Write a RationalNumber class.

# Conflicts:
#	src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

build.gradle

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+plugins {
+    id 'java'
+    id 'application'
+    id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm' version '1.1.3'
+}
 apply plugin: 'java'
 apply plugin: 'application'
 
@@ -6,7 +11,9 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
+    compile group: 'org.apache.commons', name: 'commons-math3', version: '3.6.1'
     compile 'com.moandjiezana.toml:toml4j:0.7.1'
+    compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jre8"
     testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
 }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.java

@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ public class Abacus {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new instance of the Abacus calculator.
+     *
+     * @param configuration the configuration object for this Abacus instance.
      */
     public Abacus(Configuration configuration) {
         pluginManager = new PluginManager(this);

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/config/Configuration.java

@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ public class Configuration {
      */
     private static final TomlWriter TOML_WRITER = new TomlWriter();
 
+    /**
+     * The computation delay for which the thread can run without interruption.
+     */
+    private double computationDelay = 0;
     /**
      * The implementation of the number that should be used.
      */
@@ -51,10 +55,12 @@ public class Configuration {
     /**
      * Creates a new configuration with the given values.
      *
+     * @param computationDelay     the delay before the computation gets killed.
      * @param numberImplementation the number implementation, like "naive" or "precise"
      * @param disabledPlugins      the list of disabled plugins.
      */
-    public Configuration(String numberImplementation, String[] disabledPlugins) {
+    public Configuration(double computationDelay, String numberImplementation, String[] disabledPlugins) {
+        this.computationDelay = computationDelay;
         this.numberImplementation = numberImplementation;
         this.disabledPlugins.addAll(Arrays.asList(disabledPlugins));
     }
@@ -75,6 +81,7 @@ public class Configuration {
      * @param otherConfiguration the configuration to copy from.
      */
     public void copyFrom(Configuration otherConfiguration) {
+        this.computationDelay = otherConfiguration.computationDelay;
         this.numberImplementation = otherConfiguration.numberImplementation;
         this.disabledPlugins.addAll(otherConfiguration.disabledPlugins);
     }
@@ -130,4 +137,23 @@ public class Configuration {
         return disabledPlugins;
     }
 
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the computation delay specified in the configuration.
+     *
+     * @return the computaton delay.
+     */
+    public double getComputationDelay() {
+        return computationDelay;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the computation delay.
+     *
+     * @param computationDelay the new computation delay.
+     */
+    public void setComputationDelay(double computationDelay) {
+        this.computationDelay = computationDelay;
+    }
+
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Operator.java

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
-
-/**
- * A class that represents a single infix operator.
- */
-public class Operator {
-
-    /**
-     * The associativity of the operator.
-     */
-    private OperatorAssociativity associativity;
-    /**
-     * The type of this operator.
-     */
-    private OperatorType type;
-    /**
-     * The precedence of the operator.
-     */
-    private int precedence;
-    /**
-     * The function that is called by this operator.
-     */
-    private Function function;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operator with the given parameters.
-     *
-     * @param associativity the associativity of the operator.
-     * @param precedence    the precedence of the operator.
-     * @param function      the function that the operator calls.
-     */
-    public Operator(OperatorAssociativity associativity, OperatorType operatorType, int precedence, Function function) {
-        this.associativity = associativity;
-        this.type = operatorType;
-        this.precedence = precedence;
-        this.function = function;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's associativity.
-     *
-     * @return the associativity.
-     */
-    public OperatorAssociativity getAssociativity() {
-        return associativity;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's type.
-     *
-     * @return the type.
-     */
-    public OperatorType getType() {
-        return type;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's precedence.
-     *
-     * @return the precedence.
-     */
-    public int getPrecedence() {
-        return precedence;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's function.
-     *
-     * @return the function.
-     */
-    public Function getFunction() {
-        return function;
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusApplication.java

@@ -12,13 +12,25 @@ import javafx.stage.Stage;
  */
 public class AbacusApplication extends Application {
 
+    /**
+     * The controller currently managing the application.
+     */
+    private AbacusController controller;
+
     @Override
     public void start(Stage primaryStage) throws Exception {
-        Parent parent = FXMLLoader.load(getClass().getResource("/abacus.fxml"));
+        FXMLLoader loader = new FXMLLoader(getClass().getResource("/abacus.fxml"));
+        Parent parent = loader.load();
+        controller = loader.getController();
         Scene mainScene = new Scene(parent, 320, 480);
         primaryStage.setScene(mainScene);
         primaryStage.setTitle("Abacus");
         primaryStage.show();
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public void stop() throws Exception {
+        super.stop();
+        controller.performStop();
+    }
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
 
 import javafx.application.Platform;
+import javafx.beans.value.ChangeListener;
+import javafx.beans.value.ObservableValue;
 import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
 import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
+import javafx.collections.transformation.FilteredList;
 import javafx.fxml.FXML;
 import javafx.scene.control.*;
 import javafx.scene.control.cell.CheckBoxListCell;
@@ -11,6 +14,7 @@ import javafx.util.Callback;
 import javafx.util.StringConverter;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.ComputationInterruptedException;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.ClassFinder;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
@@ -58,6 +62,10 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
      * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are stopped before they are done.
      */
     private static final String ERR_STOP = "Stopped";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are interrupted by an exception.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_EXCEPTION = "Exception Thrown";
     @FXML
     private TabPane coreTabPane;
     @FXML
@@ -65,6 +73,8 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     @FXML
     private Tab settingsTab;
     @FXML
+    private Tab functionListTab;
+    @FXML
     private TableView<HistoryModel> historyTable;
     @FXML
     private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> inputColumn;
@@ -79,9 +89,17 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     @FXML
     private Button inputButton;
     @FXML
+    private Button stopButton;
+    @FXML
     private ComboBox<String> numberImplementationBox;
     @FXML
     private ListView<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPluginView;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField computationLimitField;
+    @FXML
+    private ListView<String> functionListView;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField functionListSearchField;
 
     /**
      * The list of history entries, created by the users.
@@ -95,30 +113,23 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     private ObservableList<String> numberImplementationOptions;
 
     /**
-     * <<<<<<< HEAD
      * The list of plugin objects that can be toggled on and off,
      * and, when reloaded, get added to the plugin manager's black list.
      */
     private ObservableList<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPlugins;
+    /**
+     * The list of functions that are registered in the calculator.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<String> functionList;
+    /**
+     * The filtered list displayed to the user.
+     */
+    private FilteredList<String> functionFilter;
 
     /**
      * The abacus instance used for changing the plugin configuration.
      */
     private Abacus abacus;
-    /**
-     * Thread used for calculating.
-     */
-    private Thread calcThread;
-
-    /**
-     * Checks whether the calculator is calculating.
-     */
-    private boolean calculating;
-
-    /**
-     * Seconds delayed for timer;
-     */
-    private double delay = 0;
 
     /**
      * Boolean which represents whether changes were made to the configuration.
@@ -132,6 +143,62 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
      * The alert shown when a press to "apply" is needed.
      */
     private Alert reloadAlert;
+    /**
+     * The runnable that takes care of killing computations that take too long.
+     */
+    private final Runnable TIMER_RUNNABLE = () -> {
+        try {
+            Configuration abacusConfig = abacus.getConfiguration();
+            if(abacusConfig.getComputationDelay() == 0) return;
+            Thread.sleep((long) (abacusConfig.getComputationDelay() * 1000));
+            performStop();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The runnable used to perform the calculation.
+     */
+    private final Runnable CALCULATION_RUNNABLE = new Runnable() {
+
+        private String attemptCalculation(){
+            try {
+                TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
+                if (constructedTree == null) {
+                    return ERR_SYNTAX;
+                }
+                NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
+                if (evaluatedNumber == null) {
+                    return ERR_EVAL;
+                }
+                String resultingString = evaluatedNumber.toString();
+                historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), resultingString));
+                return resultingString;
+            } catch (ComputationInterruptedException exception) {
+                return ERR_STOP;
+            } catch (RuntimeException exception){
+                exception.printStackTrace();
+                return ERR_EXCEPTION;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            String calculation = attemptCalculation();
+            Platform.runLater(() -> {
+                outputText.setText(calculation);
+                inputField.setText("");
+                inputButton.setDisable(false);
+                stopButton.setDisable(true);
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The thread that is waiting to pause the calculation.
+     */
+    private Thread computationLimitThread;
+    /**
+     * The thread in which the computation runs.
+     */
+    private Thread calculationThread;
 
