
+ * A cell that copies its value to the clipboard
+ * when double clicked.
+ * @param <S> The type of the table view generic type.
+ * @param <T> The type of the value contained in the cell.
+ */
+public class CopyableCell<S, T> extends TableCell<S, T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new copyable cell.
+     */
+    public CopyableCell(){
+        addEventFilter(MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED, event -> {
+            if(event.getClickCount() == 2){
+                Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard()
+                        .setContents(new StringSelection(getText()), null);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void updateItem(T item, boolean empty) {
+        super.updateItem(item, empty);
+        setText((empty || item == null) ? null : item.toString());
+        setGraphic(null);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/HistoryModel.java

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty;
+import javafx.beans.property.StringProperty;
+
+/**
+ * The data model used for storing history entries.
+ */
+public class HistoryModel {
+
+    /**
+     * The property used for displaying the column
+     * for the user input.
+     */
+    private final StringProperty input;
+    /**
+     * The property used for displaying the column
+     * that contains the parsed input.
+     */
+    private final StringProperty parsed;
+    /**
+     * The property used for displaying the column
+     * that contains the program output.
+     */
+    private final StringProperty output;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new history model with the given variables.
+     * @param input the user input
+     * @param parsed the parsed input
+     * @param output the program output.
+     */
+    public HistoryModel(String input, String parsed, String output){
+        this.input = new SimpleStringProperty();
+        this.parsed = new SimpleStringProperty();
+        this.output = new SimpleStringProperty();
+        this.input.setValue(input);
+        this.parsed.setValue(parsed);
+        this.output.setValue(output);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the input property.
+     * @return the input property.
+     */
+    public StringProperty inputProperty() {
+        return input;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the input.
+     * @return the input.
+     */
+    public String getInput() {
+        return input.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the parsed input property.
+     * @return the parsed input property.
+     */
+    public StringProperty parsedProperty() {
+        return parsed;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the parsed input.
+     * @return the parsed input.
+     */
+    public String getParsed() {
+        return parsed.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the output property.
+     * @return the output property.
+     */
+    public StringProperty outputProperty() {
+        return output;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the program output.
+     * @return the output.
+     */
+    public String getOutput() {
+        return output.get();
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/Lexer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.EndNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Pattern;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.PatternNode;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * A lexer that can generate tokens of a given type given a list of regular expressions
+ * to operate on.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type used to identify which match belongs to which pattern.
+ */
+public class Lexer<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The registered patterns.
+     */
+    private Map<PatternEntry<T>, Pattern<T>> patterns;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new lexer with no registered patterns.
+     */
+    public Lexer() {
+        patterns = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a single pattern.
+     *
+     * @param pattern the pattern regex
+     * @param id      the ID by which to identify the pattern.
+     */
+    public void register(String pattern, T id) {
+        Pattern<T> compiledPattern = new Pattern<>(pattern, id);
+        if (compiledPattern.getHead() != null) patterns.put(new PatternEntry<>(pattern, id), compiledPattern);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters a pattern.
+     *
+     * @param pattern the pattern to unregister
+     * @param id      the ID by which to identify the pattern.
+     */
+    public void unregister(String pattern, T id) {
+        patterns.remove(new PatternEntry<>(pattern, id));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads one token from the given string.
+     *
+     * @param from    the string to read from
+     * @param startAt the index to start at
+     * @param compare the comparator used to sort tokens by their ID.
+     * @return the best match.
+     */
+    public Match<T> lexOne(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare) {
+        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
+        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> currentSet = new HashSet<>();
+        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> futureSet = new HashSet<>();
+        int index = startAt;
+        for (Pattern<T> pattern : patterns.values()) {
+            pattern.getHead().addInto(currentSet);
+        }
+        while (!currentSet.isEmpty()) {
+            for (PatternNode<T> node : currentSet) {
+                if (index < from.length() && node.matches(from.charAt(index))) {
+                    node.addOutputsInto(futureSet);
+                } else if (node instanceof EndNode) {
+                    matches.add(new Match<>(from.substring(startAt, index), ((EndNode<T>) node).getPatternId()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            HashSet<PatternNode<T>> tmp = currentSet;
+            currentSet = futureSet;
+            futureSet = tmp;
+            futureSet.clear();
+
+            index++;
+        }
+        matches.sort((a, b) -> compare.compare(a.getType(), b.getType()));
+        if (compare != null) {
+            matches.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(a -> a.getContent().length()));
+        }
+        return matches.isEmpty() ? null : matches.get(matches.size() - 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads all tokens from a string.
+     *
+     * @param from    the string to start from.
+     * @param startAt the index to start at.
+     * @param compare the comparator used to sort matches by their IDs.
+     * @return the resulting list of matches, in order, or null on error.
+     */
+    public List<Match<T>> lexAll(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare) {
+        int index = startAt;
+        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
+        Match<T> lastMatch = null;
+        while (index < from.length() && (lastMatch = lexOne(from, index, compare)) != null) {
+            int length = lastMatch.getContent().length();
+            if (length == 0) return null;
+            matches.add(lastMatch);
+            index += length;
+        }
+        if (lastMatch == null) return null;
+        return matches;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An entry that represents a pattern that has been registered with the lexer.
+     *
+     * @param <T> the type used to identify the pattern.
+     */
+    private static class PatternEntry<T> {
+        /**
+         * The name of the entry.
+         */
+        public String name;
+        /**
+         * The id of the entry.
+         */
+        public T id;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new pattern entry with the given name and id.
+         *
+         * @param name the name of the pattern entry.
+         * @param id   the id of the pattern entry.
+         */
+        public PatternEntry(String name, T id) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.id = id;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(name, id);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            return obj instanceof PatternEntry &&
+                    ((PatternEntry) obj).name.equals(name) &&
+                    ((PatternEntry) obj).id.equals(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/AnyNode.java

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
+/**
+ * A pattern node that matches any character.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
+ */
 public class AnyNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
 
     @Override

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/EndNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+/**
+ * A node that represents a successful match.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
+ */
+public class EndNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The ID of the pattenr that has been matched.
+     */
+    private T patternId;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new end node with the given ID.
+     *
+     * @param patternId the pattern ID.
+     */
+    public EndNode(T patternId) {
+        this.patternId = patternId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the pattern ID.
+     *
+     * @return the pattern ID.
+     */
+    public T getPatternId() {
+        return patternId;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/LinkNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+/**
+ * A node that is used as structural glue in pattern compilation.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
+ */
+public class LinkNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
+
+    @Override
+    public void addInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into) {
+        if (!into.contains(this)) {
+            into.add(this);
+            addOutputsInto(into);
+        }
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Match.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+/**
+ * A match that has been generated by the lexer.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type used to represent the ID of the pattern this match belongs to.
+ */
+public class Match<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The content of this match.
+     */
+    private String content;
+    /**
+     * The pattern type this match matched.
+     */
+    private T type;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new match with the given parameters.
+     *
+     * @param content the content of this match.
+     * @param type    the type of the match.
+     */
+    public Match(String content, T type) {
+        this.content = content;
+        this.type = type;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the content of this match.
+     *
+     * @return the content.
+     */
+    public String getContent() {
+        return content;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the pattern type of the node.
+     *
+     * @return the ID of the pattern that this match matched.
+     */
+    public T getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Pattern.java

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Stack;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * A pattern that can be compiled from a string and used in lexing.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type that is used to identify and sort this pattern.
+ */
+public class Pattern<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The ID of this pattern.
+     */
+    private T id;
+    /**
+     * The head of this pattern.
+     */
+    private PatternNode<T> head;
+    /**
+     * The source string of this pattern.
+     */
+    private String source;
+    /**
+     * The index at which the compilation has stopped.
+     */
+    private int index;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of regex operator to functions that modify a PatternChain
+     * with the appropriate operation.
+     */
+    private Map<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>> operations =
+            new HashMap<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>>() {{
+                put('+', Pattern.this::transformPlus);
+                put('*', Pattern.this::transformStar);
+                put('?', Pattern.this::transformQuestion);
+            }};
+
+    /**
+     * Creates / compiles a new pattern with the given id from the given string.
+     *
+     * @param from the string to compile a pattern from.
+     * @param id   the ID to use.
+     */
+    public Pattern(String from, T id) {
+        this.id = id;
+        index = 0;
+        source = from;
+
+        PatternChain<T> chain = parseSegment(false);
+        if (chain == null) {
+            head = null;
+        } else {
+            chain.append(new EndNode<>(id));
+            head = chain.head;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all characters that are considered "special" from
+     * the given string.
+     *
+     * @param from the string to sanitize.
+     * @return the resulting string.
+     */
+    public static String sanitize(String from) {
+        Pattern<Integer> pattern = new Pattern<>("", 0);
+        from = from.replace(".", "\\.");
+        from = from.replace("|", "\\|");
+        from = from.replace("(", "\\(");
+        from = from.replace(")", "\\)");
+        for (Character key : pattern.operations.keySet()) {
+            from = from.replace("" + key, "\\" + key);
+        }
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A regex operator function that turns the chain
+     * into a one-or-more chain.
+     *
+     * @param chain the chain to transform.
+     * @return the modified chain.
+     */
+    private PatternChain<T> transformPlus(PatternChain<T> chain) {
+        chain.tail.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+        return chain;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A regex operator function that turns the chain
+     * into a zero-or-more chain.
+     *
+     * @param chain the chain to transform.
+     * @return the modified chain.
+     */
+    private PatternChain<T> transformStar(PatternChain<T> chain) {
+        LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
+        LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
+        newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+        newHead.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        chain.tail.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        newTail.outputStates.add(newHead);
+        chain.head = newHead;
+        chain.tail = newTail;
+        return chain;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A regex operator function that turns the chain
+     * into a zero-or-one chain.
+     *
+     * @param chain the chain to transform.
+     * @return the modified chain.
+     */
+    private PatternChain<T> transformQuestion(PatternChain<T> chain) {
+        LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
+        LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
+        newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+        newHead.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        chain.tail.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        chain.head = newHead;
+        chain.tail = newTail;
+        return chain;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Combines a collection of chains into one OR chain.
+     *
+     * @param collection the collection of chains to combine.
+     * @return the resulting OR chain.
+     */
+    private PatternChain<T> combineChains(Collection<PatternChain<T>> collection) {
+        LinkNode<T> head = new LinkNode<>();
+        LinkNode<T> tail = new LinkNode<>();
+        PatternChain<T> newChain = new PatternChain<>(head, tail);
+        for (PatternChain<T> chain : collection) {
+            head.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+            chain.tail.outputStates.add(tail);
+        }
+        return newChain;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a single value from the input into a chain.
+     *
+     * @return the resulting chain, or null on error.
+     */
+    private PatternChain<T> parseValue() {
+        if (index >= source.length()) return null;
+        if (source.charAt(index) == '\\') {
+            if (++index >= source.length()) return null;
+        }
+        return new PatternChain<>(new ValueNode<>(source.charAt(index++)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a [] range from the input into a chain.
+     *
+     * @return the resulting chain, or null on error.
+     */
+    private PatternChain<T> parseOr() {
+        Stack<PatternChain<T>> orStack = new Stack<>();
+        index++;
+        while (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ']') {
+            if (source.charAt(index) == '-') {
+                index++;
+                if (orStack.empty() || orStack.peek().tail.range() == '\0') return null;
+                PatternChain<T> bottomRange = orStack.pop();
+                PatternChain<T> topRange = parseValue();
+                if (topRange == null || topRange.tail.range() == '\0') return null;
+
+                orStack.push(new PatternChain<>(new RangeNode<>(bottomRange.tail.range(), topRange.tail.range())));
+            } else {
+                PatternChain<T> newChain = parseValue();
+                if (newChain == null) return null;
+                orStack.push(newChain);
+            }
+        }
+        if (index++ >= source.length()) return null;
+        return (orStack.size() == 1) ? orStack.pop() : combineChains(orStack);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a repeatable segment from the input into a chain
+     *
+     * @param isSubsegment whether the segment is a sub-expression "()", and therefore
+     *                     whether to expect a closing brace.
+     * @return the resulting chain, or null on error.
+     */
+    private PatternChain<T> parseSegment(boolean isSubsegment) {
+        if (index >= source.length() || ((source.charAt(index) != '(') && isSubsegment)) return null;
+        if (isSubsegment) index++;
+
+        Stack<PatternChain<T>> orChain = new Stack<>();
+        PatternChain<T> fullChain = new PatternChain<>();
+        PatternChain<T> currentChain = null;
+        while (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ')') {
+            char currentChar = source.charAt(index);
+            if (operations.containsKey(currentChar)) {
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
+
+                currentChain = operations.get(currentChar).apply(currentChain);
+                fullChain.append(currentChain);
+                currentChain = null;
+                index++;
+            } else if (currentChar == '|') {
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
+
+                fullChain.append(currentChain);
+                orChain.push(fullChain);
+                currentChain = null;
+                fullChain = new PatternChain<>();
+                if (++index >= source.length()) return null;
+            } else if (currentChar == '(') {
+                if (currentChain != null) {
+                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
+                }
+
+                currentChain = parseSegment(true);
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
+            } else if (currentChar == '[') {
+                if (currentChain != null) {
+                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
+                }
+                currentChain = parseOr();
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
+            } else if (currentChar == '.') {
+                if (currentChain != null) {
+                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
+                }
+                currentChain = new PatternChain<>(new AnyNode<>());
+                index++;
+            } else {
+                if (currentChain != null) {
+                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
+                }
+                currentChain = parseValue();
+                if (currentChain == null) return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!(!isSubsegment || (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) == ')'))) return null;
+        if (isSubsegment) index++;
+
+        if (currentChain != null) fullChain.append(currentChain);
+        if (!orChain.empty()) {
+            orChain.push(fullChain);
+            fullChain = combineChains(orChain);
+        }
+
+        return fullChain;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the head PatternNode, for use in matching
+     *
+     * @return the pattern node.
+     */
+    public PatternNode<T> getHead() {
+        return head;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/PatternChain.java

