Merge branch 'master' into website-update

Refactor configuration

build.gradle

@@ -1,15 +1,29 @@
-apply plugin: 'java'
+buildscript {
-apply plugin: 'application'
+    ext.kotlin_version = '1.1.3'
+    ext.dokka_version = '0.9.15'
 
-repositories {
+    repositories {
-  mavenCentral()
+        jcenter()
+    }
+
+    dependencies {
+        classpath "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin:$kotlin_version"
+        classpath "org.jetbrains.dokka:dokka-gradle-plugin:$dokka_version"
+    }
 }
 
-dependencies {
+subprojects {
-    compile 'com.moandjiezana.toml:toml4j:0.7.1'
+
-    testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
+    apply plugin: 'java'
+    apply plugin: 'kotlin'
+    apply plugin: 'org.jetbrains.dokka'
+
+    repositories {
+        mavenCentral()
+    }
+
+    dependencies {
+        compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jre7:1.1.3"
+    }
 }
 
-// Define the main class for the application
-mainClassName = 'org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus'
-

core/build.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+dependencies {
+    testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/DocumentationType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
+
+/**
+ * Enum that holds the type of documentation that has been
+ * registered with Abacus.
+ */
+public enum DocumentationType {
+
+    FUNCTION, TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/DomainException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown if the function parameters do not match
+ * requirements.
+ */
+public class DomainException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new DomainException.
+     * @param reason the reason for which the exception is thrown.
+     */
+    public DomainException(String reason) {
+        super(reason);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new DomainException with a default message.
+     */
+    public DomainException(){
+        this("Domain Error");
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/ValueNode.java

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public class ValueNode<T> extends PatternNode<T> {
     /**
      * Creates a new node that matches the given character.
      *
-     * @param value
+     * @param value the character value of the node.
      */
     public ValueNode(char value) {
         this.value = value;

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/ComputationInterruptedException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when the computation is interrupted by
+ * the user.
+ */
+public class ComputationInterruptedException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new exception of this type.
+     */
+    public ComputationInterruptedException() {
+        super("Computation interrupted by user.");
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
 /**
  * An implementation of NumberInterface using a double.
  */
-public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
+public class NaiveNumber extends NumberInterface {
 
     /**
      * The number zero.
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     public NaiveNumber(String value) {
         this(Double.parseDouble(value));
     }
+
     /**
      * Creates a new NaiveNumber with the given value.
      *
@@ -41,32 +42,32 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value * ((NaiveNumber) multiplier).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value / ((NaiveNumber) divisor).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value + ((NaiveNumber) summand).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
         return new NaiveNumber(value - ((NaiveNumber) subtrahend).value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface negate() {
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(-value);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
         if (exponent == 0) {
             return NaiveNumber.ONE;
         }
@@ -94,32 +95,23 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface ceiling() {
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(Math.ceil(value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface floor() {
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(Math.floor(value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface fractionalPart() {
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
         return new NaiveNumber(value - Math.floor(value));
     }
 
     @Override
     public int intValue() {
-        return (int)value;
+        return (int) value;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
-        if (toClass == this.getClass()) return this;
-        else if (toClass == PreciseNumber.class) {
-            return new PreciseNumber(Double.toString(value));
-        }
-        return null;
     }
 
     public String toString() {
@@ -127,5 +119,9 @@ public class NaiveNumber implements NumberInterface {
         return Double.toString(Math.round(value * shiftBy) / shiftBy);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface getMaxError() {
+        return new NaiveNumber(Math.pow(10, -18));
+    }
 }
 

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.java

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+
+/**
+ * An interface used to represent a number.
+ */
+public abstract class NumberInterface {
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the thread was interrupted and
+     * throw an exception to end the computation.
+     */
+    private static void checkInterrupted() {
+        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
+            throw new ComputationInterruptedException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum precision to which this number operates.
+     *
+     * @return the precision.
+     */
+    public abstract int getMaxPrecision();
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier);
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return multiplyInternal(multiplier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor);
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return divideInternal(divisor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return addInternal(summand);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return subtractInternal(subtrahend);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of this number with
+     * the sign flipped.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface negateInternal();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of this number with
+     * the sign flipped. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface negate() {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return negateInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent);
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return intPowInternal(exponent);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares this number to another.
+     *
+     * @param number the number to compare to.
+     * @return same as Integer.compare();
+     */
+    public abstract int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
+
+    /**
+     * Same as Math.signum().
+     *
+     * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
+     */
+    public abstract int signum();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     *
+     * @return the least integer greater or equal to the number, if int can hold the value.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface ceilingInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the least integer bigger or equal to the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface ceiling() {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return ceilingInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest integer smaller or equal the number.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface floorInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest int smaller than or equal to the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface floor() {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return floorInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number.
+     *
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    protected abstract NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number, specifically x - floor(x).
+     * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted,
+     * and if so, throws an exception.
+     *
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    public final NumberInterface fractionalPart() {
+        checkInterrupted();
+        return fractionalPartInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the integer representation of this number, discarding any fractional part,
+     * if int can hold the value.
+     *
+     * @return the integer value of this number.
+     */
+    public abstract int intValue();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the smallest error this instance can tolerate depending
+     * on its precision and value.
+     *
+     * @return the smallest error that should be permitted in calculations.
+     */
+    public abstract NumberInterface getMaxError();
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/PreciseNumber.java