     /**
      * Alerts the user if the changes they made
@@ -149,7 +216,7 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         Callback<TableColumn<HistoryModel, String>, TableCell<HistoryModel, String>> cellFactory =
                 param -> new CopyableCell<>();
         Callback<ListView<ToggleablePlugin>, ListCell<ToggleablePlugin>> pluginCellFactory =
-                param -> new CheckBoxListCell<>(ToggleablePlugin::enabledProperty, new StringConverter<ToggleablePlugin>() {
+                param -> new CheckBoxListCell<>(ToggleablePlugin::getEnabledProperty, new StringConverter<ToggleablePlugin>() {
                     @Override
                     public String toString(ToggleablePlugin object) {
                         return object.getClassName().substring(object.getClassName().lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
@@ -157,10 +224,15 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
 
                     @Override
                     public ToggleablePlugin fromString(String string) {
-                        return new ToggleablePlugin(true, string);
+                        return new ToggleablePlugin(string, true);
                     }
                 });
 
+        functionList = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        functionFilter = new FilteredList<>(functionList, (s) -> true);
+        functionListView.setItems(functionFilter);
+        functionListSearchField.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) ->
+                functionFilter.setPredicate((newValue.length() == 0) ? ((s) -> true) : ((s) -> s.contains(newValue))));
         historyData = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
         historyTable.setItems(historyData);
         numberImplementationOptions = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
@@ -171,11 +243,11 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         enabledPluginView.setItems(enabledPlugins);
         enabledPluginView.setCellFactory(pluginCellFactory);
         inputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
-        inputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().inputProperty());
+        inputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().getInputProperty());
         parsedColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
-        parsedColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().parsedProperty());
+        parsedColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().getParsedProperty());
         outputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
-        outputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().outputProperty());
+        outputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().getOutputProperty());
         coreTabPane.getSelectionModel().selectedItemProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
             if (oldValue.equals(settingsTab)) alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
         });
@@ -191,6 +263,15 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         }
         abacusPluginManager.reload();
 
+        computationLimitField.setText(Double.toString(abacus.getConfiguration().getComputationDelay()));
+        computationLimitField.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
+            if(!newValue.matches("(\\d+(\\.\\d*)?)?")) {
+                computationLimitField.setText(oldValue);
+            } else {
+                changesMade = true;
+            }
+        });
+
         changesMade = false;
         reloadAlertShown = false;
 
@@ -201,68 +282,29 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     }
 
     @FXML
-    private void performCalculation() {
-        Runnable calculator = new Runnable() {
-            public void run() {
-                if (delay > 0) {
-                    Runnable timer = new Runnable() {
-                        public void run() {
-                            long gap = (long) (delay * 1000);
-                            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
-                            while (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime <= gap) {
-                            }
-                            stopCalculation();
-                        }
-                    };
-                    Thread maxTime = new Thread(timer);
-                    maxTime.setName("maxTime");
-                    maxTime.start();
-                }
-                calculating = true;
-                Platform.runLater(() -> inputButton.setDisable(true));
-                TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
-                if (constructedTree == null) {
-                    Platform.runLater(() -> outputText.setText(ERR_SYNTAX));
-                    Platform.runLater(() -> inputButton.setDisable(false));
-                    //return;
-                } else {
-                    NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
-                    if (evaluatedNumber == null) {
-                        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
-                            Platform.runLater(() -> outputText.setText(ERR_STOP));
-                            Platform.runLater(() -> inputButton.setDisable(false));
-                        } else {
-                            Platform.runLater(() -> outputText.setText(ERR_EVAL));
-                            Platform.runLater(() -> inputButton.setDisable(false));
-                            //return;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        Platform.runLater(() -> outputText.setText(evaluatedNumber.toString()));
-                        historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), evaluatedNumber.toString()));
+    public void performCalculation() {
+        inputButton.setDisable(true);
+        stopButton.setDisable(false);
+        calculationThread = new Thread(CALCULATION_RUNNABLE);
+        calculationThread.start();
+        computationLimitThread = new Thread(TIMER_RUNNABLE);
+        computationLimitThread.start();
+    }
 
-                        Platform.runLater(() -> inputButton.setDisable(false));
-                        Platform.runLater(() -> inputField.setText(""));
-                    }
-                }
-                calculating = false;
-            }
-        };
-        if (!calculating) {
-            calcThread = new Thread(calculator);
-            calcThread.setName("calcThread");
-            calcThread.start();
+    @FXML
+    public void performStop(){
+        if(calculationThread != null) {
+            calculationThread.interrupt();
+            calculationThread = null;
+        }
+        if(computationLimitThread != null){
+            computationLimitThread.interrupt();
+            computationLimitThread = null;
         }
     }
 
     @FXML
-    private void stopCalculation() {
-        calcThread.interrupt();
-        calculating = false;
-        //Platform.runLater(() ->inputButton.setDisable(false));
-    }
-
-    @FXML
-    private void performSaveAndReload() {
+    public void performSaveAndReload() {
         performSave();
         performReload();
         changesMade = false;
@@ -270,13 +312,13 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     }
 
     @FXML
-    private void performReload() {
+    public void performReload() {
         alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
         abacus.getPluginManager().reload();
     }
 
     @FXML
-    private void performSave() {
+    public void performSave() {
         Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
         configuration.setNumberImplementation(numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem());
         Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
@@ -284,6 +326,8 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         for (ToggleablePlugin pluginEntry : enabledPlugins) {
             if (!pluginEntry.isEnabled()) disabledPlugins.add(pluginEntry.getClassName());
         }
+        if(computationLimitField.getText().matches("\\d*(\\.\\d+)?") && computationLimitField.getText().length() != 0)
+            configuration.setComputationDelay(Double.parseDouble(computationLimitField.getText()));
         configuration.saveTo(CONFIG_FILE);
         changesMade = false;
         reloadAlertShown = false;
@@ -299,15 +343,19 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().select(toSelect);
         for (Class<?> pluginClass : abacus.getPluginManager().getLoadedPluginClasses()) {
             String fullName = pluginClass.getName();
-            ToggleablePlugin plugin = new ToggleablePlugin(!disabledPlugins.contains(fullName), fullName);
-            plugin.enabledProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
+            ToggleablePlugin plugin = new ToggleablePlugin(fullName, !disabledPlugins.contains(fullName));
+            plugin.getEnabledProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
             enabledPlugins.add(plugin);
         }
+        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllFunctions());
+        functionList.sort(String::compareTo);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
+        functionList.clear();
         enabledPlugins.clear();
         numberImplementationOptions.clear();
     }
+
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/HistoryModel.java