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+/**
+ * A chain of nodes that can be treated as a single unit.
+ * Used during pattern compilation.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type used to identify which pattern has been matched.
+ */
+public class PatternChain<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The head node of the chain.
+     */
+    public PatternNode<T> head;
+    /**
+     * The tail node of the chain.
+     */
+    public PatternNode<T> tail;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new chain with the given start and end.
+     *
+     * @param head the start of the chain.
+     * @param tail the end of the chain.
+     */
+    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> head, PatternNode<T> tail) {
+        this.head = head;
+        this.tail = tail;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a chain that starts and ends with the same node.
+     *
+     * @param node the node to use.
+     */
+    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> node) {
+        this(node, node);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an empty chain.
+     */
+    public PatternChain() {
+        this(null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the other chain to this one. This modifies
+     * the nodes, as well.
+     * If this chain is empty, it is set to the other.
+     *
+     * @param other the other chain to append.
+     */
+    public void append(PatternChain<T> other) {
+        if (other.head == null || tail == null) {
+            this.head = other.head;
+            this.tail = other.tail;
+        } else {
+            tail.outputStates.add(other.head);
+            tail = other.tail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a single node to this chain. This modifies
+     * the nodes, as well.
+     * If this chain is empty, it is set to the node.
+     *
+     * @param node the node to append to this chain.
+     */
+    public void append(PatternNode<T> node) {
+        if (tail == null) {
+            head = tail = node;
+        } else {
+            tail.outputStates.add(node);
+            tail = node;
+        }
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/PatternNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * A base class for a pattern node. Provides all functions
+ * necessary for matching, and is constructed by a Pattern instance
+ * from a string.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
+ */
+public class PatternNode<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The set of states to which the lexer should continue
+     * should this node be correctly matched.
+     */
+    protected Set<PatternNode<T>> outputStates;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new pattern node.
+     */
+    public PatternNode() {
+        outputStates = new HashSet<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether the current input character can
+     * be matched by this node.
+     *
+     * @param other the character being matched.
+     * @return true if the character can be matched, false otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean matches(char other) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If this node can be used as part of a range, returns that value.
+     *
+     * @return a NULL terminator if this character cannot be converted
+     * into a range bound, or the appropriate range bound if it can.
+     */
+    public char range() {
+        return '\0';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this node in a collection of other nodes.
+     *
+     * @param into the collection to add into.
+     */
+    public void addInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into) {
+        into.add(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the node's children into a collection of other nodes.
+     *
+     * @param into the collection to add into.
+     */
+    public void addOutputsInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into) {
+        outputStates.forEach(e -> e.addInto(into));
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/RangeNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+/**
+ * A node that matches a range of characters.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
+ */
+public class RangeNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The bottom bound of the range, inclusive.
+     */
+    private char from;
+    /**
+     * The top bound of the range, inclusive.
+     */
+    private char to;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new range node from the given range.
+     *
+     * @param from the bottom bound of the range.
+     * @param to   the top bound of hte range.
+     */
+    public RangeNode(char from, char to) {
+        this.from = from;
+        this.to = to;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean matches(char other) {
+        return other >= from && other <= to;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/ValueNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+/**
+ * A node that matches a single value.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type that's used to tell which pattern this node belongs to.
+ */
+public class ValueNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The value this node matches.
+     */
+    private char value;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new node that matches the given character.
+     *
+     * @param value
+     */
+    public ValueNode(char value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean matches(char other) {
+        return other == value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public char range() {
+        return value;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/BinaryNumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+public class BinaryNumber implements NumberInterface{
+
+    /**
+     * The number zero.
+     */
+    public static final BinaryNumber ZERO = new BinaryNumber(0);
+    /**
+     * The number one.
+     */
+    public static final BinaryNumber ONE = new BinaryNumber(1);
+    /**
+     * The value of this number.
+     */
+    private double value;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new BinaryNumber with the given string.
+     *
+     * @param value the value, which will be parsed as a double.
+     */
+    public BinaryNumber(String value) {
+        toStandard(value);
+    }
+    /**
+     * 
+     */
+    private void toStandard(String value) {
+        String before;
+        String after = "";
+        if(value.indexOf(".")==-1){
+            before=value;
+        }else{
+            before = value.substring(0,value.indexOf("."));
+            after = value.substring(value.indexOf(".")+1);
+        }
+        double sum = 0;
+        for(int it=0;before.length()>0;it++){
+            if(before.charAt(before.length()-1)=='1'){
+                sum+=Math.pow(2,it);
+            }
+            if(before.length()>1) {
+                before = before.substring(0, before.length()-1);
+            }else{
+                before = "";
+            }
+        }
+        for(int it=-1;after.length()>0;it--) {
+            if (after.charAt(0) == '1') {
+                sum += Math.pow(2, it);
+            }
+            if (after.length() > 1) {
+                after = after.substring(1);
+            } else {
+                after = "";
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.value = sum;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a new BinaryNumber with the given value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to use.
+     */
+    public BinaryNumber(double value) {
+        toStandard(""+value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxPrecision() {
+        return 18;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+        return new BinaryNumber(value * ((BinaryNumber) multiplier).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        return new BinaryNumber(value / ((BinaryNumber) divisor).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+        return new BinaryNumber(value + ((BinaryNumber) summand).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+        return new BinaryNumber(value - ((BinaryNumber) subtrahend).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface negate() {
+        return new BinaryNumber(-value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+        if (exponent == 0) {
+            return BinaryNumber.ONE;
+        }
+        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent < 0;
+        exponent = Math.abs(exponent);
+        NumberInterface power = this;
+        for (int currentExponent = 1; currentExponent < exponent; currentExponent++) {
+            power = power.multiply(this);
+        }
+        if (takeReciprocal) {
+            power = BinaryNumber.ONE.divide(power);
+        }
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(NumberInterface number) {
+        BinaryNumber num = (BinaryNumber) number;
+        return Double.compare(value, num.value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int signum() {
+        return this.compareTo(ZERO);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        if (toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
+        else if (toClass == PreciseNumber.class) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(Double.toString(value));
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        double sum = 0;
+        double tempValue = Math.floor(value);
+        double fraction = value-tempValue;
+        for (int it=0;tempValue > 0;it++) {
+
+            if (tempValue % 2 == 1) {
+                sum+=Math.pow(10,it);
+                tempValue-=1;
+            }
+            tempValue=tempValue/2;
+        }
+        for (int it=0;fraction > 0;it--) {
+
+            if (fraction % 2 >= 1) {
+                sum+=Math.pow(10,it);
+                fraction-=1;
+            }
+            fraction=fraction*2;
+        }
+        double shiftBy = Math.pow(10, 10);
+        return Double.toString(Math.round(sum * shiftBy) / shiftBy);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * An implementation of NumberInterface using a double.
+ */
+public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
+
+    /**
+     * The number zero.
+     */
+    public static final NaiveNumber ZERO = new NaiveNumber(0);
+    /**
+     * The number one.
+     */
+    public static final NaiveNumber ONE = new NaiveNumber(1);
+    /**
+     * The value of this number.
+     */
+    private double value;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new NaiveNumber with the given string.
+     *
+     * @param value the value, which will be parsed as a double.
+     */
+    public NaiveNumber(String value) {
+        this(Double.parseDouble(value));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a new NaiveNumber with the given value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to use.
+     */
+    public NaiveNumber(double value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxPrecision() {
+        return 18;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value * ((NaiveNumber) multiplier).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value / ((NaiveNumber) divisor).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value + ((NaiveNumber) summand).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(value - ((NaiveNumber) subtrahend).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface negate() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(-value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+        if (exponent == 0) {
+            return NaiveNumber.ONE;
+        }
+        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent < 0;
+        exponent = Math.abs(exponent);
+        NumberInterface power = this;
+        for (int currentExponent = 1; currentExponent < exponent; currentExponent++) {
+            power = power.multiply(this);
+        }
+        if (takeReciprocal) {
+            power = NaiveNumber.ONE.divide(power);
+        }
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(NumberInterface number) {
+        NaiveNumber num = (NaiveNumber) number;
+        return Double.compare(value, num.value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int signum() {
+        return this.compareTo(ZERO);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int ceiling() {
+        return (int) Math.ceil(value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        if (toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
+        else if (toClass == PreciseNumber.class) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(Double.toString(value));
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        double shiftBy = Math.pow(10, 10);
+        return Double.toString(Math.round(value * shiftBy) / shiftBy);
+    }
+
+}
+