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
 
 import java.math.BigDecimal;
-import java.math.RoundingMode;
+import java.math.MathContext;
 
 /**
  * A number that uses a BigDecimal to store its value,
  * leading to infinite possible precision.
  */
-public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
+public class PreciseNumber extends NumberInterface {
 
     /**
      * The number one.
@@ -22,6 +22,21 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
      */
     public static final PreciseNumber TEN = new PreciseNumber(BigDecimal.TEN);
 
+    /**
+     * The number of extra significant figures kept in calculations before rounding for output.
+     */
+    private static int numExtraInternalSigFigs = 15;
+
+    /**
+     * MathContext that is used when rounding a number prior to output.
+     */
+    private static MathContext outputContext = new MathContext(50);
+
+    /**
+     * MathContext that is actually used in calculations.
+     */
+    private static MathContext internalContext = new MathContext(outputContext.getPrecision() + numExtraInternalSigFigs);
+
     /**
      * The value of the PreciseNumber.
      */
@@ -48,31 +63,31 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
 
     @Override
     public int getMaxPrecision() {
-        return 65;
+        return internalContext.getPrecision();
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
+    public NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier) {
         return new PreciseNumber(this.value.multiply(((PreciseNumber) multiplier).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
+    public NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor) {
-        return new PreciseNumber(value.divide(((PreciseNumber) divisor).value, this.getMaxPrecision(), RoundingMode.HALF_UP));
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.divide(((PreciseNumber) divisor).value, internalContext));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
+    public NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand) {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.add(((PreciseNumber) summand).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+    public NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.subtract(((PreciseNumber) subtrahend).value));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+    public NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent) {
         if (exponent == 0) {
             return PreciseNumber.ONE;
         }
@@ -99,33 +114,32 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface ceiling() {
+    public NumberInterface ceilingInternal() {
         String str = value.toPlainString();
         int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
-        if(decimalIndex != -1){
+        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
             return this.floor().add(ONE);
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface floor() {
+    public NumberInterface floorInternal() {
         String str = value.toPlainString();
         int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
-        if(decimalIndex != -1){
+        if (decimalIndex != -1) {
-            return new PreciseNumber(str.substring(0, decimalIndex));
+            NumberInterface floor = new PreciseNumber(str.substring(0, decimalIndex));
+            if (signum() == -1) {
+                floor = floor.subtract(ONE);
+            }
+            return floor;
         }
         return this;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface fractionalPart() {
+    public NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal() {
-        String str = value.toPlainString();
+        return this.subtractInternal(floorInternal());
-        int decimalIndex = str.indexOf('.');
-        if(decimalIndex != -1){
-            return new PreciseNumber(str.substring(decimalIndex + 1));
-        }
-        return ZERO;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -134,21 +148,17 @@ public class PreciseNumber implements NumberInterface {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface negate() {
+    public NumberInterface negateInternal() {
         return new PreciseNumber(value.negate());
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass) {
+    public String toString() {
-        if (toClass == this.getClass()) {
+        return value.round(outputContext).toString();
-            return this;
-        }
-        return null;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public String toString() {
+    public NumberInterface getMaxError() {
-        BigDecimal rounded = value.setScale(getMaxPrecision() - 15, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);
+        return new PreciseNumber(value.ulp()).multiplyInternal(TEN.intPowInternal(value.precision() - internalContext.getPrecision()));
-        return rounded.stripTrailingZeros().toPlainString();
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/LexerTokenizer.java