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
-
-import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty;
-import javafx.beans.property.StringProperty;
-
-/**
- * The data model used for storing history entries.
- */
-public class HistoryModel {
-
-    /**
-     * The property used for displaying the column
-     * for the user input.
-     */
-    private final StringProperty input;
-    /**
-     * The property used for displaying the column
-     * that contains the parsed input.
-     */
-    private final StringProperty parsed;
-    /**
-     * The property used for displaying the column
-     * that contains the program output.
-     */
-    private final StringProperty output;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new history model with the given variables.
-     *
-     * @param input  the user input
-     * @param parsed the parsed input
-     * @param output the program output.
-     */
-    public HistoryModel(String input, String parsed, String output) {
-        this.input = new SimpleStringProperty();
-        this.parsed = new SimpleStringProperty();
-        this.output = new SimpleStringProperty();
-        this.input.setValue(input);
-        this.parsed.setValue(parsed);
-        this.output.setValue(output);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the input property.
-     *
-     * @return the input property.
-     */
-    public StringProperty inputProperty() {
-        return input;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the input.
-     *
-     * @return the input.
-     */
-    public String getInput() {
-        return input.get();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the parsed input property.
-     *
-     * @return the parsed input property.
-     */
-    public StringProperty parsedProperty() {
-        return parsed;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the parsed input.
-     *
-     * @return the parsed input.
-     */
-    public String getParsed() {
-        return parsed.get();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the output property.
-     *
-     * @return the output property.
-     */
-    public StringProperty outputProperty() {
-        return output;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the program output.
-     *
-     * @return the output.
-     */
-    public String getOutput() {
-        return output.get();
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ToggleablePlugin.java

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
-
-import javafx.beans.property.BooleanProperty;
-import javafx.beans.property.SimpleBooleanProperty;
-
-/**
- * Class that represents an entry in the plugin check box list.
- * The changes from this property are written to the config on application.
- */
-public class ToggleablePlugin {
-
-    /**
-     * The property that determines whether the plugin will be enabled.
-     */
-    private final BooleanProperty enabled;
-    /**
-     * The name of the class this entry toggles.
-     */
-    private final String className;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new toggleable plugin with the given properties.
-     *
-     * @param enabled   the enabled / disabled state at the beginning.
-     * @param className the name of the class this plugin toggles.
-     */
-    public ToggleablePlugin(boolean enabled, String className) {
-        this.enabled = new SimpleBooleanProperty();
-        this.enabled.setValue(enabled);
-        this.className = className;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the enabled property of this plugin.
-     *
-     * @return the enabled property.
-     */
-    public BooleanProperty enabledProperty() {
-        return enabled;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if this plugin entry should be enabled.
-     *
-     * @return whether this plugin will be enabled.
-     */
-    public boolean isEnabled() {
-        return enabled.get();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the class name this plugin toggles.
-     *
-     * @return the class name that should be disabled.
-     */
-    public String getClassName() {
-        return className;
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/ValueNode.java

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public class ValueNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
     /**
      * Creates a new node that matches the given character.
      *
-     * @param value
+     * @param value the character value of the node.
      */
     public ValueNode(char value) {
         this.value = value;

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/ComputationInterruptedException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when the computation is interrupted by
+ * the user.
+ */
+public class ComputationInterruptedException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception of this type.
+     */
+    public ComputationInterruptedException(){
+        super("Computation interrupted by user.");
+    }
+
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
 /**
  * An implementation of NumberInterface using a double.
  */
-public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
+public class NaiveNumber extends NumberInterface {
 
     /**
      * The number zero.
@@ -42,32 +42,32 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value * ((NaiveNumber) multiplier).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value / ((NaiveNumber) divisor).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value + ((NaiveNumber) summand).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value - ((NaiveNumber) subtrahend).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface negate() {
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(-value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
         if (exponent == 0) {
             return NaiveNumber.ONE;
         }
@@ -95,17 +95,17 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface ceiling() {
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(Math.ceil(value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface floor() {
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(Math.floor(value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface fractionalPart() {
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(value - Math.floor(value));
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+    public NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
         if (toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
         else if (toClass == PreciseNumber.class) {
             return new PreciseNumber(Double.toString(value));
@@ -128,5 +128,9 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
         return Double.toString(Math.round(value * shiftBy) / shiftBy);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface getMaxError(){
+        return new NaiveNumber(Math.pow(10, -18));
+    }
 }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.java

@@ -3,14 +3,22 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
 /**
  * An interface used to represent a number.
  */
-public interface NumberInterface {
+public abstract class NumberInterface {
 
+    /**
+     * Check if the thread was interrupted and
+     * throw an exception to end the computation.
+     */
+    private static void checkInterrupted(){
+        if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
+            throw new ComputationInterruptedException();
+    }
     /**
      * The maximum precision to which this number operates.
      *
      * @return the precision.
      */
-    int getMaxPrecision();
+    public abstract int getMaxPrecision();
 
     /**
      * Multiplies this number by another, returning
@@ -19,7 +27,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param multiplier the multiplier
      * @return the result of the multiplication.
      */
-    NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier);
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return multiplyInternal(multiplier);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Divides this number by another, returning
@@ -28,7 +50,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param divisor the divisor
      * @return the result of the division.
      */
-    NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor);
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return divideInternal(divisor);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Adds this number to another, returning
@@ -37,7 +73,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param summand the summand
      * @return the result of the summation.
      */
-    NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return addInternal(summand);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Subtracts another number from this number,
@@ -46,7 +96,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
      * @return the result of the subtraction.
      */
-    NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return subtractInternal(subtrahend);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Returns a new instance of this number with
@@ -54,7 +118,21 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      *
      * @return the new instance.
      */
-    NumberInterface negate();
+    protected abstract NumberInterface negateInternal();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of this number with
+     * the sign flipped. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface negate(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return negateInternal();
+    }
 
     /**
      * Raises this number to an integer power.
@@ -62,7 +140,20 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
      * @return the resulting value.
      */
-    NumberInterface intPow(int exponent);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent);
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface intPow(int exponent){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return intPowInternal(exponent);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Compares this number to another.
@@ -70,43 +161,78 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param number the number to compare to.
      * @return same as Integer.compare();
      */
-    int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
+    public abstract int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
 
     /**
      * Same as Math.signum().
      *
      * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
      */
-    int signum();
+    public abstract int signum();
 
     /**
      * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
      *
-     * @return the least integer >= the number, if int can hold the value.
+     * @return the least integer greater or equal to the number, if int can hold the value.
      */
-    NumberInterface ceiling();
+    protected abstract NumberInterface ceilingInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the least integer bigger or equal to the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface ceiling(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return ceilingInternal();
+    }
 
     /**
      * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
      *
-     * @return the greatest int >= the number, if int can hold the value.
+     * @return the greatest integer smaller or equal the number.
      */
-    NumberInterface floor();
+    protected abstract NumberInterface floorInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest int smaller than or equal to the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface floor(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return floorInternal();
+    }
 
     /**
      * Returns the fractional part of the number.
      *
      * @return the fractional part of the number.
      */
-    NumberInterface fractionalPart();
+    protected abstract NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number, specifically x - floor(x).
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted,
+     * and if so, throws an exception.
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface fractionalPart(){
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return fractionalPartInternal();
+    }
 
     /**
      * Returns the integer representation of this number, discarding any fractional part,
      * if int can hold the value.
      *
-     * @return
+     * @return the integer value of this number.
      */
-    int intValue();
+    public abstract int intValue();
 
     /**
      * Promotes this class to another number class.
@@ -114,6 +240,26 @@ public interface NumberInterface {
      * @param toClass the class to promote to.
      * @return the resulting new instance.
      */
-    NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
+    protected abstract NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
+
+    /**
+     * Promotes this class to another number class. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param toClass the class to promote to.
+     * @return the resulting new instance.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return promoteToInternal(toClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the smallest error this instance can tolerate depending
+     * on its precision and value.
+     * @return the smallest error that should be permitted in calculations.
+     */
+    public abstract NumberInterface getMaxError();
 
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/PreciseNumber.java

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
 
 import java.math.BigDecimal;
-import java.math.RoundingMode;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.math.MathContext;
 
 /**
  * A number that uses a BigDecimal to store its value,
  * leading to infinite possible precision.
  */
-public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
+public class PreciseNumber extends NumberInterface {
 
     /**
      * The number one.
@@ -22,6 +23,21 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
      */
     public static final PreciseNumber TEN = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.TEN);
 