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.java

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * An interface used to represent a number.
+ */
+public interface NumberInterface {
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum precision to which this number operates.
+     *
+     * @return the precision.
+     */
+    int getMaxPrecision();
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier);
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand);
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of this number with
+     * the sign flipped.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    NumberInterface negate();
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    NumberInterface intPow(int exponent);
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this number to another.
+     *
+     * @param number the number to compare to.
+     * @return same as Integer.compare();
+     */
+    int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
+
+    /**
+     * Same as Math.signum().
+     *
+     * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
+     */
+    int signum();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     * @return the least integer >= the number, if int can hold the value.
+     */
+    int ceiling();
+
+    /**
+     * Promotes this class to another number class.
+     *
+     * @param toClass the class to promote to.
+     * @return the resulting new instance.
+     */
+    NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/PreciseNumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.RoundingMode;
+
+/**
+ * A number that uses a BigDecimal to store its value,
+ * leading to infinite possible precision.
+ */
+public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
+
+    /**
+     * The number one.
+     */
+    static final PreciseNumber ONE = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ONE);
+    /**
+     * The number zero.
+     */
+    static final PreciseNumber ZERO = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.ZERO);
+    /**
+     * The number ten.
+     */
+    static final PreciseNumber TEN = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.TEN);
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the PreciseNumber.
+     */
+    BigDecimal value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a precise number from the given string.
+     *
+     * @param string a string representation of the number meeting the same conditions
+     *               as the BidDecimal(String) constructor.
+     */
+    public PreciseNumber(String string) {
+        value = new BigDecimal(string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a precise number from the given BigDecimal.
+     *
+     * @param value a BigDecimal object representing the value of the number.
+     */
+    public PreciseNumber(BigDecimal value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxPrecision() {
+        return 65;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(this.value.multiply(((PreciseNumber) multiplier).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.divide(((PreciseNumber) divisor).value, this.getMaxPrecision(), RoundingMode.HALF_UP));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.add(((PreciseNumber) summand).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.subtract(((PreciseNumber) subtrahend).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+        if (exponent == 0) {
+            return PreciseNumber.ONE;
+        }
+        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent < 0;
+        exponent = Math.abs(exponent);
+        NumberInterface power = this;
+        for (int currentExponent = 1; currentExponent < exponent; currentExponent++) {
+            power = power.multiply(this);
+        }
+        if (takeReciprocal) {
+            power = PreciseNumber.ONE.divide(power);
+        }
+        return power;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(NumberInterface number) {
+        return value.compareTo(((PreciseNumber) number).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int signum() {
+        return value.signum();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int ceiling() {
+        return (int) Math.ceil(value.doubleValue());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface negate() {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.negate());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        if (toClass == this.getClass()) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        BigDecimal rounded = value.setScale(getMaxPrecision() - 15, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);
+        return rounded.stripTrailingZeros().toPlainString();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/LexerTokenizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Pattern;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TokenType;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A tokenzier that uses the lexer class and registered function and operator
+ * names to turn input into tokens in O(n) time.
+ */
+public class LexerTokenizer implements Tokenizer<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * Comparator used to sort the tokens produced by the lexer.
+     */
+    protected static final Comparator<TokenType> TOKEN_SORTER = Comparator.comparingInt(e -> e.priority);
+
+    /**
+     * The lexer instance used to turn strings into matches.
+     */
+    private Lexer<TokenType> lexer;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new lexer tokenizer.
+     */
+    public LexerTokenizer() {
+        lexer = new Lexer<TokenType>() {{
+            register(" ", TokenType.WHITESPACE);
+            register(",", TokenType.COMMA);
+            register("[0-9]*(\\.[0-9]+)?", TokenType.NUM);
+            register("\\(", TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH);
+            register("\\)", TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH);
+        }};
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Match<TokenType>> tokenizeString(String string) {
+        return lexer.lexAll(string, 0, TOKEN_SORTER);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
+            lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.OP);
+        }
+        for (String function : manager.getAllFunctions()) {
+            lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.FUNCTION);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
+            lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.OP);
+        }
+        for (String function : manager.getAllFunctions()) {
+            lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.FUNCTION);
+        }
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/Parser.java

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * An itnerface that provides the ability to convert a list of tokens
+ * into a parse tree.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of tokens accepted by this parser.
+ */
+public interface Parser<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a tree out of the given tokens.
+     *
+     * @param tokens the tokens to construct a tree from.
+     * @return the constructed tree, or null on error.
+     */
+    public TreeNode constructTree(List<T> tokens);
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/ShuntingYardParser.java

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.*;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * A parser that uses shunting yard to rearranged matches into postfix
+ * and then convert them into a parse tree.
+ */
+public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * The Abacus instance used to create number instances.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+    /**
+     * Map of operator precedences, loaded from the plugin operators.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Integer> precedenceMap;
+    /**
+     * Map of operator associativity, loaded from the plugin operators.
+     */
+    private Map<String, OperatorAssociativity> associativityMap;
+    /**
+     * Map of operator types, loaded from plugin operators.
+     */
+    private Map<String, OperatorType> typeMap;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Shunting Yard parser with the given Abacus instance.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the abacus instance.
+     */
+    public ShuntingYardParser(Abacus abacus) {
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+        precedenceMap = new HashMap<>();
+        associativityMap = new HashMap<>();
+        typeMap = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rearranges tokens into a postfix list, using Shunting Yard.
+     *
+     * @param from the tokens to be rearranged.
+     * @return the resulting list of rearranged tokens.
+     */
+    public List<Match<TokenType>> intoPostfix(List<Match<TokenType>> from) {
+        ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> output = new ArrayList<>();
+        Stack<Match<TokenType>> tokenStack = new Stack<>();
+        while (!from.isEmpty()) {
+            Match<TokenType> match = from.remove(0);
+            TokenType matchType = match.getType();
+            if (matchType == TokenType.NUM) {
+                output.add(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
+                output.add(new Match<>("", TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END));
+                tokenStack.push(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+                String tokenString = match.getContent();
+                OperatorType type = typeMap.get(tokenString);
+                int precedence = precedenceMap.get(tokenString);
+                OperatorAssociativity associativity = associativityMap.get(tokenString);
+
+                if (type == OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX) {
+                    output.add(match);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                while (!tokenStack.empty()) {
+                    Match<TokenType> otherMatch = tokenStack.peek();
+                    TokenType otherMatchType = otherMatch.getType();
+                    if (!(otherMatchType == TokenType.OP || otherMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION)) break;
+
+                    if (otherMatchType == TokenType.OP) {
+                        int otherPrecedence = precedenceMap.get(match.getContent());
+                        if (otherPrecedence < precedence ||
+                                (associativity == OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT && otherPrecedence == precedence)) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
+                }
+                tokenStack.push(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH) {
+                tokenStack.push(match);
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH || matchType == TokenType.COMMA) {
+                while (!tokenStack.empty() && tokenStack.peek().getType() != TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH) {
+                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
+                }
+                if (tokenStack.empty()) return null;
+                if (matchType == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH) {
+                    tokenStack.pop();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        while (!tokenStack.empty()) {
+            Match<TokenType> match = tokenStack.peek();
+            TokenType matchType = match.getType();
+            if (!(matchType == TokenType.OP || matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION)) return null;
+            output.add(tokenStack.pop());
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a tree recursively from a list of tokens.
+     *
+     * @param matches the list of tokens from the source string.
+     * @return the construct tree expression.
+     */
+    public TreeNode constructRecursive(List<Match<TokenType>> matches) {
+        if (matches.size() == 0) return null;
+        Match<TokenType> match = matches.remove(0);
+        TokenType matchType = match.getType();
+        if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+            String operator = match.getContent();
+            OperatorType type = typeMap.get(operator);
+            if (type == OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX) {
+                TreeNode right = constructRecursive(matches);
+                TreeNode left = constructRecursive(matches);
+                if (left == null || right == null) return null;
+                else return new BinaryInfixNode(operator, left, right);
+            } else {
+                TreeNode applyTo = constructRecursive(matches);
+                if (applyTo == null) return null;
+                else return new UnaryPrefixNode(operator, applyTo);
+            }
+        } else if (matchType == TokenType.NUM) {
+            return new NumberNode(abacus.numberFromString(match.getContent()));
+        } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
+            String functionName = match.getContent();
+            FunctionNode node = new FunctionNode(functionName);
+            while (!matches.isEmpty() && matches.get(0).getType() != TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END) {
+                TreeNode argument = constructRecursive(matches);
+                if (argument == null) return null;
+                node.prependChild(argument);
+            }
+            if (matches.isEmpty()) return null;
+            matches.remove(0);
+            return node;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public TreeNode constructTree(List<Match<TokenType>> tokens) {
+        tokens = intoPostfix(new ArrayList<>(tokens));
+        Collections.reverse(tokens);
+        return constructRecursive(tokens);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
+            Operator operatorInstance = manager.operatorFor(operator);
+            precedenceMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getPrecedence());
+            associativityMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getAssociativity());
+            typeMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getType());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
+        precedenceMap.clear();
+        associativityMap.clear();
+        typeMap.clear();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/Tokenizer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Interface that provides the ability to convert a string into a list of tokens.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of the tokens produced.
+ */
+public interface Tokenizer<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a string into tokens.
+     *
+     * @param string the string to convert.
+     * @return the list of tokens, or null on error.
+     */
+    public List<T> tokenizeString(String string);
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/TreeBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * TreeBuilder class used to piece together a Tokenizer and
+ * Parser of the same kind. This is used to essentially avoid
+ * working with any parameters at all, and the generics
+ * in this class are used only to ensure the tokenizer and parser
+ * are of the same type.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of tokens created by the tokenizer and used by the parser.
+ */
+public class TreeBuilder<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * The tokenizer used to convert a string into tokens.
+     */
+    private Tokenizer<T> tokenizer;
+    /**
+     * The parser used to parse a list of tokens into a tree.
+     */
+    private Parser<T> parser;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new Tree Builder with the given tokenizer and parser
+     *
+     * @param tokenizer the tokenizer to turn strings into tokens
+     * @param parser    the parser to turn tokens into a tree
+     */
+    public TreeBuilder(Tokenizer<T> tokenizer, Parser<T> parser) {
+        this.tokenizer = tokenizer;
+        this.parser = parser;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the given string into a tree.
+     *
+     * @param input the string to parse into a tree.
+     * @return the resulting tree.
+     */
+    public TreeNode fromString(String input) {
+        List<T> tokens = tokenizer.tokenizeString(input);
+        if (tokens == null) return null;
+        return parser.constructTree(tokens);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/ClassFinder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLClassLoader;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * Class that loads plugin classes from their jars.
+ */
+public class ClassFinder {
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all the plugin classes from the given plugin folder.
+     *
+     * @param filePath the path for the plugin folder.
+     * @return the list of all loaded classes.
+     * @throws IOException            thrown if an error occurred scanning the plugin folder.
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException thrown if the class listed in the file doesn't get loaded.
+     */
+    public static List<Class<?>> loadJars(String filePath) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        return loadJars(new File(filePath));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all the plugin classes from the given plugin folder.
+     *
+     * @param pluginFolderPath the folder in which to look for plugins.
+     * @return the list of all loaded classes.
+     * @throws IOException            thrown if an error occurred scanning the plugin folder.
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException thrown if the class listed in the file doesn't get loaded.
+     */
+    public static List<Class<?>> loadJars(File pluginFolderPath) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        ArrayList<Class<?>> toReturn = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (!pluginFolderPath.exists()) return toReturn;
+        ArrayList<File> files = Files.walk(pluginFolderPath.toPath())
+                .map(Path::toFile)
+                .filter(f -> f.getName().endsWith(".jar"))
+                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));
+        for (File file : files) {
+            toReturn.addAll(loadJar(file));
+        }
+        return toReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the classes from a single path, given by the file.
+     *
+     * @param jarLocation the location of the jar to load.
+     * @return the list of loaded classes loaded from the jar.
+     * @throws IOException            thrown if there was an error reading the file
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException thrown if the class could not be loaded.
+     */
+    public static List<Class<?>> loadJar(File jarLocation) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        ArrayList<Class<?>> loadedClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+        String path = jarLocation.getPath();
+        URL[] urls = new URL[]{new URL("jar:file:" + path + "!/")};
+
+        URLClassLoader classLoader = URLClassLoader.newInstance(urls);
+        JarFile jarFolder = new JarFile(jarLocation);
+        Enumeration jarEntityList = jarFolder.entries();
+
+        while (jarEntityList.hasMoreElements()) {
+            JarEntry jarEntity = (JarEntry) jarEntityList.nextElement();
+            if (jarEntity.getName().endsWith(".class")) {
+                loadedClasses.add(classLoader.loadClass(jarEntity.getName().replace('/', '.').substring(0, jarEntity.getName().length() - 6)));
+            }
+        }
+        return loadedClasses;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/Plugin.java