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ public class LexerTokenizer implements Tokenizer<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListen
             register(" ", TokenType.WHITESPACE);
             register(",", TokenType.COMMA);
             register("[0-9]*(\\.[0-9]+)?", TokenType.NUM);
+            register("[a-zA-Z]+", TokenType.VARIABLE);
             register("\\(", TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH);
             register("\\)", TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH);
         }};
@@ -49,9 +50,15 @@ public class LexerTokenizer implements Tokenizer<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListen
         for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
             lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.OP);
         }
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllTreeValueOperators()) {
+            lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP);
+        }
         for (String function : manager.getAllFunctions()) {
             lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.FUNCTION);
         }
+        for (String function : manager.getAllTreeValueFunctions()) {
+            lexer.register(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION);
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -59,9 +66,15 @@ public class LexerTokenizer implements Tokenizer<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListen
         for (String operator : manager.getAllOperators()) {
             lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.OP);
         }
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllTreeValueOperators()) {
+            lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(operator), TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP);
+        }
         for (String function : manager.getAllFunctions()) {
             lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.FUNCTION);
         }
+        for (String function : manager.getAllTreeValueFunctions()) {
+            lexer.unregister(Pattern.sanitize(function), TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION);
+        }
     }
 
 }

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/ShuntingYardParser.java

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
@@ -17,10 +16,6 @@ import java.util.*;
  */
 public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListener {
 
-    /**
-     * The Abacus instance used to create number instances.
-     */
-    private Abacus abacus;
     /**
      * Map of operator precedences, loaded from the plugin operators.
      */
@@ -35,12 +30,9 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
     private Map<String, OperatorType> typeMap;
 
     /**
-     * Creates a new Shunting Yard parser with the given Abacus instance.
+     * Creates a new Shunting Yard parser.
-     *
-     * @param abacus the abacus instance.
      */
-    public ShuntingYardParser(Abacus abacus) {
+    public ShuntingYardParser() {
-        this.abacus = abacus;
         precedenceMap = new HashMap<>();
         associativityMap = new HashMap<>();
         typeMap = new HashMap<>();
@@ -61,12 +53,12 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
             Match<TokenType> match = from.remove(0);
             previousType = matchType;
             matchType = match.getType();
-            if (matchType == TokenType.NUM) {
+            if (matchType == TokenType.NUM || matchType == TokenType.VARIABLE) {
                 output.add(match);
-            } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION || matchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION) {
                 output.add(new Match<>("", TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END));
                 tokenStack.push(match);
-            } else if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+            } else if (matchType == TokenType.OP || matchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP) {
                 String tokenString = match.getContent();
                 OperatorType type = typeMap.get(tokenString);
                 int precedence = precedenceMap.get(tokenString);
@@ -77,8 +69,8 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if(tokenString.equals("-") && (previousType == null || previousType == TokenType.OP ||
+                if (tokenString.equals("-") && (previousType == null || previousType == TokenType.OP ||
-                        previousType == TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH)){
+                        previousType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP || previousType == TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH)) {
                     from.add(0, new Match<>("`", TokenType.OP));
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -86,9 +78,12 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
                 while (!tokenStack.empty() && type == OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX) {
                     Match<TokenType> otherMatch = tokenStack.peek();
                     TokenType otherMatchType = otherMatch.getType();
-                    if (!(otherMatchType == TokenType.OP || otherMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION)) break;
+                    if (!(otherMatchType == TokenType.OP ||
+                            otherMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP ||
+                            otherMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION ||
+                            otherMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION)) break;
 