+    /**
+     * The number of extra significant figures kept in calculations before rounding for output.
+     */
+    private static int numExtraInternalSigFigs = 15;
+
+    /**
+     * MathContext that is used when rounding a number prior to output.
+     */
+    private static MathContext outputContext = new MathContext(50);
+
+    /**
+     * MathContext that is actually used in calculations.
+     */
+    private static MathContext internalContext = new MathContext(outputContext.getPrecision()+numExtraInternalSigFigs);
+
     /**
      * The value of the PreciseNumber.
      */
@@ -46,33 +62,42 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
         this.value = value;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public int getMaxPrecision() {
-        return 65;
+    /**
+     * Constructs a precise number from the given BigInteger.
+     *
+     * @param value a BigInteger object representing the value of the number.
+     */
+    public PreciseNumber(BigInteger value) {
+        this.value = new BigDecimal(value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+    public int getMaxPrecision() {
+        return internalContext.getPrecision();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
         return new PreciseNumber(this.value.multiply(((PreciseNumber) multiplier).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
-        return new PreciseNumber(value.divide(((PreciseNumber) divisor).value, this.getMaxPrecision(), RoundingMode.HALF_UP));
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.divide(((PreciseNumber) divisor).value, internalContext));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.add(((PreciseNumber) summand).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.subtract(((PreciseNumber) subtrahend).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
         if (exponent == 0) {
             return PreciseNumber.ONE;
         }
@@ -99,7 +124,7 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface ceiling() {
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
         String str = value.toPlainString();
         int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
         if (decimalIndex != -1) {
@@ -109,23 +134,22 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface floor() {
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
         String str = value.toPlainString();
         int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
         if (decimalIndex != -1) {
-            return new PreciseNumber(str.substring(0, decimalIndex));
+            NumberInterface floor = new PreciseNumber(str.substring(0, decimalIndex));
+            if(signum() == -1){
+                floor = floor.subtract(ONE);
+            }
+            return floor;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface fractionalPart() {
-        String str = value.toPlainString();
-        int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
-        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
-            return new PreciseNumber(str.substring(decimalIndex + 1));
-        }
-        return ZERO;
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
+        return this.subtractInternal(floorInternal());
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -134,12 +158,12 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface negate() {
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.negate());
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+    public NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
         if (toClass == this.getClass()) {
             return this;
         }
@@ -148,7 +172,11 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
-        BigDecimal rounded = value.setScale(getMaxPrecision() - 15, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);
-        return rounded.stripTrailingZeros().toPlainString();
+        return value.round(outputContext).toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface getMaxError(){
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.ulp()).multiplyInternal(TEN.intPowInternal(value.precision()-internalContext.getPrecision()));
     }
 }

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/RationalNumber.java

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+import org.apache.commons.math3.fraction.BigFraction;
+import org.apache.commons.math3.fraction.Fraction;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+
+public class RationalNumber extends NumberInterface{
+
+    static final RationalNumber ONE = new RationalNumber(BigFraction.ONE);
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the number.
+     */
+    private BigFraction value;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new instance with the given value.
+     * @param value
+     */
+    public RationalNumber(BigFraction value){
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxPrecision() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+        return new RationalNumber(value.multiply(((RationalNumber)multiplier).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        return new RationalNumber(value.divide(((RationalNumber)divisor).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
+        return new RationalNumber(value.add(((RationalNumber)summand).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+        return new RationalNumber(value.subtract(((RationalNumber)subtrahend).value));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface negateInternal() {
+        return new RationalNumber(value.negate());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
+        return new RationalNumber(value.pow(exponent));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(NumberInterface number) {
+        return value.compareTo(((RationalNumber)number).value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int signum() {
+        return value.getNumerator().signum();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
+        if(value.getNumeratorAsInt() != 1){
+            return floorInternal().add(ONE);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface floorInternal() {
+        BigInteger floor = value.bigDecimalValue().toBigInteger();
+        if(value.compareTo(BigFraction.ZERO) < 0 && value.getDenominatorAsInt() != 1){
+            floor = floor.subtract(BigInteger.ONE);
+        }
+        return new RationalNumber(new BigFraction(floor));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
+        return this.subtractInternal(floorInternal());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int intValue() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected NumberInterface promoteToInternal(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface getMaxError() {
+        return toPreciseNumber().getMaxError();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString(){
+        return toPreciseNumber().toString();
+    }
+
+    PreciseNumber toPreciseNumber(){
+        return (PreciseNumber) new PreciseNumber(value.getNumerator()).divideInternal(new PreciseNumber(value.getDenominator()));
+    }
+}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/ShuntingYardParser.java

@@ -162,8 +162,10 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
     @Override
     public TreeNode constructTree(List<Match<TokenType>> tokens) {
         tokens = intoPostfix(new ArrayList<>(tokens));
+        if(tokens == null) return null;
         Collections.reverse(tokens);
-        return constructRecursive(tokens);
+        TreeNode constructedTree = constructRecursive(tokens);
+        return tokens.size() == 0 ? constructedTree : null;
     }
 
     @Override

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/NumberImplementation.java

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public abstract class NumberImplementation {
      * Creates a new number implementation with the given data.
      *
      * @param implementation the implementation class.
-     * @param priority       the priority, higher -> more likely to be converted into.
+     * @param priority       the priority, higher means more likely to be converted into.
      */
     public NumberImplementation(Class<? extends NumberInterface> implementation, int priority) {
         this.implementation = implementation;

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/Plugin.java

@@ -17,18 +17,6 @@ import java.util.Set;
  */
 public abstract class Plugin {
 
-    /**
-     * A hash map of functions mapped to their string names.
-     */
-    private Map<String, Function> functions;
-    /**
-     * A hash map of operators mapped to their string names.
-     */
-    private Map<String, Operator> operators;
-    /**
-     * The map of the number implementations this plugin provides.
-     */
-    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> numberImplementations;
     /**
      * The plugin manager in which to search for functions
      * not inside this package,
@@ -49,69 +37,9 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      */
     public Plugin(PluginManager manager) {
         this.manager = manager;
-        functions = new HashMap<>();
-        operators = new HashMap<>();
-        numberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
         enabled = false;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
-     *
-     * @return the list of registered functions.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedFunctions() {
-        return functions.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
-     *
-     * @return the list of registered functions.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedOperators() {
-        return operators.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of number implementations provided by this plugin.
-     *
-     * @return the list of registered number implementations.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedNumberImplementations() {
-        return numberImplementations.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a function under the given function name.
-     *
-     * @param functionName the name of the function to get
-     * @return the function, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final Function getFunction(String functionName) {
-        return functions.get(functionName);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an operator under the given operator name.
-     *
-     * @param operatorName the name of the operator to get.
-     * @return the operator, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final Operator getOperator(String operatorName) {
-        return operators.get(operatorName);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the number implementation under the given name.
-     *
-     * @param name the name of the number implementation to look up.
-     * @return the number implementation associated with that name, or null if the plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final NumberImplementation getNumberImplementation(String name) {
-        return numberImplementations.get(name);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Enables the function, loading the necessary instances
      * of functions.
@@ -129,8 +57,6 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
     public final void disable() {
         if (!enabled) return;
         onDisable();
-        functions.clear();
-        operators.clear();
         enabled = false;
     }
 
@@ -142,7 +68,7 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param toRegister the function implementation.
      */
     protected final void registerFunction(String name, Function toRegister) {
-        functions.put(name, toRegister);
+        manager.registerFunction(name, toRegister);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -154,7 +80,7 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param operator the operator to register.
      */
     protected final void registerOperator(String name, Operator operator) {
-        operators.put(name, operator);
+        manager.registerOperator(name, operator);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -165,7 +91,7 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param implementation the actual implementation class to register.
      */
     protected final void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation) {
-        numberImplementations.put(name, implementation);
+        manager.registerNumberImplementation(name, implementation);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -213,7 +139,7 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param forClass the class to which to find the pi instance.
      * @return the pi value for the given class.
      */
-    protected final NumberInterface getPi(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
+    protected final NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
         return manager.piFor(forClass);
     }
 