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * A plugin class that can be externally implemented and loaded via the
+ * plugin manager. Plugins provide functionality to the calculator
+ * with the "hasFunction" and "getFunction" functions,
+ * and can use "registerFunction" and "functionFor" for
+ * loading internally.
+ */
+public abstract class Plugin {
+
+    /**
+     * A hash map of functions mapped to their string names.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Function> functions;
+    /**
+     * A hash map of operators mapped to their string names.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Operator> operators;
+    /**
+     * A hash map of operators mapped to their string names.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Class<? extends NumberInterface>> numbers;
+    /**
+     * The plugin manager in which to search for functions
+     * not inside this package,
+     */
+    private PluginManager manager;
+    /**
+     * Whether this plugin has been loaded.
+     */
+    private boolean enabled;
+
+    private Plugin() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new plugin with the given PluginManager.
+     *
+     * @param manager the manager controlling this plugin.
+     */
+    public Plugin(PluginManager manager) {
+        this.manager = manager;
+        functions = new HashMap<>();
+        operators = new HashMap<>();
+        numbers = new HashMap<>();
+        enabled = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
+     *
+     * @return the list of registered functions.
+     */
+    public final Set<String> providedFunctions() {
+        return functions.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
+     *
+     * @return the list of registered functions.
+     */
+    public final Set<String> providedOperators() {
+        return operators.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the list of all numbers provided by this plugin.
+     *
+     * @return the list of registered numbers.
+     */
+    public final Set<String> providedNumbers() {
+        return numbers.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a function under the given function name.
+     *
+     * @param functionName the name of the function to get
+     * @return the function, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
+     */
+    public final Function getFunction(String functionName) {
+        return functions.get(functionName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets an operator under the given operator name.
+     *
+     * @param operatorName the name of the operator to get.
+     * @return the operator, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
+     */
+    public final Operator getOperator(String operatorName) {
+        return operators.get(operatorName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the class under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param numberName the name of the class.
+     * @return the class, or null if the plugin doesn't provide it.
+     */
+    public final Class<? extends NumberInterface> getNumber(String numberName) {
+        return numbers.get(numberName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables the function, loading the necessary instances
+     * of functions.
+     */
+    public final void enable() {
+        if (enabled) return;
+        onEnable();
+        enabled = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disables the plugin, clearing loaded data store by default
+     * and calling its disable() method.
+     */
+    public final void disable() {
+        if (!enabled) return;
+        onDisable();
+        functions.clear();
+        operators.clear();
+        enabled = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used in load(). Registers a function abstract class with the
+     * plugin internally, which makes it accessible to the plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param name       the name to register by.
+     * @param toRegister the function implementation.
+     */
+    protected final void registerFunction(String name, Function toRegister) {
+        functions.put(name, toRegister);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used in load(). Registers an operator abstract class
+     * with the plugin internally, which makes it accessible to
+     * the plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param name     the name of the operator.
+     * @param operator the operator to register.
+     */
+    protected final void registerOperator(String name, Operator operator) {
+        operators.put(name, operator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used in load(). Registers a number class
+     * with the plugin internally, which makes it possible
+     * for the user to select it as an "implementation" for the
+     * number that they would like to use.
+     *
+     * @param name       the name to register it under.
+     * @param toRegister the class to register.
+     */
+    protected final void registerNumber(String name, Class<? extends NumberInterface> toRegister) {
+        numbers.put(name, toRegister);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the PluginManager for the given function name.
+     * This can be used by the plugins internally in order to call functions
+     * they do not provide.
+     *
+     * @param name the name for which to search
+     * @return the resulting function, or null if none was found for that name.
+     */
+    protected final Function functionFor(String name) {
+        return manager.functionFor(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the PluginManager for the given operator name.
+     * This can be used by the plugins internally in order to call
+     * operations they do not provide.
+     *
+     * @param name the name for which to search
+     * @return the resulting operator, or null if none was found for that name.
+     */
+    protected final Operator operatorFor(String name) {
+        return manager.operatorFor(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract method to be overridden by plugin implementation, in which the plugins
+     * are supposed to register the functions they provide and do any other
+     * necessary setup.
+     */
+    public abstract void onEnable();
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract method overridden by the plugin implementation, in which the plugins
+     * are supposed to dispose of loaded functions, operators, and macros.
+     */
+    public abstract void onDisable();
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginListener.java

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+/**
+ * A listener that responds to changes in the PluginManager.
+ */
+public interface PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the PluginManager loads plugins.
+     *
+     * @param manager the manager that fired the event.
+     */
+    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager);
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the PluginManager unloads all its plugins.
+     *
+     * @param manager the manager that fired the event.
+     */
+    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager);
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * A class that controls instances of plugins, allowing for them
+ * to interact with each other and the calculator.
+ */
+public class PluginManager {
+
+    /**
+     * List of classes loaded by this manager.
+     */
+    private Set<Class<?>> loadedPluginClasses;
+    /**
+     * A list of loaded plugins.
+     */
+    private Set<Plugin> plugins;
+    /**
+     * List of functions that have been cached,
+     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Function> cachedFunctions;
+    /**
+     * List of operators that have been cached,
+     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Operator> cachedOperators;
+    /**
+     * List of registered number implementations that have
+     * been cached, that is, found in a plugin and returned.
+     */
+    private Map<String, Class<? extends NumberInterface>> cachedNumbers;
+    /**
+     * List of all functions loaded by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Set<String> allFunctions;
+    /**
+     * List of all operators loaded by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Set<String> allOperators;
+    /**
+     * List of all numbers loaded by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Set<String> allNumbers;
+    /**
+     * The list of plugin listeners attached to this instance.
+     */
+    private Set<PluginListener> listeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new plugin manager.
+     */
+    public PluginManager() {
+        loadedPluginClasses = new HashSet<>();
+        plugins = new HashSet<>();
+        cachedFunctions = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedOperators = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedNumbers = new HashMap<>();
+        allFunctions = new HashSet<>();
+        allOperators = new HashSet<>();
+        allNumbers = new HashSet<>();
+        listeners = new HashSet<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the plugin list for a certain value, retrieving the Plugin's
+     * list of items of the type using the setFunction and getting the value
+     * of it is available via getFunction. If the value is contained
+     * in the cache, it returns the cached value instead.
+     *
+     * @param plugins     the plugin list to search.
+     * @param cache       the cache to use
+     * @param setFunction the function to retrieve a set of available T's from the plugin
+     * @param getFunction the function to get the T value under the given name
+     * @param name        the name to search for
+     * @param <T>         the type of element being search
+     * @return the retrieved element, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    private static <T> T searchCached(Collection<Plugin> plugins, Map<String, T> cache,
+                                      java.util.function.Function<Plugin, Set<String>> setFunction,
+                                      java.util.function.BiFunction<Plugin, String, T> getFunction,
+                                      String name) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(name)) return cache.get(name);
+
+        T loadedValue = null;
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+            if (setFunction.apply(plugin).contains(name)) {
+                loadedValue = getFunction.apply(plugin, name);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        cache.put(name, loadedValue);
+        return loadedValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a function under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the function
+     * @return the function under the given name.
+     */
+    public Function functionFor(String name) {
+        return searchCached(plugins, cachedFunctions, Plugin::providedFunctions, Plugin::getFunction, name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets an operator under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the operator.
+     * @return the operator under the given name.
+     */
+    public Operator operatorFor(String name) {
+        return searchCached(plugins, cachedOperators, Plugin::providedOperators, Plugin::getOperator, name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a numer implementation under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the implementation.
+     * @return the implementation class
+     */
+    public Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberFor(String name) {
+        return searchCached(plugins, cachedNumbers, Plugin::providedNumbers, Plugin::getNumber, name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an instance of Plugin that already has been instantiated.
+     *
+     * @param plugin the plugin to add.
+     */
+    public void addInstantiated(Plugin plugin) {
+        if (loadedPluginClasses.contains(plugin.getClass())) return;
+        plugins.add(plugin);
+        loadedPluginClasses.add(plugin.getClass());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates a class of plugin, and adds it to this
+     * plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param newClass the new class to instantiate.
+     */
+    public void addClass(Class<?> newClass) {
+        if (!Plugin.class.isAssignableFrom(newClass) || newClass == Plugin.class) return;
+        try {
+            addInstantiated((Plugin) newClass.getConstructor(PluginManager.class).newInstance(this));
+        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void load() {
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) plugin.enable();
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+            allFunctions.addAll(plugin.providedFunctions());
+            allOperators.addAll(plugin.providedOperators());
+            allNumbers.addAll(plugin.providedNumbers());
+        }
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onLoad(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void unload() {
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) plugin.disable();
+        allFunctions.clear();
+        allOperators.clear();
+        allNumbers.clear();
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void reload() {
+        unload();
+        reload();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the functions loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all functions that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllFunctions() {
+        return allFunctions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the operators loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all operators that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllOperators() {
+        return allOperators;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the number implementations loaded by the Plugin Manager
+     *
+     * @return the set of all implementations that were loaded
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllNumbers() {
+        return allNumbers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a plugin change listener to this plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param listener the listener to add.
+     */
+    public void addListener(PluginListener listener) {
+        listeners.add(listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the plugin change listener from this plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param listener the listener to remove.
+     */
+    public void removeListener(PluginListener listener) {
+        listeners.remove(listener);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PreciseNumber;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+
+/**
+ * The plugin providing standard functions such as addition and subtraction to
+ * the calculator.
+ */
+public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
+
+    private static HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> factorialLists = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
+
+    /**
+     * The addition operator, +
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_ADD = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length >= 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface sum = params[0];
+            for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
+                sum = sum.add(params[i]);
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The subtraction operator, -
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_SUBTRACT = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The multiplication operator, *
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_MULTIPLY = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length >= 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface product = params[0];
+            for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
+                product = product.multiply(params[i]);
+            }
+            return product;
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The division operator, /
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_DIVIDE = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length >= 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface product = params[0];
+            for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
+                product = product.multiply(params[i]);
+            }
+            return product;
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The factorial operator, !
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_FACTORIAL = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX, 0, new Function() {
+        //private HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> storedList = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (params[0].signum() == 0) {
+                return (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+            }
+            NumberInterface factorial = params[0];
+            NumberInterface multiplier = params[0];
+            //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
+            while ((multiplier = multiplier.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(multiplier.getClass()))).signum() == 1) {
+                factorial = factorial.multiply(multiplier);
+            }
+            return factorial;
+                /*if(!storedList.containsKey(params[0].getClass())){
+                    storedList.put(params[0].getClass(), new ArrayList<NumberInterface>());
+                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                }*/
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The caret / pow operator, ^
+     */
+    public static final Operator OP_CARET = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2, new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(FUNCTION_LN.apply(params[0]).multiply(params[1]));
+        }
+    });
+    /**
+     * The absolute value function, abs(-3) = 3
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_ABS = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(params[0].signum())).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The exponential function, exp(1) = e^1 = 2.71...
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_EXP = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(params[0]);
+            int n = 0;
+            if(params[0].signum() <= 0){
+                NumberInterface currentTerm = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()), sum = currentTerm;
+                while(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0){
+                    n++;
+                    currentTerm = currentTerm.multiply(params[0]).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                    sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+                }
+                return sum;
+            }
+            else{
+                //We need n such that x^(n+1) * 3^ceil(x) <= maxError * (n+1)!.
+                //right and left refer to lhs and rhs in the above inequality.
+                NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+                NumberInterface nextNumerator = params[0];
+                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).intPow(params[0].ceiling())), right = maxError;
+                do{
+                    sum = sum.add(nextNumerator.divide(factorial(params[0].getClass(), n+1)));
+                    n++;
+                    nextNumerator = nextNumerator.multiply(params[0]);
+                    left = left.multiply(params[0]);
+                    NumberInterface nextN = (new NaiveNumber(n+1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+                    right = right.multiply(nextN);
+                    //System.out.println(left + ", " + right);
+                }
+                while(left.compareTo(right) > 0);
+                //System.out.println(n+1);
+                return sum;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The natural log function.
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_LN = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface param = params[0];
+            int powersOf2 = 0;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))).compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0.1)).promoteTo(param.getClass())) >= 0) {
+                if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() == 1) {
+                    param = param.divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(param.getClass()));
+                    powersOf2++;
+                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != 1) {
+                        break;
+                        //No infinite loop for you.
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    param = param.multiply(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(param.getClass()));
+                    powersOf2--;
+                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != 1) {
+                        break;
+                        //No infinite loop for you.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return getLog2(param).multiply((new NaiveNumber(powersOf2)).promoteTo(param.getClass())).add(getLogPartialSum(param));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the partial sum of the Taylor series for logx (around x=1).
+         * Automatically determines the number of terms needed based on the precision of x.
+         * @param x value at which the series is evaluated. 0 < x < 2. (x=2 is convergent but impractical.)
+         * @return the partial sum.
+         */
+        private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(NumberInterface x) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
+            x = x.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(x.getClass())); //Terms used are for log(x+1).
+            NumberInterface currentNumerator = x, currentTerm = x, sum = x;
+            int n = 1;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
+                n++;
+                currentNumerator = currentNumerator.multiply(x).negate();
+                currentTerm = currentNumerator.divide(new NaiveNumber(n).promoteTo(x.getClass()));
+                sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns natural log of 2 to the required precision of the class of number.
+         * @param number a number of the same type as the return type. (Used for precision.)
+         * @return the value of log(2) with the appropriate precision.
+         */
+        private NumberInterface getLog2(NumberInterface number) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(number);
+            //NumberInterface errorBound = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(number.getClass());
+            //We'll use the series \sigma_{n >= 1) ((1/3^n + 1/4^n) * 1/n)
+            //In the following, a=1/3^n, b=1/4^n, c = 1/n.
+            //a is also an error bound.
+            NumberInterface a = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(number.getClass()), b = a, c = a;
+            NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(number.getClass());
+            int n = 0;
+            while (a.compareTo(maxError) >= 1) {
+                n++;
+                a = a.divide((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
+                b = b.divide((new NaiveNumber(4)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
+                c = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(number.getClass()).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
+                sum = sum.add(a.add(b).multiply(c));
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The square root function.
+     */
+    public static final Function FUNCTION_SQRT = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return OP_CARET.getFunction().apply(params[0], ((new NaiveNumber(0.5)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass())));
+        }
+    };
+
+    public StandardPlugin(PluginManager manager) {
+        super(manager);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a partial sum of a series whose terms are given by the nthTermFunction, evaluated at x.
+     *
+     * @param x               the value at which the series is evaluated.
+     * @param nthTermFunction the function that returns the nth term of the series, in the format term(x, n).
+     * @param n               the number of terms in the partial sum.
+     * @return the value of the partial sum that has the same class as x.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface sumSeries(NumberInterface x, BiFunction<Integer, NumberInterface, NumberInterface> nthTermFunction, int n) {
+        NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(x.getClass());
+        for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
+            sum = sum.add(nthTermFunction.apply(i, x));
+        }
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum error based on the precision of the class of number.
+     *
+     * @param number Any instance of the NumberInterface in question (should return an appropriate precision).
+     * @return the maximum error.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface getMaxError(NumberInterface number) {
+        return (new NaiveNumber(10)).promoteTo(number.getClass()).intPow(-number.getMaxPrecision());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onEnable() {
+        registerNumber("naive", NaiveNumber.class);
+        registerNumber("precise", PreciseNumber.class);
+
+        registerOperator("+", OP_ADD);
+        registerOperator("-", OP_SUBTRACT);
+        registerOperator("*", OP_MULTIPLY);
+        registerOperator("/", OP_DIVIDE);
+        registerOperator("^", OP_CARET);
+        registerOperator("!", OP_FACTORIAL);
+
+        registerFunction("abs", FUNCTION_ABS);
+        registerFunction("exp", FUNCTION_EXP);
+        registerFunction("ln", FUNCTION_LN);
+        registerFunction("sqrt", FUNCTION_SQRT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDisable() {
+
+    }
+
+    public static NumberInterface factorial(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, int n){
+        if(!factorialLists.containsKey(numberClass)){
+            factorialLists.put(numberClass, new ArrayList<NumberInterface>());
+            factorialLists.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
+            factorialLists.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
+        }
+        ArrayList<NumberInterface> list = factorialLists.get(numberClass);
+        if(n >= list.size()){
+            while(list.size() < n + 16){
+                list.add(list.get(list.size()-1).multiply(new NaiveNumber(list.size()).promoteTo(numberClass)));
+            }
+        }
+        return list.get(n);
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/BinaryInfixNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that represents an operation being applied to two operands.
+ */
+public class BinaryInfixNode extends TreeNode {
+
+    /**
+     * The operation being applied.
+     */
+    private String operation;
+    /**
+     * The left node of the operation.
+     */
+    private TreeNode left;
+    /**
+     * The right node of the operation.
+     */
+    private TreeNode right;
+
+    private BinaryInfixNode() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
+     * and no child nodes.
+     *
+     * @param operation the operation.
+     */
+    public BinaryInfixNode(String operation) {
+        this(operation, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
+     * and child nodes.
+     *
+     * @param operation the operation.
+     * @param left      the left node of the expression.
+     * @param right     the right node of the expression.
+     */
+    public BinaryInfixNode(String operation, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) {
+        this.operation = operation;
+        this.left = left;
+        this.right = right;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operation in this node.
+     *
+     * @return the operation in this node.
+     */
+    public String getOperation() {
+        return operation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the left sub-expression of this node.
+     *
+     * @return the left node.
+     */
+    public TreeNode getLeft() {
+        return left;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the left sub-expression of this node.
+     *
+     * @param left the sub-expression to apply.
+     */
+    public void setLeft(TreeNode left) {
+        this.left = left;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the right sub-expression of this node.
+     *
+     * @return the right node.
+     */
+    public TreeNode getRight() {
+        return right;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the right sub-expression of this node.
+     *
+     * @param right the sub-expression to apply.
+     */
+    public void setRight(TreeNode right) {
+        this.right = right;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
+        T leftReduce = left.reduce(reducer);
+        T rightReduce = right.reduce(reducer);
+        if (leftReduce == null || rightReduce == null) return null;
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, leftReduce, rightReduce);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        String leftString = left != null ? left.toString() : "null";
+        String rightString = right != null ? right.toString() : "null";
+
+        return "(" + leftString + operation + rightString + ")";
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/FunctionNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A node that represents a function call.
+ */
+public class FunctionNode extends TreeNode {
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the function being called
+     */
+    private String function;
+    /**
+     * The list of arguments to the function.
+     */
+    private List<TreeNode> children;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a function node with no function.
+     */
+    private FunctionNode() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new function node with the given function name.
+     *
+     * @param function the function name.
+     */
+    public FunctionNode(String function) {
+        this.function = function;
+        children = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the function name for this node.
+     *
+     * @return the function name.
+     */
+    public String getFunction() {
+        return function;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a child to the end of this node's child list.
+     *
+     * @param node the child to add.
+     */
+    public void appendChild(TreeNode node) {
+        children.add(node);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new child to the beginning of this node's child list.
+     *
+     * @param node the node to add.
+     */
+    public void prependChild(TreeNode node) {
+        children.add(0, node);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
+        Object[] reducedChildren = new Object[children.size()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < reducedChildren.length; i++) {
+            reducedChildren[i] = children.get(i).reduce(reducer);
+            if (reducedChildren[i] == null) return null;
+        }
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChildren);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+        buffer.append(function);
+        buffer.append("(");
+        for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
+            buffer.append(children.get(i));
+            buffer.append(i == children.size() - 1 ? "" : ", ");
+        }
+        buffer.append(")");
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+/**
+ * A node implementation that represents a single number.
+ */
+public class NumberNode extends TreeNode {
+
+    /**
+     * The number that is represented by this number node.
+     */
+    private NumberInterface number;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a number node with no number.
+     */
+    public NumberNode() {
+        number = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new number node with the given double value.
+     *
+     * @param newNumber the number for which to create a number node.
+     */
+    public NumberNode(NumberInterface newNumber) {
+        this.number = newNumber;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number value of this node.
+     *
+     * @return the number value of this node.
+     */
+    public NumberInterface getNumber() {
+        return number;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return number != null ? number.toString() : "null";
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberReducer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+
+/**
+ * A reducer implementation that turns a tree into a single number.
+ * This is not always guaranteed to work.
+ */
+public class NumberReducer implements Reducer<NumberInterface> {
+
+    /**
+     * The plugin manager from which to draw the functions.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new number reducer.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the calculator instance.
+     */
+    public NumberReducer(Abacus abacus) {
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface reduceNode(TreeNode node, Object... children) {
+        if (node instanceof NumberNode) {
+            return ((NumberNode) node).getNumber();
+        } else if (node instanceof BinaryInfixNode) {
+            NumberInterface left = (NumberInterface) children[0];
+            NumberInterface right = (NumberInterface) children[1];
+            Function function = abacus.getPluginManager().operatorFor(((BinaryInfixNode) node).getOperation()).getFunction();
+            if (function == null) return null;
+            return function.apply(left, right);
+        } else if (node instanceof UnaryPrefixNode) {
+            NumberInterface child = (NumberInterface) children[0];
+            Function functionn = abacus.getPluginManager().operatorFor(((UnaryPrefixNode) node).getOperation()).getFunction();
+            if (functionn == null) return null;
+            return functionn.apply(child);
+        } else if (node instanceof FunctionNode) {
+            NumberInterface[] convertedChildren = new NumberInterface[children.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < convertedChildren.length; i++) {
+                convertedChildren[i] = (NumberInterface) children[i];
+            }
+            Function function = abacus.getPluginManager().functionFor(((FunctionNode) node).getFunction());
+            if (function == null) return null;
+            return function.apply(convertedChildren);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/Reducer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+/**
+ * Interface used to reduce a tree into a single value.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the value to reduce into.
+ */
+public interface Reducer<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Reduces the given tree into a single value of type T.
+     *
+     * @param node     the node being passed in to be reduced.
+     * @param children the already-reduced children of this node.
+     * @return the resulting value from the reduce.
+     */
+    public T reduceNode(TreeNode node, Object... children);
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TokenType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+/**
+ * Enum to represent the type of the token that has been matched
+ * by the lexer.
+ */
+public enum TokenType {
+
+    INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END(-1),
+    ANY(0), WHITESPACE(1), COMMA(2), OP(3), NUM(4), FUNCTION(5), OPEN_PARENTH(6), CLOSE_PARENTH(7);
+
+    /**
+     * The priority by which this token gets sorted.
+     */
+    public final int priority;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new token type with the given priority.
+     *
+     * @param priority the priority of this token type.
+     */
+    TokenType(int priority) {
+        this.priority = priority;
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+/**
+ * An abstract class that represents an expression tree node.
+ */
+public abstract class TreeNode {
+
+    /**
+     * The function that reduces a tree to a single vale.
+     *
+     * @param reducer the reducer used to reduce the tree.
+     * @param <T>     the type the reducer produces.
+     * @return the result of the reduction, or null on error.
+     */
+    public abstract <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer);
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/UnaryPrefixNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+public class UnaryPrefixNode extends TreeNode {
+
+    /**
+     * The operation this node will apply.
+     */
+    private String operation;
+    /**
+     * The tree node to apply the operation to.
+     */
+    private TreeNode applyTo;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new node with the given operation and no child.
+     *
+     * @param operation the operation for this node.
+     */
+    public UnaryPrefixNode(String operation) {
+        this(operation, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new node with the given operation and child.
+     *
+     * @param operation the operation for this node.
+     * @param applyTo   the node to apply the function to.
+     */
+    public UnaryPrefixNode(String operation, TreeNode applyTo) {
+        this.operation = operation;
+        this.applyTo = applyTo;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
+        Object reducedChild = applyTo.reduce(reducer);
+        if (reducedChild == null) return null;
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChild);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operation of this node.
+     *
+     * @return the operation this node performs.
+     */
+    public String getOperation() {
+        return operation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the node to which this node's operation applies.
+     *
+     * @return the tree node to which the operation will be applied.
+     */
+    public TreeNode getApplyTo() {
+        return applyTo;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "(" + (applyTo == null ? "null" : applyTo.toString()) + ")" + operation;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/window/HistoryTableModel.java