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -23,20 +23,17 @@ public class PluginManager {
      */
     private Set<Plugin> plugins;
     /**
-     * List of functions that have been cached,
-     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
+     * The map of functions registered by the plugins.
      */
-    private Map<String, Function> cachedFunctions;
+    private Map<String, Function> registeredFunctions;
     /**
-     * List of operators that have been cached,
-     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
+     * The map of operators registered by the plugins
      */
-    private Map<String, Operator> cachedOperators;
+    private Map<String, Operator> registeredOperators;
     /**
-     * The list of number implementations that have
-     * been cached, that is, found in a plugin and returned.
+     * The map of number implementations registered by the plugins.
      */
-    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> cachedNumberImplementations;
+    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> registeredNumberImplementations;
     /**
      * The list of number implementations that have been
      * found by their implementation class.
@@ -46,18 +43,6 @@ public class PluginManager {
      * The pi values for each implementation class that have already been computer.
      */
     private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberInterface> cachedPi;
-    /**
-     * List of all functions loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private Set<String> allFunctions;
-    /**
-     * List of all operators loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private Set<String> allOperators;
-    /**
-     * List of all the number implementations loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private Set<String> allNumberImplementations;
     /**
      * The list of plugin listeners attached to this instance.
      */
@@ -70,84 +55,73 @@ public class PluginManager {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the abacus instance.
      */
     public PluginManager(Abacus abacus) {
         this.abacus = abacus;
         loadedPluginClasses = new HashSet<>();
         plugins = new HashSet<>();
-        cachedFunctions = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedOperators = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedNumberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredFunctions = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredOperators = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredNumberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
         cachedInterfaceImplementations = new HashMap<>();
         cachedPi = new HashMap<>();
-        allFunctions = new HashSet<>();
-        allOperators = new HashSet<>();
-        allNumberImplementations = new HashSet<>();
         listeners = new HashSet<>();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Searches the plugin list for a certain value, retrieving the Plugin's
-     * list of items of the type using the setFunction and getting the value
-     * of it is available via getFunction. If the value is contained
-     * in the cache, it returns the cached value instead.
-     *
-     * @param plugins     the plugin list to search.
-     * @param cache       the cache to use
-     * @param setFunction the function to retrieve a set of available T's from the plugin
-     * @param getFunction the function to get the T value under the given name
-     * @param name        the name to search for
-     * @param <T>         the type of element being search
-     * @param <K>         the type of key that the cache is indexed by.
-     * @return the retrieved element, or null if it was not found.
+     * Registers a function under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the function.
+     * @param function the function to register.
      */
-    private static <T, K> T searchCached(Collection<Plugin> plugins, Map<K, T> cache,
-                                         java.util.function.Function<Plugin, Set<K>> setFunction,
-                                         java.util.function.BiFunction<Plugin, K, T> getFunction,
-                                         K name) {
-        if (cache.containsKey(name)) return cache.get(name);
-
-        T loadedValue = null;
-        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
-            if (setFunction.apply(plugin).contains(name)) {
-                loadedValue = getFunction.apply(plugin, name);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        cache.put(name, loadedValue);
-        return loadedValue;
+    public void registerFunction(String name, Function function){
+        registeredFunctions.put(name, function);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets a function under the given name.
-     *
-     * @param name the name of the function
-     * @return the function under the given name.
-     */
-    public Function functionFor(String name) {
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedFunctions, Plugin::providedFunctions, Plugin::getFunction, name);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an operator under the given name.
-     *
+     * Registers an operator under the given name.
      * @param name the name of the operator.
-     * @return the operator under the given name.
+     * @param operator the operator to register.
      */
-    public Operator operatorFor(String name) {
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedOperators, Plugin::providedOperators, Plugin::getOperator, name);
+    public void registerOperator(String name, Operator operator){
+        registeredOperators.put(name, operator);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets the number implementation under the given name.
-     *
-     * @param name the name of the implementation.
-     * @return the implementation.
+     * Registers a number implementation under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the number implementation.
+     * @param implementation the number implementation to register.
      */
-    public NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name) {
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedNumberImplementations, Plugin::providedNumberImplementations,
-                Plugin::getNumberImplementation, name);
+    public void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation){
+        registeredNumberImplementations.put(name, implementation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the function registered under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the function.
+     * @return the function, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public Function functionFor(String name){
+        return registeredFunctions.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operator registered under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the operator.
+     * @return the operator, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public Operator operatorFor(String name){
+        return registeredOperators.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation registered under the given name.
+     * @param name the name of the number implementation.
+     * @return the number implementation, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name){
+        return registeredNumberImplementations.get(name);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -159,14 +133,11 @@ public class PluginManager {
     public NumberImplementation interfaceImplementationFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> name) {
         if (cachedInterfaceImplementations.containsKey(name)) return cachedInterfaceImplementations.get(name);
         NumberImplementation toReturn = null;
-        outside:
-        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
-            for (String implementationName : plugin.providedNumberImplementations()) {
-                NumberImplementation implementation = plugin.getNumberImplementation(implementationName);
-                if (implementation.getImplementation().equals(name)) {
-                    toReturn = implementation;
-                    break outside;
-                }
+        for(String key : registeredNumberImplementations.keySet()){
+            NumberImplementation implementation = registeredNumberImplementations.get(key);
+            if(implementation.getImplementation() == name) {
+                toReturn = implementation;
+                break;
             }
         }
         cachedInterfaceImplementations.put(name, toReturn);
@@ -225,12 +196,6 @@ public class PluginManager {
             if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
             plugin.enable();
         }
-        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
-            if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
-            allFunctions.addAll(plugin.providedFunctions());
-            allOperators.addAll(plugin.providedOperators());
-            allNumberImplementations.addAll(plugin.providedNumberImplementations());
-        }
         listeners.forEach(e -> e.onLoad(this));
     }
 
@@ -244,14 +209,11 @@ public class PluginManager {
             if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
             plugin.disable();
         }
-        cachedFunctions.clear();
-        cachedOperators.clear();
-        cachedNumberImplementations.clear();
+        registeredFunctions.clear();
+        registeredOperators.clear();
+        registeredNumberImplementations.clear();
         cachedInterfaceImplementations.clear();
         cachedPi.clear();
-        allFunctions.clear();
-        allOperators.clear();
-        allNumberImplementations.clear();
         listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
     }
 
@@ -269,7 +231,7 @@ public class PluginManager {
      * @return the set of all functions that were loaded.
      */
     public Set<String> getAllFunctions() {
-        return allFunctions;
+        return registeredFunctions.keySet();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -278,7 +240,7 @@ public class PluginManager {
      * @return the set of all operators that were loaded.
      */
     public Set<String> getAllOperators() {
-        return allOperators;
+        return registeredOperators.keySet();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -287,7 +249,7 @@ public class PluginManager {
      * @return the set of all implementations that were loaded.
      */
     public Set<String> getAllNumberImplementations() {
-        return allNumberImplementations;
+        return registeredNumberImplementations.keySet();
     }
 
     /**

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ import java.util.function.BiFunction;
  */
 public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
+    /**
+     * Stores objects of NumberInterface with integer values for reuse.
+     */
+    private final static HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, HashMap<Integer, NumberInterface>> integerValues = new HashMap<>();
+
     /**
      * The addition operator, +
      */
@@ -29,13 +34,9 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             NumberInterface sum = params[0];
             for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
                 sum = sum.add(params[i]);
-                if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                    return null;
             }
             return sum;
         }
@@ -51,8 +52,6 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
 