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.window;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A table model to store data about the history of inputs
+ * in the calculator.
+ */
+public class HistoryTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
+
+    /**
+     * Static array used to get the column names.
+     */
+    public static final String[] COLUMN_NAMES = {
+            "Input",
+            "Parsed Input",
+            "Output"
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Static array used to get the class of each column.
+     */
+    public static final Class[] CLASS_TYPES = {
+            String.class,
+            TreeNode.class,
+            String.class
+    };
+    /**
+     * The list of entries.
+     */
+    List<HistoryEntry> entries;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new empty history table model
+     */
+    public HistoryTableModel() {
+        entries = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an entry to the model.
+     *
+     * @param entry the entry to add.
+     */
+    public void addEntry(HistoryEntry entry) {
+        entries.add(entry);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getRowCount() {
+        return entries.size();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getColumnCount() {
+        return 3;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getColumnName(int columnIndex) {
+        return COLUMN_NAMES[columnIndex];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Class<?> getColumnClass(int columnIndex) {
+        return CLASS_TYPES[columnIndex];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isCellEditable(int rowIndex, int columnIndex) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getValueAt(int rowIndex, int columnIndex) {
+        return entries.get(rowIndex).nthValue(columnIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Class used specifically to hold data about
+     * the previous entries into the calculator.
+     */
+    public static class HistoryEntry {
+        public String input;
+        public TreeNode parsedInput;
+        public String output;
+
+        public HistoryEntry(String input, TreeNode parsedInput, String output) {
+            this.input = input;
+            this.parsedInput = parsedInput;
+            this.output = output;
+        }
+
+        Object nthValue(int n) {
+            if (n == 0) return input;
+            if (n == 1) return parsedInput;
+            if (n == 2) return output;
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/window/Window.java

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.window;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import javax.swing.*;
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection;
+import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
+import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter;
+import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
+
+/**
+ * The main UI window for the calculator.
+ */
+public class Window extends JFrame {
+
+    private static final String CALC_STRING = "Calculate";
+    private static final String SYNTAX_ERR_STRING = "Syntax Error";
+    private static final String EVAL_ERR_STRING = "Evaluation Error";
+    private static final String NUMBER_SYSTEM_LABEL = "Number Type:";
+    private static final String FUNCTION_LABEL = "Functions:";
+
+    /**
+     * Array of Strings to which the "calculate" button's text
+     * changes. For instance, in the graph tab, the name will
+     * be "Graph" and not "Calculate".
+     */
+    private static final String[] BUTTON_NAMES = {
+            CALC_STRING,
+            CALC_STRING
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Array of booleans that determine whether the input
+     * field and the input button are enabled at a particular
+     * index.
+     */
+    private static boolean[] INPUT_ENABLED = {
+            true,
+            false
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The instance of the Abacus class, used
+     * for interaction with plugins and configuration.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+    /**
+     * The last output by the calculator.
+     */
+    private String lastOutput;
+
+    /**
+     * The tabbed pane that separates calculator contexts.
+     */
+    private JTabbedPane pane;
+
+    /**
+     * The panel where the output occurs.
+     */
+    private JPanel calculationPanel;
+    /**
+     * The text area reserved for the last output.
+     */
+    private JTextArea lastOutputArea;
+    /**
+     * The table used for storing history results.
+     */
+    private JTable historyTable;
+    /**
+     * The table model used for managing history.
+     */
+    private HistoryTableModel historyModel;
+    /**
+     * The scroll pane for the history area.
+     */
+    private JScrollPane historyScroll;
+
+    /**
+     * The panel where the input occurs.
+     */
+    private JPanel inputPanel;
+    /**
+     * The input text field.
+     */
+    private JTextField inputField;
+    /**
+     * The "submit" button.
+     */
+    private JButton inputEnterButton;
+
+    /**
+     * The side panel for separate configuration.
+     */
+    private JPanel settingsPanel;
+    /**
+     * Panel for elements relating to number
+     * system selection.
+     */
+    private JPanel numberSystemPanel;
+    /**
+     * The possible list of number systems.
+     */
+    private JComboBox<String> numberSystemList;
+    /**
+     * The panel for elements relating to
+     * function selection.
+     */
+    private JPanel functionSelectPanel;
+    /**
+     * The list of functions available to the user.
+     */
+    private JComboBox<String> functionList;
+
+    /**
+     * Action listener that causes the input to be evaluated.
+     */
+    private ActionListener evaluateListener = (event) -> {
+        TreeNode parsedExpression = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
+        if (parsedExpression == null) {
+            lastOutputArea.setText(SYNTAX_ERR_STRING);
+            return;
+        }
+        NumberInterface numberInterface = abacus.evaluateTree(parsedExpression);
+        if (numberInterface == null) {
+            lastOutputArea.setText(EVAL_ERR_STRING);
+            return;
+        }
+        lastOutput = numberInterface.toString();
+        historyModel.addEntry(new HistoryTableModel.HistoryEntry(inputField.getText(), parsedExpression, lastOutput));
+        historyTable.invalidate();
+        lastOutputArea.setText(lastOutput);
+        inputField.setText("");
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Array of listeners that tell the input button how to behave
+     * at a given input tab.
+     */
+    private ActionListener[] listeners = {
+            evaluateListener,
+            null
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new window with the given manager.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the calculator instance to interact with other components.
+     */
+    public Window(Abacus abacus) {
+        this();
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new window.
+     */
+    private Window() {
+        super();
+
+        lastOutput = "";
+
+        setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
+        setSize(320, 480);
+
+        inputField = new JTextField();
+        inputEnterButton = new JButton(CALC_STRING);
+
+        inputPanel = new JPanel();
+        inputPanel.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
+        inputPanel.add(inputField, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+        inputPanel.add(inputEnterButton, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
+
+        historyModel = new HistoryTableModel();
+        historyTable = new JTable(historyModel);
+        historyScroll = new JScrollPane(historyTable);
+        lastOutputArea = new JTextArea(lastOutput);
+        lastOutputArea.setEditable(false);
+
+        calculationPanel = new JPanel();
+        calculationPanel.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
+        calculationPanel.add(historyScroll, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+        calculationPanel.add(lastOutputArea, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
+
+        numberSystemList = new JComboBox<>();
+
+        numberSystemPanel = new JPanel();
+        numberSystemPanel.setAlignmentX(Component.LEFT_ALIGNMENT);
+        numberSystemPanel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
+        numberSystemPanel.add(new JLabel(NUMBER_SYSTEM_LABEL));
+        numberSystemPanel.add(numberSystemList);
+        numberSystemPanel.setMaximumSize(numberSystemPanel.getPreferredSize());
+
+        functionList = new JComboBox<>();
+
+        functionSelectPanel = new JPanel();
+        functionSelectPanel.setAlignmentX(Component.LEFT_ALIGNMENT);
+        functionSelectPanel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
+        functionSelectPanel.add(new JLabel(FUNCTION_LABEL));
+        functionSelectPanel.add(functionList);
+        functionSelectPanel.setMaximumSize(functionSelectPanel.getPreferredSize());
+
+        settingsPanel = new JPanel();
+        settingsPanel.setAlignmentX(Component.LEFT_ALIGNMENT);
+        settingsPanel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(settingsPanel, BoxLayout.PAGE_AXIS));
+        settingsPanel.add(numberSystemPanel);
+        settingsPanel.add(functionSelectPanel);
+
+        pane = new JTabbedPane();
+        pane.add("Calculator", calculationPanel);
+        pane.add("Settings", settingsPanel);
+        pane.addChangeListener(e -> {
+            int selectionIndex = pane.getSelectedIndex();
+            boolean enabled = INPUT_ENABLED[selectionIndex];
+            ActionListener listener = listeners[selectionIndex];
+            inputEnterButton.setText(BUTTON_NAMES[selectionIndex]);
+            inputField.setEnabled(enabled);
+            inputEnterButton.setEnabled(enabled);
+
+            for (ActionListener removingListener : inputEnterButton.getActionListeners()) {
+                inputEnterButton.removeActionListener(removingListener);
+                inputField.removeActionListener(removingListener);
+            }
+            if (listener != null) {
+                inputEnterButton.addActionListener(listener);
+                inputField.addActionListener(listener);
+            }
+        });
+        add(pane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+        add(inputPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
+
+        inputEnterButton.addActionListener(evaluateListener);
+        inputField.addActionListener(evaluateListener);
+        historyTable.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
+            @Override
+            public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
+                Point clickPoint = e.getPoint();
+                if (e.getClickCount() == 2) {
+                    int row = historyTable.rowAtPoint(clickPoint);
+                    int column = historyTable.columnAtPoint(clickPoint);
+                    String toCopy = historyTable.getValueAt(row, column).toString();
+                    Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard().setContents(new StringSelection(toCopy), null);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setVisible(boolean b) {
+        super.setVisible(b);
+        if(b) inputField.requestFocusInWindow();
+    }
+}

src/main/resources/abacus.fxml

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+
+<?import javafx.geometry.Insets?>
+<?import javafx.scene.control.*?>
+<?import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane?>
+<?import javafx.scene.layout.VBox?>
+<?import javafx.scene.text.Text?>
+<BorderPane xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx"
+            xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml"
+            fx:controller="org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusController">
+    <center>
+        <TabPane>
+            <Tab text="Calculator" closable="false">
+                <BorderPane>
+                    <center>
+                        <TableView fx:id="historyTable">
+                            <columnResizePolicy>
+                                <TableView fx:constant="CONSTRAINED_RESIZE_POLICY"/>
+                            </columnResizePolicy>
+                            <columns>
+                                <TableColumn fx:id="inputColumn" text="Input" sortable="false"/>
+                                <TableColumn fx:id="parsedColumn" text="Parsed" sortable="false"/>
+                                <TableColumn fx:id="outputColumn" text="Output" sortable="false"/>
+                            </columns>
+                        </TableView>
+                    </center>
+                    <bottom>
+                        <VBox>
+                            <ScrollPane prefHeight="50" vbarPolicy="NEVER">
+                                <padding>
+                                    <Insets top="10" bottom="10" left="10" right="10"/>
+                                </padding>
+                                <Text fx:id="outputText"/>
+                            </ScrollPane>
+                            <TextField fx:id="inputField" onAction="#performCalculation"/>
+                            <Button fx:id="inputButton" text="Calculate" maxWidth="Infinity"
+                                    onAction="#performCalculation"/>
+                        </VBox>
+                    </bottom>
+                </BorderPane>
+            </Tab>
+            <Tab text="Settings" closable="false"/>
+        </TabPane>
+    </center>
+
+</BorderPane>

src/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.java

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus;
-
-public class Abacus {
-
-    public static void main(String[] args){
-        System.out.println("Hello world!");
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/Lexer.java