         }
@@ -68,8 +67,6 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             return params[0].negate();
         }
     });
@@ -84,13 +81,9 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             NumberInterface product = params[0];
             for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
                 product = product.multiply(params[i]);
-                if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                    return null;
             }
             return product;
         }
@@ -106,8 +99,6 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             return params[0].divide(params[1]);
         }
     });
@@ -125,19 +116,15 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             if (params[0].signum() == 0) {
-                return (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
+                return fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 1);
             }
             NumberInterface factorial = params[0];
             NumberInterface multiplier = params[0];
             //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
-            while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && (multiplier = multiplier.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(multiplier.getClass()))) != null && multiplier.signum() == 1) {
+            while ((multiplier = multiplier.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(multiplier.getClass()))).signum() == 1) {
                 factorial = factorial.multiply(multiplier);
             }
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             return factorial;
                 /*if(!storedList.containsKey(params[0].getClass())){
                     storedList.put(params[0].getClass(), new ArrayList<NumberInterface>());
@@ -157,8 +144,6 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             return params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(params[0].signum())).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
         }
     };
@@ -173,32 +158,26 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             NumberInterface param = params[0];
             int powersOf2 = 0;
-            NumberInterface check;
-            while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && (check = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())))) != null && (check.compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0.1)).promoteTo(param.getClass()))) >= 0) {
-                if ((check = param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))) != null && check.signum() == 1) {
-                    param = param.divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(param.getClass()));
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))).compareTo(new NaiveNumber(0.1).promoteTo(param.getClass())) >= 0) {
+                if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() == 1) {
+                    param = param.divide(fromInt(param.getClass(), 2));
                     powersOf2++;
-                    if ((check = param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))) == null || check.signum() != 1) {
+                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != 1) {
                         break;
                         //No infinite loop for you.
                     }
                 } else {
-                    param = param.multiply(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(param.getClass()));
+                    param = param.multiply(fromInt(param.getClass(), 2));
                     powersOf2--;
-                    if ((check = param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))) == null || check.signum() != 1) {
+                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != -1) {
                         break;
                         //No infinite loop for you.
                     }
                 }
             }
-            NumberInterface check2;
-            if (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && (check = getLog2(param)) != null && (check = check.multiply((new NaiveNumber(powersOf2).promoteTo(param.getClass())))) != null && (check2 = getLogPartialSum(param)) != null && (check = check.add(check2)) != null)
-                return check;
-            return null;
+            return getLog2(param).multiply((new NaiveNumber(powersOf2)).promoteTo(param.getClass())).add(getLogPartialSum(param));
         }
 
         /**
@@ -209,22 +188,16 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
          */
         private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(NumberInterface x) {
 
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
-            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
+            NumberInterface maxError = x.getMaxError();
             x = x.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(x.getClass())); //Terms used are for log(x+1).
             NumberInterface currentNumerator = x, currentTerm = x, sum = x;
             int n = 1;
-            NumberInterface check;
-            while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && (check = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm)) != null && check.compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
                 n++;
-                if ((currentNumerator = currentNumerator.multiply(x)) == null || (currentNumerator = currentNumerator.negate()) == null)
-                    return null;
+                currentNumerator = currentNumerator.multiply(x).negate();
                 currentTerm = currentNumerator.divide(new NaiveNumber(n).promoteTo(x.getClass()));
                 sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
             }
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             return sum;
         }
 
@@ -234,27 +207,21 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
          * @return the value of log(2) with the appropriate precision.
          */
         private NumberInterface getLog2(NumberInterface number) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
-            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(number);
-            //NumberInterface errorBound = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(number.getClass());
+            NumberInterface maxError = number.getMaxError();
+            //NumberInterface errorBound = fromInt(number.getClass(), 1);
             //We'll use the series \sigma_{n >= 1) ((1/3^n + 1/4^n) * 1/n)
             //In the following, a=1/3^n, b=1/4^n, c = 1/n.
             //a is also an error bound.
-            NumberInterface a = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(number.getClass()), b = a, c = a;
+            NumberInterface a = fromInt(number.getClass(), 1), b = a, c = a;
             NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(number.getClass());
             int n = 0;
-            while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && a.compareTo(maxError) >= 1) {
+            while (a.compareTo(maxError) >= 1) {
                 n++;
-                a = a.divide((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
-                b = b.divide((new NaiveNumber(4)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
+                a = a.divide(fromInt(number.getClass(), 3));
+                b = b.divide(fromInt(number.getClass(), 4));
                 c = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(number.getClass()).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
-                NumberInterface check;
-                if (a == null || (check = a.add(b)) == null || (check = check.multiply(c)) == null || (sum = sum.add(check)) == null)
-                    return null;
+                sum = sum.add(a.add(b).multiply(c));
             }
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
             return sum;
         }
     };
@@ -334,22 +301,17 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(params[0]);
+            NumberInterface maxError = params[0].getMaxError();
             int n = 0;
-            if (params[0].signum() <= 0) {
-                NumberInterface currentTerm = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()), sum = currentTerm;
-                while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
-                    n++;
-                    currentTerm = currentTerm.multiply(params[0]).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-                    sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
-                }
-                return sum;
+            if (params[0].signum() < 0) {
+                NumberInterface[] negatedParams = {params[0].negate()};
+               return fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 1).divide(applyInternal(negatedParams));
             } else {
                 //We need n such that x^(n+1) * 3^ceil(x) <= maxError * (n+1)!.
                 //right and left refer to lhs and rhs in the above inequality.
                 NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
                 NumberInterface nextNumerator = params[0];
-                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).intPow(params[0].ceiling().intValue())), right = maxError;
+                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 3).intPow(params[0].ceiling().intValue())), right = maxError;
                 do {
                     sum = sum.add(nextNumerator.divide(factorial(params[0].getClass(), n + 1)));
                     n++;
@@ -373,20 +335,24 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 2
                     && !(params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0
-                    && params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) == 0);
+                    && params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) == 0)
+                    && !(params[0].signum() == -1 && params[1].fractionalPart().compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) != 0);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) return null;
-            else if (params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0)
+            if (params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0)
                 return NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
             else if (params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0)
                 return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[1].getClass());
-            FUNCTION_EXP.apply(FUNCTION_LN.apply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[0])).multiply(params[1]));
-            NumberInterface check = FUNCTION_LN.apply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[0]));
-            if(check == null) return null;
-            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(check.multiply(params[1]));
+            //Detect integer bases:
+            if(params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 0)) == 0
+                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[1]).compareTo(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), Integer.MAX_VALUE)) < 0
+                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[1]).compareTo(fromInt(params[1].getClass(), 1)) >= 0){
+                NumberInterface[] newParams = {params[0], params[1].fractionalPart()};
+                return params[0].intPow(params[1].floor().intValue()).multiply(applyInternal(newParams));
+            }
+            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(FUNCTION_LN.apply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(params[0])).multiply(params[1]));
         }
     });
     /**
@@ -400,13 +366,13 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface pi = getPi(params[0].getClass());
-            NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(pi.getClass()));
+            NumberInterface pi = piFor(params[0].getClass());
+            NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(fromInt(pi.getClass(), 2));
             NumberInterface theta = getSmallAngle(params[0], pi);
             //System.out.println(theta);
             if (theta.compareTo(pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber(1.5).promoteTo(twoPi.getClass()))) >= 0) {
                 theta = theta.subtract(twoPi);
-            } else if (theta.compareTo(pi.divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(pi.getClass()))) > 0) {
+            } else if (theta.compareTo(pi.divide(fromInt(pi.getClass(), 2))) > 0) {
                 theta = pi.subtract(theta);
             }
             //System.out.println(theta);
@@ -424,7 +390,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return functionSin.apply(getPi(params[0].getClass()).divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()))
+            return functionSin.apply(piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(fromInt(params[0].getClass(), 2))
                     .subtract(params[0]));
         }
     };
@@ -481,7 +447,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
 
         @Override
         protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return functionCos.apply(params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
+            return functionCos.apply(params[0]).divide(functionSin.apply(params[0]));
         }
     };
 
@@ -505,16 +471,6 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         return sum;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the maximum error based on the precision of the class of number.
-     *
-     * @param number Any instance of the NumberInterface in question (should return an appropriate precision).
-     * @return the maximum error.
-     */
-    private static NumberInterface getMaxError(NumberInterface number) {
-        return (new NaiveNumber(10)).promoteTo(number.getClass()).intPow(-number.getMaxPrecision());
-    }
-
     /**
      * A factorial function that uses memoization for each number class; it efficiently
      * computes factorials of non-negative integers.
@@ -524,8 +480,6 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      * @return a number of numClass with value n factorial.
      */
     public static NumberInterface factorial(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, int n) {
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
         if (!FACTORIAL_LISTS.containsKey(numberClass)) {
             FACTORIAL_LISTS.put(numberClass, new ArrayList<>());
             FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
@@ -533,12 +487,10 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         }
         ArrayList<NumberInterface> list = FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass);
         if (n >= list.size()) {
-            while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && list.size() < n + 16) {
+            while (list.size() < n + 16) {
                 list.add(list.get(list.size() - 1).multiply(new NaiveNumber(list.size()).promoteTo(numberClass)));
             }
         }
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
         return list.get(n);
     }
 
@@ -550,7 +502,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     private static NumberInterface sinTaylor(NumberInterface x) {
         NumberInterface power = x, multiplier = x.multiply(x).negate(), currentTerm = x, sum = x;
-        NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
+        NumberInterface maxError = x.getMaxError();
         int n = 1;
         do {
             n += 2;
@@ -577,26 +529,20 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         return theta;
     }
 
-    public static NumberInterface intPow(NumberInterface number, Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, NumberInterface exponent) {
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        if (exponent.compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0)).promoteTo(numberClass)) == 0) {
-            return (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass);
+    /**
+     * Returns a number of class numType with value n.
+     * @param numType class of number to return.
+     * @param n value of returned number.
+     * @return numClass instance with value n.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface fromInt(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numType, int n){
+        if(!integerValues.containsKey(numType)){
+            integerValues.put(numType, new HashMap<>());
         }
-        boolean takeReciprocal = exponent.compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0)).promoteTo(numberClass)) < 0;
-        exponent = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(exponent);
-        NumberInterface power = number;
-        for (NumberInterface currentExponent = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass); currentExponent.compareTo(exponent) < 0; currentExponent = currentExponent.add((new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass))) {
-            power = power.multiply(number);
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-                return null;
+        if(!integerValues.get(numType).containsKey(n)){
+            integerValues.get(numType).put(n, new NaiveNumber(n).promoteTo(numType));
         }
-        if (takeReciprocal) {
-            power = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(numberClass).divide(power);
-        }
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        return power;
+        return integerValues.get(numType).get(n);
     }
 
     @Override

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/BinaryNode.java

@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-/**
- * A tree node that represents an operation being applied to two operands.
- */
-public class BinaryNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The operation being applied.
-     */
-    private String operation;
-    /**
-     * The left node of the operation.
-     */
-    private TreeNode left;
-    /**
-     * The right node of the operation.
-     */
-    private TreeNode right;
-
-    private BinaryNode() {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
-     * and no child nodes.
-     *
-     * @param operation the operation.
-     */
-    public BinaryNode(String operation) {
-        this(operation, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
-     * and child nodes.
-     *
-     * @param operation the operation.
-     * @param left      the left node of the expression.
-     * @param right     the right node of the expression.
-     */
-    public BinaryNode(String operation, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) {
-        this.operation = operation;
-        this.left = left;
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operation in this node.
-     *
-     * @return the operation in this node.
-     */
-    public String getOperation() {
-        return operation;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the left sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @return the left node.
-     */
-    public TreeNode getLeft() {
-        return left;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the left sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @param left the sub-expression to apply.
-     */
-    public void setLeft(TreeNode left) {
-        this.left = left;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the right sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @return the right node.
-     */
-    public TreeNode getRight() {
-        return right;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the right sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @param right the sub-expression to apply.
-     */
-    public void setRight(TreeNode right) {
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        T leftReduce = left.reduce(reducer);
-        T rightReduce = right.reduce(reducer);
-        if (leftReduce == null || rightReduce == null) return null;
-        T a = reducer.reduceNode(this, leftReduce, rightReduce);
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        return a;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        String leftString = left != null ? left.toString() : "null";
-        String rightString = right != null ? right.toString() : "null";
-
-        return "(" + leftString + operation + rightString + ")";
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/FunctionNode.java

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * A node that represents a function call.
- */
-public class FunctionNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The name of the function being called
-     */
-    private String function;
-    /**
-     * The list of arguments to the function.
-     */
-    private List<TreeNode> children;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a function node with no function.
-     */
-    private FunctionNode() {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new function node with the given function name.
-     *
-     * @param function the function name.
-     */
-    public FunctionNode(String function) {
-        this.function = function;
-        children = new ArrayList<>();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the function name for this node.
-     *
-     * @return the function name.
-     */
-    public String getFunction() {
-        return function;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a child to the end of this node's child list.
-     *
-     * @param node the child to add.
-     */
-    public void appendChild(TreeNode node) {
-        children.add(node);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a new child to the beginning of this node's child list.
-     *
-     * @param node the node to add.
-     */
-    public void prependChild(TreeNode node) {
-        children.add(0, node);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        Object[] reducedChildren = new Object[children.size()];
-        for (int i = 0; i < reducedChildren.length; i++) {
-            reducedChildren[i] = children.get(i).reduce(reducer);
-            if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() || reducedChildren[i] == null) return null;
-        }
-        T a = reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChildren);
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        return a;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
-        buffer.append(function);
-        buffer.append("(");
-        for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
-            buffer.append(children.get(i));
-            buffer.append(i == children.size() - 1 ? "" : ", ");
-        }
-        buffer.append(")");
-        return buffer.toString();
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberNode.java

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-
-/**
- * A node implementation that represents a single number.
- */
-public class NumberNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The number that is represented by this number node.
-     */
-    private NumberInterface number;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a number node with no number.
-     */
-    public NumberNode() {
-        number = null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new number node with the given double value.
-     *
-     * @param newNumber the number for which to create a number node.
-     */
-    public NumberNode(NumberInterface newNumber) {
-        this.number = newNumber;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the number value of this node.
-     *
-     * @return the number value of this node.
-     */
-    public NumberInterface getNumber() {
-        return number;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        return reducer.reduceNode(this);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return number != null ? number.toString() : "null";
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeNode.java

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-/**
- * An abstract class that represents an expression tree node.
- */
-public abstract class TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The function that reduces a tree to a single vale.
-     *
-     * @param reducer the reducer used to reduce the tree.
-     * @param <T>     the type the reducer produces.
-     * @return the result of the reduction, or null on error.
-     */
-    public abstract <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer);
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/UnaryNode.java

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-public class UnaryNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The operation this node will apply.
-     */
-    private String operation;
-    /**
-     * The tree node to apply the operation to.
-     */
-    private TreeNode applyTo;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new node with the given operation and no child.
-     *
-     * @param operation the operation for this node.
-     */
-    public UnaryNode(String operation) {
-        this(operation, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new node with the given operation and child.
-     *
-     * @param operation the operation for this node.
-     * @param applyTo   the node to apply the function to.
-     */
-    public UnaryNode(String operation, TreeNode applyTo) {
-        this.operation = operation;
-        this.applyTo = applyTo;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        Object reducedChild = applyTo.reduce(reducer);
-        if (reducedChild == null) return null;
-        T a = reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChild);
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
-            return null;
-        return a;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operation of this node.
-     *
-     * @return the operation this node performs.
-     */
-    public String getOperation() {
-        return operation;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the node to which this node's operation applies.
-     *
-     * @return the tree node to which the operation will be applied.
-     */
-    public TreeNode getApplyTo() {
-        return applyTo;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return "(" + (applyTo == null ? "null" : applyTo.toString()) + ")" + operation;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Operator.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+/**
+ * A single operator that can be used by Abacus.
+ *
+ * This is a data class that holds the information about a single operator, such as a plus or minus.
+ *
+ * @param associativity the associativity of this operator, used for order of operations;.
+ * @param type the type of this operator, used for parsing (infix / prefix / postfix and binary / unary)
+ * @param precedence the precedence of this operator, used for order of operations.
+ * @param function the function this operator applies to its arguments.
+ */
+data class Operator(val associativity: OperatorAssociativity, val type: OperatorType,
+                    val precedence: Int, val function: Function)