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.EndNode;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Pattern;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.PatternNode;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-
-public class Lexer<T> {
-
-    private ArrayList<Pattern<T>> patterns;
-
-    public Lexer(){
-        patterns = new ArrayList<>();
-    }
-
-    public void register(String pattern, T id){
-        Pattern<T> compiledPattern = new Pattern<>(pattern, id);
-        if(compiledPattern.getHead() != null) patterns.add(compiledPattern);
-    }
-
-    public Match<T> lexOne(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare){
-        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
-        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> currentSet = new HashSet<>();
-        HashSet<PatternNode<T>> futureSet = new HashSet<>();
-        int index = startAt;
-        for(Pattern<T> pattern : patterns){
-            pattern.getHead().addInto(currentSet);
-        }
-        while(!currentSet.isEmpty()){
-            for(PatternNode<T> node : currentSet){
-                if(index < from.length() && node.matches(from.charAt(index))) {
-                    node.addOutputsInto(futureSet);
-                } else if(node instanceof EndNode){
-                    matches.add(new Match<>(startAt, index, ((EndNode<T>) node).getPatternId()));
-                }
-            }
-
-            HashSet<PatternNode<T>> tmp = currentSet;
-            currentSet = futureSet;
-            futureSet = tmp;
-            futureSet.clear();
-
-            index++;
-        }
-        matches.sort((a, b) -> compare.compare(a.getType(), b.getType()));
-        if(compare != null) {
-            matches.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(a -> a.getTo() - a.getFrom()));
-        }
-        return matches.isEmpty() ? null : matches.get(matches.size() - 1);
-    }
-
-    public ArrayList<Match<T>> lexAll(String from, int startAt, Comparator<T> compare){
-        int index = startAt;
-        ArrayList<Match<T>> matches = new ArrayList<>();
-        Match<T> lastMatch = null;
-        while((lastMatch = lexOne(from, index, compare)) != null && index < from.length()){
-            if(lastMatch.getTo() == lastMatch.getFrom()) return null;
-            matches.add(lastMatch);
-            index += lastMatch.getTo() - lastMatch.getFrom();
-        }
-        return matches;
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/EndNode.java

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-public class EndNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
-
-    private T patternId;
-
-    public EndNode(T patternId){
-        this.patternId = patternId;
-    }
-
-    public T getPatternId(){
-        return patternId;
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/LinkNode.java

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collection;
-
-public class LinkNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
-
-    @Override
-    public void addInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into) {
-        addOutputsInto(into);
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Match.java

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-public class Match<T> {
-
-    private int from;
-    private int to;
-    private T type;
-
-    public Match(int from, int to, T type){
-        this.from = from;
-        this.to = to;
-        this.type = type;
-    }
-
-    public int getFrom() {
-        return from;
-    }
-
-    public int getTo() {
-        return to;
-    }
-
-    public T getType() {
-        return type;
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Pattern.java

@@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Stack;
-import java.util.function.Function;
-
-public class Pattern<T> {
-
-    private T id;
-    private PatternNode<T> head;
-    private String source;
-    private int index;
-
-    private HashMap<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>> operations =
-            new HashMap<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>>() {{
-                put('+', Pattern.this::transformPlus);
-                put('*', Pattern.this::transformStar);
-                put('?', Pattern.this::transformQuestion);
-            }};
-
-    private PatternChain<T> transformPlus(PatternChain<T> chain){
-        chain.tail.outputStates.add(chain.head);
-        return chain;
-    }
-
-    private PatternChain<T> transformStar(PatternChain<T> chain){
-        LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
-        LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
-        newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
-        newHead.outputStates.add(newTail);
-        chain.tail.outputStates.add(newTail);
-        newTail.outputStates.add(newHead);
-        chain.head = newHead;
-        chain.tail = newTail;
-        return chain;
-    }
-
-    private PatternChain<T> transformQuestion(PatternChain<T> chain){
-        LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
-        LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
-        newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
-        newHead.outputStates.add(newTail);
-        chain.tail.outputStates.add(newTail);
-        chain.head = newHead;
-        chain.tail = newTail;
-        return chain;
-    }
-
-    private PatternChain<T> combineChains(Collection<PatternChain<T>> collection){
-        LinkNode<T> head = new LinkNode<>();
-        LinkNode<T> tail = new LinkNode<>();
-        PatternChain<T> newChain = new PatternChain<>(head, tail);
-        for(PatternChain<T> chain : collection){
-            head.outputStates.add(chain.head);
-            chain.tail.outputStates.add(tail);
-        }
-        return newChain;
-    }
-
-    private PatternChain<T> parseValue(){
-        if(index >= source.length()) return null;
-        if(source.charAt(index) == '\\'){
-            if(++index >= source.length()) return null;
-        }
-        return new PatternChain<>(new ValueNode<>(source.charAt(index++)));
-    }
-
-    private PatternChain<T> parseOr(){
-        Stack<PatternChain<T>> orStack = new Stack<>();
-        index++;
-        while(index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ']'){
-            if(source.charAt(index) == '-'){
-                index++;
-                if(orStack.empty() || orStack.peek().tail.range() == '\0') return null;
-                PatternChain<T> bottomRange = orStack.pop();
-                PatternChain<T> topRange = parseValue();
-                if(topRange == null || topRange.tail.range() == '\0') return null;
-
-                orStack.push(new PatternChain<>(new RangeNode<>(bottomRange.tail.range(), topRange.tail.range())));
-            } else {
-                PatternChain<T> newChain = parseValue();
-                if(newChain == null) return null;
-                orStack.push(newChain);
-            }
-        }
-        if(index++ >= source.length()) return null;
-        return (orStack.size() == 1) ? orStack.pop() : combineChains(orStack);
-    }
-
-    private PatternChain<T> parseSegment(boolean isSubsegment){
-        if(index >= source.length() || ((source.charAt(index) != '(') && isSubsegment)) return null;
-        if(isSubsegment) index++;
-
-        Stack<PatternChain<T>> orChain = new Stack<>();
-        PatternChain<T> fullChain = new PatternChain<>();
-        PatternChain<T> currentChain = null;
-        while (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) != ')'){
-            char currentChar = source.charAt(index);
-            if(operations.containsKey(currentChar)){
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
-
-                currentChain = operations.get(currentChar).apply(currentChain);
-                fullChain.append(currentChain);
-                currentChain = null;
-                index++;
-            } else if(currentChar == '|'){
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
-
-                fullChain.append(currentChain);
-                orChain.push(fullChain);
-                currentChain = null;
-                fullChain = new PatternChain<>();
-                if(++index >= source.length()) return null;
-            } else if(currentChar == '('){
-                if(currentChain != null) {
-                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
-                }
-
-                currentChain = parseSegment(true);
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
-            } else if(currentChar == '['){
-                if(currentChain != null){
-                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
-                }
-                currentChain = parseOr();
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
-            } else if(currentChar == '.'){
-                if(currentChain != null){
-                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
-                }
-                currentChain = new PatternChain<>(new AnyNode<>());
-                index++;
-            } else {
-                if(currentChain != null){
-                    fullChain.append(currentChain);
-                }
-                currentChain = parseValue();
-                if(currentChain == null) return null;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if(!(!isSubsegment || (index < source.length() && source.charAt(index) == ')'))) return null;
-        if(isSubsegment) index++;
-
-        if(currentChain != null) fullChain.append(currentChain);
-        if(!orChain.empty()){
-            orChain.push(fullChain);
-            fullChain = combineChains(orChain);
-        }
-
-        return fullChain;
-    }
-
-    public Pattern(String from, T id){
-        this.id = id;
-        index = 0;
-        source = from;
-
-        PatternChain<T> chain = parseSegment(false);
-        if(chain == null) {
-            head = null;
-        } else {
-            chain.append(new EndNode<>(id));
-            head = chain.head;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public PatternNode<T> getHead() {
-        return head;
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/PatternChain.java

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-public class PatternChain<T> {
-
-    public PatternNode<T> head;
-    public PatternNode<T> tail;
-
-    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> head, PatternNode<T> tail){
-        this.head = head;
-        this.tail = tail;
-    }
-
-    public PatternChain(PatternNode<T> node){
-        this(node, node);
-    }
-
-    public PatternChain(){
-        this(null);
-    }
-
-    public void append(PatternChain<T> other){
-        if(other.head == null || tail == null) {
-            this.head = other.head;
-            this.tail = other.tail;
-        } else {
-            tail.outputStates.add(other.head);
-            tail = other.tail;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void append(PatternNode<T> node){
-        if(tail == null){
-            head = tail = node;
-        } else {
-            tail.outputStates.add(node);
-            tail = node;
-        }
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/PatternNode.java

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-
-public class PatternNode<T> {
-
-    protected HashSet<PatternNode<T>> outputStates;
-
-    public PatternNode(){
-        outputStates = new HashSet<>();
-    }
-
-    public boolean matches(char other){
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public char range(){
-        return '\0';
-    }
-
-    public void addInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into){
-        into.add(this);
-    }
-
-    public void addOutputsInto(Collection<PatternNode<T>> into){
-        outputStates.forEach(e -> e.addInto(into));
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/RangeNode.java

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-public class RangeNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
-
-    private char from;
-    private char to;
-
-    public RangeNode(char from, char to){
-        this.from = from;
-        this.to = to;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean matches(char other) {
-        return other >= from && other <= to;
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/ValueNode.java

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
-
-public class ValueNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
-
-    private char value;
-
-    public ValueNode(char value){
-        this.value = value;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean matches(char other) {
-        return other == value;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public char range() {
-        return value;
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/number/Function.java

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
-
-import java.util.HashMap;
-
-public abstract class Function {
-
-    private static final HashMap<Class<? extends Number>, Integer> priorityMap =
-            new HashMap<Class<? extends Number>, Integer>() {{
-                put(NaiveNumber.class, 0);
-            }};
-
-    protected abstract boolean matchesParams(Number[] params);
-    protected abstract Number applyInternal(Number[] params);
-
-    public Number apply(Number...params) {
-        if(!matchesParams(params)) return null;
-        return applyInternal(params);
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/number/FunctionDatabase.java

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
-
-import java.util.HashMap;
-
-public class FunctionDatabase {
-
-    private HashMap<String, Function> functions;
-
-    private void registerDefault(){
-
-        functions.put("+", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(Number[] params) {
-                return params.length >= 1;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected Number applyInternal(Number[] params) {
-                Number sum = params[0];
-                for(int i = 1; i < params.length; i++){
-                    sum = sum.add(params[i]);
-                }
-                return sum;
-            }
-        });
-
-        functions.put("-", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(Number[] params) {
-                return params.length == 2;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected Number applyInternal(Number[] params) {
-                return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
-            }
-        });
-
-        functions.put("*", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(Number[] params) {
-                return params.length >= 1;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected Number applyInternal(Number[] params) {
-                Number product = params[1];
-                for(int i = 1; i < params.length; i++){
-                    product = product.multiply(params[i]);
-                }
-                return product;
-            }
-        });
-
-        functions.put("/", new Function() {
-            @Override
-            protected boolean matchesParams(Number[] params) {
-                return params.length == 2;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            protected Number applyInternal(Number[] params) {
-                return params[0].divide(params[1]);
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    public FunctionDatabase(){
-        functions = new HashMap<>();
-        registerDefault();
-    }
-
-    public Function getFunction(String name){
-        return functions.get(name);
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
-
-public class NaiveNumber implements Number {
-
-    private double value;
-
-    public NaiveNumber(double value) {
-        this.value = value;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int precision() {
-        return 4;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number multiply(Number multiplier) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value * ((NaiveNumber)multiplier).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number divide(Number divisor) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value / ((NaiveNumber)divisor).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number add(Number summand) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value + ((NaiveNumber)summand).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number subtract(Number subtrahend) {
-        return new NaiveNumber(value - ((NaiveNumber)subtrahend).value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number negate() {
-        return new NaiveNumber(-value);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number zero() {
-        return new NaiveNumber(0);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number one() {
-        return new NaiveNumber(1);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Number promoteTo(Class<? extends Number> toClass) {
-        if(toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
-        return null;
-    }
-}
-

src/org/nwapw/abacus/number/Number.java

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
-
-public interface Number {
-
-    int precision();
-    Number multiply(Number multiplier);
-    Number divide(Number divisor);
-    Number add(Number summand);
-    Number subtract(Number subtrahend);
-    Number negate();
-
-    Number zero();
-    Number one();
-
-    Number promoteTo(Class<? extends Number> toClass);
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberNode.java

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.Number;
-
-public class NumberNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    private Number number;
-
-    public NumberNode(){
-        number = null;
-    }
-
-    public NumberNode(double value){
-        number = new NaiveNumber(value);
-    }
-
-    public NumberNode(String value){
-        this(Double.parseDouble(value));
-    }
-
-    public Number getNumber() {
-        return number;
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/OpNode.java

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-public class OpNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    private String operation;
-    private TreeNode left;
-    private TreeNode right;
-
-    public OpNode(String operation){
-        this(operation, null, null);
-    }
-
-    public OpNode(String operation, TreeNode left, TreeNode right){
-        this.operation = operation;
-        this.left = left;
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-
-    public String getOperation() {
-        return operation;
-    }
-
-    public TreeNode getLeft() {
-        return left;
-    }
-
-    public void setLeft(TreeNode left) {
-        this.left = left;
-    }
-
-    public TreeNode getRight() {
-        return right;
-    }
-
-    public void setRight(TreeNode right) {
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/OperatorAssociativity.java

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-public enum OperatorAssociativity {
-    LEFT, RIGHT
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TokenType.java

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-public enum TokenType {
-
-    ANY(0), OP(1), NUM(2), WORD(3), OPEN_PARENTH(4), CLOSE_PARENTH(5);
-
-    public final int priority;
-
-    TokenType(int priority){
-        this.priority = priority;
-    }
-
-}

src/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeNode.java

@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
-
-import java.util.*;
-
-public abstract class TreeNode {
-
-    private static Lexer<TokenType> lexer = new Lexer<TokenType>(){{
-        register(".", TokenType.ANY);
-        register("\\+|-|\\*|/|^", TokenType.OP);
-        register("[0-9]+(\\.[0-9]+)?", TokenType.NUM);
-        register("[a-zA-Z]+", TokenType.WORD);
-        register("\\(", TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH);
-        register("\\)", TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH);
-    }};
-    private static HashMap<String, Integer> precedenceMap = new HashMap<String, Integer>(){{
-        put("+", 0);
-        put("-", 0);
-        put("*", 1);
-        put("/", 1);
-        put("^", 2);
-    }};
-    private static HashMap<String, OperatorAssociativity> associativityMap =
-            new HashMap<String, OperatorAssociativity>() {{
-                put("+", OperatorAssociativity.LEFT);
-                put("-", OperatorAssociativity.LEFT);
-                put("*", OperatorAssociativity.LEFT);
-                put("/", OperatorAssociativity.LEFT);
-                put("^", OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT);
-            }};
-
-    private static Comparator<TokenType> tokenSorter = Comparator.comparingInt(e -> e.priority);
-
-    public static ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> tokenize(String string){
-        return lexer.lexAll(string, 0, tokenSorter);
-    }
-
-    public static ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> intoPostfix(String source, ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> from){
-        ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> output = new ArrayList<>();
-        Stack<Match<TokenType>> tokenStack = new Stack<>();
-        while(!from.isEmpty()){
-            Match<TokenType> match = from.remove(0);
-            if(match.getType() == TokenType.NUM) {
-                output.add(match);
-            } else if(match.getType() == TokenType.OP){
-                String tokenString = source.substring(match.getFrom(), match.getTo());
-                int precedence = precedenceMap.get(tokenString);
-                OperatorAssociativity associativity = associativityMap.get(tokenString);
-
-                while(!tokenStack.empty()) {
-                    Match<TokenType> otherMatch = tokenStack.peek();
-                    if(otherMatch.getType() != TokenType.OP) break;
-
-                    int otherPrecdence = precedenceMap.get(source.substring(otherMatch.getFrom(), otherMatch.getTo()));
-                    if(otherPrecdence < precedence ||
-                            (associativity == OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT && otherPrecdence == precedence)) {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
-                }
-                tokenStack.push(match);
-            } else if(match.getType() == TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH){
-                tokenStack.push(match);
-            } else if(match.getType() == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH){
-                while(!tokenStack.empty() && tokenStack.peek().getType() != TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH){
-                    output.add(tokenStack.pop());
-                }
-                if(tokenStack.empty()) return null;
-                tokenStack.pop();
-            }
-        }
-        while(!tokenStack.empty()){
-            if(!(tokenStack.peek().getType() == TokenType.OP)) return null;
-            output.add(tokenStack.pop());
-        }
-        return output;
-    }
-
-    public static TreeNode fromStringRecursive(String source, ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> matches){
-        if(matches.size() == 0) return null;
-        Match<TokenType> match = matches.remove(0);
-        if(match.getType() == TokenType.OP){
-            TreeNode right = fromStringRecursive(source, matches);
-            TreeNode left = fromStringRecursive(source, matches);
-            if(left == null || right == null) return null;
-            else return new OpNode(source.substring(match.getFrom(), match.getTo()), left, right);
-        } else if(match.getType() == TokenType.NUM){
-            return new NumberNode(Double.parseDouble(source.substring(match.getFrom(), match.getTo())));
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public static TreeNode fromString(String string){
-        ArrayList<Match<TokenType>> matches = intoPostfix(string, tokenize(string));
-        if(matches == null) return null;
-
-        Collections.reverse(matches);
-        return fromStringRecursive(string, matches);
-    }
-
-}

src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/LexerTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class LexerTests {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicSuccess() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("abc", 0);
+        lexer.register("def", 1);
+        List<Match<Integer>> matchedIntegers = lexer.lexAll("abcdefabc", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(matchedIntegers);
+        Assert.assertEquals(matchedIntegers.get(0).getType(), Integer.valueOf(0));
+        Assert.assertEquals(matchedIntegers.get(1).getType(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+        Assert.assertEquals(matchedIntegers.get(2).getType(), Integer.valueOf(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicFailure() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("abc", 0);
+        lexer.register("def", 1);
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("abcdefabcz", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoPatterns() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("abcdefabc", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyMatches() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a?", 0);
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOneOrMore() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a+", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testZeroOrMore() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a*", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testZeroOrOne() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a?", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 4);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGreedyMatching() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("a*a", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("aaaa", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAnyCharacter() {
+        String testString = "abcdef";
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register(".", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll(testString, 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), testString.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < tokens.size(); i++) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(testString.substring(i, i + 1), tokens.get(i).getContent());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicGroup() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("(abc)", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("abc", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.get(0).getContent(), "abc");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicRangeSuccess() {
+        String testString = "abcdef";
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("[a-f]", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll(testString, 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(testString.length(), tokens.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < tokens.size(); i++) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(testString.substring(i, i + 1), tokens.get(i).getContent());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicRangeFailure() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("[a-f]", 0);
+        Assert.assertNull(lexer.lexAll("g", 0, Integer::compare));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGroupAndOperator() {
+        Lexer<Integer> lexer = new Lexer<>();
+        lexer.register("(abc)+", 0);
+        List<Match<Integer>> tokens = lexer.lexAll("abcabc", 0, Integer::compare);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokens);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokens.size(), 1);
+    }
+
+}

src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/TokenizerTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.Plugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TokenType;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class TokenizerTests {
+
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus();
+    private static LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
+    private static Function subtractFunction = new Function() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
+        }
+    };
+    private static Plugin testPlugin = new Plugin(abacus.getPluginManager()) {
+        @Override
+        public void onEnable() {
+            registerOperator("+", new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
+                    0, subtractFunction));
+            registerOperator("-", new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
+                    0, subtractFunction));
+            registerFunction("subtract", subtractFunction);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisable() {
+
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static void assertTokensMatch(List<Match<TokenType>> tokenList, TokenType[] expectedTypes) {
+        Assert.assertNotNull(tokenList);
+        Assert.assertEquals(tokenList.size(), expectedTypes.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < expectedTypes.length; i++) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(expectedTypes[i], tokenList.get(i).getType());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void prepareTests() {
+        abacus.getPluginManager().addListener(lexerTokenizer);
+        abacus.getPluginManager().addInstantiated(testPlugin);
+        abacus.getPluginManager().load();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInteger() {
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("11"), new TokenType[]{TokenType.NUM});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLeadingZeroDecimal() {
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("0.1"), new TokenType[]{TokenType.NUM});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonLeadingDecimal() {
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString(".1"), new TokenType[]{TokenType.NUM});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSimpleChars() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH,
+                TokenType.WHITESPACE,
+                TokenType.COMMA,
+                TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("( ,)"), types);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFunctionParsing() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.FUNCTION,
+                TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH,
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.COMMA,
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("subtract(1,2)"), types);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOperatorParsing() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.OP,
+                TokenType.NUM
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("1-1"), types);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSanitizedOperators() {
+        TokenType[] types = {
+                TokenType.NUM,
+                TokenType.OP,
+                TokenType.NUM
+        };
+        assertTokensMatch(lexerTokenizer.tokenizeString("1+1"), types);
+    }
+
+}