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/HistoryModel.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx
+
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty
+
+/**
+ * A model representing an input / output in the calculator.
+ *
+ * The HistoryModel class stores a record of a single user-provided input,
+ * its parsed form as it was interpreted by the calculator, and the output
+ * that was provided by the calculator. These are represented as properties
+ * to allow easy access by JavaFX cells.
+ *
+ * @param input the user input
+ * @param parsed the parsed version of the input.
+ * @param output the output string.
+ */
+class HistoryModel(input: String, parsed: String, output: String){
+
+    /**
+     * The property that holds the input.
+     */
+    val inputProperty = SimpleStringProperty(input)
+    /**
+     * The property that holds the parsed input.
+     */
+    val parsedProperty = SimpleStringProperty(parsed)
+    /**
+     * The property that holds the output.
+     */
+    val outputProperty = SimpleStringProperty(output)
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ToggleablePlugin.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx
+
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleBooleanProperty
+
+/**
+ * A model representing a plugin that can be disabled or enabled.
+ *
+ * ToggleablePlugin is a model that is used to present to the user the option
+ * of disabling / enabling plugins. The class name in this plugin is stored if
+ * its "enabledPropery" is false, essentially blacklisting the plugin.
+ *
+ * @param className the name of the class that this model concerns.
+ * @param enabled whether or not the model should start enabled.
+ */
+class ToggleablePlugin (val className: String, enabled: Boolean) {
+
+    /**
+     * The property used to interact with JavaFX components.
+     */
+    val enabledProperty = SimpleBooleanProperty(enabled)
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether this plugin is currently enabled or not.
+     *
+     * @return true if it is enabled, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun isEnabled(): Boolean {
+        return enabledProperty.value
+    }
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/BinaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a binary operation.
+ *
+ * This node represents any binary operation, such as binary infix or binary postfix. The only
+ * currently implemented into Abacus is binary infix, but that has more to do with the parser than
+ * this class, which doesn't care about the order that its operation and nodes were found in text.
+ *
+ * @param operation the operation this node performs on its children.
+ * @param left the left node.
+ * @param right the right node.
+ */
+data class BinaryNode(val operation: String, val left: TreeNode? = null, val right: TreeNode?) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val leftReduce = left?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        val rightReduce = right?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, leftReduce, rightReduce)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "(" + (left?.toString() ?: "null") + operation + (right?.toString() ?: "null") + ")"
+    }
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/FunctionNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a function call.
+ *
+ * The function call node can hold any number of children, and passes the to the appropriate reducer,
+ * but that is its sole purpose.
+ *
+ * @param function the function string.
+ */
+data class FunctionNode(val function: String) : TreeNode() {
+
+    /**
+     * List of function parameters added to this node.
+     */
+    val children: MutableList<TreeNode> = mutableListOf()
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val children = Array<Any?>(children.size, { children[it].reduce(reducer) ?: return null; })
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, *children)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        val buffer = StringBuffer()
+        buffer.append(function)
+        buffer.append('(')
+        for (i in 0 until children.size) {
+            buffer.append(children[i].toString())
+            buffer.append(if (i == children.size - 1) ")" else ",")
+        }
+        return buffer.toString()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a child to this node's list of children.
+     *
+     * @node the node to append.
+     */
+    fun appendChild(node: TreeNode){
+        children.add(node)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepends a child to this node's list of children.
+     *
+     * @node the node to prepend.
+     */
+    fun prependChild(node: TreeNode){
+        children.add(0, node)
+    }
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a single number value.
+ *
+ * This is a tree node that holds a single NumberInterface, which represents any number,
+ * and is not defined during compile time.
+ *
+ * @number the number value of this node.
+ */
+data class NumberNode(val number: NumberInterface) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return number.toString()
+    }
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node.
+ */
+abstract class TreeNode {
+
+    abstract fun <T: Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>) : T?
+
+}

src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/UnaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a unary operation.
+ *
+ * This node holds a single operator applied to a single parameter, and does not care
+ * whether the operation was found before or after the parameter in the text.
+ *
+ * @param operation the operation applied to the given node.
+ * @param applyTo the node to which the operation will be applied.
+ */
+data class UnaryNode(val operation: String, val applyTo: TreeNode? = null) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val reducedChild = applyTo?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChild)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "(" + (applyTo?.toString() ?: "null") + ")" + operation
+    }
+
+}

src/main/resources/abacus.fxml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
                             <Button fx:id="inputButton" text="Calculate" maxWidth="Infinity"
                                     onAction="#performCalculation"/>
                             <Button fx:id="stopButton" text="Stop" maxWidth="Infinity"
-                                    onAction="#stopCalculation"/>
+                                    onAction="#performStop" disable="true"/>
                         </VBox>
                     </bottom>
                 </BorderPane>
@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@
                     <ListView fx:id="enabledPluginView"
                               GridPane.rowIndex="1" GridPane.columnIndex="0"
                               GridPane.columnSpan="2" maxHeight="100"/>
-                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="2" hgap="10"
+                    <Text GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="2" text="Computation Limit"/>
+                    <TextField fx:id="computationLimitField" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="2"/>
+                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="3" hgap="10"
                               vgap="10">
                         <Button text="Apply" onAction="#performSave"/>
                         <Button text="Reload Plugins" onAction="#performReload"/>
@@ -58,6 +60,15 @@
                     </FlowPane>
                 </GridPane>
             </Tab>
+            <Tab fx:id="functionListTab" text="Functions" closable="false">
+                <VBox spacing="10">
+                    <padding>
+                        <Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/>
+                    </padding>
+                    <TextField fx:id="functionListSearchField" maxWidth="Infinity"/>
+                    <ListView maxWidth="Infinity" fx:id="functionListView"/>
+                </VBox>
+            </Tab>
         </TabPane>
     </center>
 

src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/CalculationTests.java

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
 
 public class CalculationTests {
 
-    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration("precise", new String[]{}));
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration(0, "precise", new String[]{}));
 
     @BeforeClass
     public static void prepareTests(){
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ public class CalculationTests {
     public void testExp(){
         testOutput("exp0", "exp(0)", "1");
         testOutput("exp1", "exp(1)", "2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247");
-        testOutput("exp300", "exp(300)", "19424263952412559365842088360176992193662086");
-        testOutput("exp300", "exp(300)", "19424263952412559365842088360176992193662086");
+        testOutput("exp300", "exp(300)", "1.9424263952412559365842088360176992193662086");
+        testOutput("exp(-500)", "exp((500)`)", "7.1245764067412855315491573771227552469277568");
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -99,6 +99,9 @@ public class CalculationTests {
         testOutput("2^1", "(2^1)", "2");
         testOutput("2^-1", "(2^(1)`)", "0.5");
         testOutput("2^50", "(2^50)", "112589990684262");
+        testOutput("7^(-sqrt2*17)", "(7^((sqrt(2)*17))`)", "4.81354609155297814551845300063563");
+        testEvalError("0^0", "(0^0)");
+        testEvalError("(-13)^.9999", "((13)`^0.9999)");
     }
 
 }

src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/TokenizerTests.java

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 public class TokenizerTests {
 
-    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration("precise", new String[]{}));
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration(0, "precise", new String[]{}));
     private static LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
     private static Function subtractFunction = new Function() {
         @Override