-                    if (otherMatchType == TokenType.OP) {
+                    if (otherMatchType == TokenType.OP || otherMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP) {
                         int otherPrecedence = precedenceMap.get(otherMatch.getContent());
                         if (otherPrecedence < precedence ||
                                 (associativity == OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT && otherPrecedence == precedence)) {
@@ -113,7 +108,10 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
         while (!tokenStack.empty()) {
             Match<TokenType> match = tokenStack.peek();
             TokenType newMatchType = match.getType();
-            if (!(newMatchType == TokenType.OP || newMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION)) return null;
+            if (!(newMatchType == TokenType.OP ||
+                    newMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP ||
+                    newMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION ||
+                    newMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION)) return null;
             output.add(tokenStack.pop());
         }
         return output;
@@ -129,28 +127,43 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
         if (matches.size() == 0) return null;
         Match<TokenType> match = matches.remove(0);
         TokenType matchType = match.getType();
-        if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+        if (matchType == TokenType.OP || matchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP) {
             String operator = match.getContent();
             OperatorType type = typeMap.get(operator);
             if (type == OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX) {
                 TreeNode right = constructRecursive(matches);
                 TreeNode left = constructRecursive(matches);
                 if (left == null || right == null) return null;
-                else return new BinaryNode(operator, left, right);
+                if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+                    return new NumberBinaryNode(operator, left, right);
+                } else {
+                    return new TreeValueBinaryNode(operator, left, right);
+                }
             } else {
                 TreeNode applyTo = constructRecursive(matches);
                 if (applyTo == null) return null;
-                else return new UnaryNode(operator, applyTo);
+                if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
+                    return new NumberUnaryNode(operator, applyTo);
+                } else {
+                    return new TreeValueUnaryNode(operator, applyTo);
+                }
             }
         } else if (matchType == TokenType.NUM) {
-            return new NumberNode(abacus.numberFromString(match.getContent()));
+            return new NumberNode(match.getContent());
-        } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
+        } else if (matchType == TokenType.VARIABLE) {
+            return new VariableNode(match.getContent());
+        } else if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION || matchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION) {
             String functionName = match.getContent();
-            FunctionNode node = new FunctionNode(functionName);
+            CallNode node;
+            if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
+                node = new FunctionNode(functionName);
+            } else {
+                node = new TreeValueFunctionNode(functionName);
+            }
             while (!matches.isEmpty() && matches.get(0).getType() != TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END) {
                 TreeNode argument = constructRecursive(matches);
                 if (argument == null) return null;
-                node.prependChild(argument);
+                node.getChildren().add(0, argument);
             }
             if (matches.isEmpty()) return null;
             matches.remove(0);
@@ -162,8 +175,10 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
     @Override
     public TreeNode constructTree(List<Match<TokenType>> tokens) {
         tokens = intoPostfix(new ArrayList<>(tokens));
+        if (tokens == null) return null;
         Collections.reverse(tokens);
-        return constructRecursive(tokens);
+        TreeNode constructedTree = constructRecursive(tokens);
+        return tokens.size() == 0 ? constructedTree : null;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -174,6 +189,12 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
             associativityMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getAssociativity());
             typeMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getType());
         }
+        for (String operator : manager.getAllTreeValueOperators()) {
+            Operator operatorInstance = manager.treeValueOperatorFor(operator);
+            precedenceMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getPrecedence());
+            associativityMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getAssociativity());
+            typeMap.put(operator, operatorInstance.getType());
+        }
     }
 
     @Override

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/NumberImplementation.java

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public abstract class NumberImplementation {
     /**
      * The list of paths through which this implementation can be promoted.
      */
-    protected Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> promotionPaths;
+    private Map<String, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> promotionPaths;
     /**
      * The implementation class for this implementation.
      */
@@ -26,10 +26,11 @@ public abstract class NumberImplementation {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new number implementation with the given data.
+     *
      * @param implementation the implementation class.
-     * @param priority the priority, higher -> more likely to be converted into.
+     * @param priority       the priority, higher means more likely to be converted into.
      */
-    public NumberImplementation(Class<? extends NumberInterface> implementation, int priority){
+    public NumberImplementation(Class<? extends NumberInterface> implementation, int priority) {
         this.implementation = implementation;
         this.priority = priority;
         promotionPaths = new HashMap<>();
@@ -37,30 +38,34 @@ public abstract class NumberImplementation {
 
     /**
      * Gets the list of all promotion paths this implementation can take.
+     *
      * @return the map of documentation paths.
      */
-    public final Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> getPromotionPaths(){
+    public final Map<String, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> getPromotionPaths() {
         return promotionPaths;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the implementation class used by this implementation.
+     *
      * @return the implementation class.
      */
-    public final Class<? extends NumberInterface> getImplementation(){
+    public final Class<? extends NumberInterface> getImplementation() {
         return implementation;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the priority of this number implementation.
+     *
      * @return the priority.
      */
-    public final int getPriority(){
+    public final int getPriority() {
         return priority;
     }
 
     /**
      * Abstract function to create a new instance from a string.
+     *
      * @param string the string to create a number from.
      * @return the resulting number.
      */
@@ -68,6 +73,7 @@ public abstract class NumberImplementation {
 
     /**
      * Get the instance of pi with the given implementation.
+     *
      * @return pi
      */
     public abstract NumberInterface instanceForPi();

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/Plugin.java

@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-
+import org.nwapw.abacus.variables.VariableDatabase;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
  * A plugin class that can be externally implemented and loaded via the
@@ -17,18 +13,6 @@ import java.util.Set;
  */
 public abstract class Plugin {
 
-    /**
-     * A hash map of functions mapped to their string names.
-     */
-    private Map<String, Function> functions;
-    /**
-     * A hash map of operators mapped to their string names.
-     */
-    private Map<String, Operator> operators;
-    /**
-     * The map of the number implementations this plugin provides.
-     */
-    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> numberImplementations;
     /**
      * The plugin manager in which to search for functions
      * not inside this package,
@@ -49,69 +33,9 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      */
     public Plugin(PluginManager manager) {
         this.manager = manager;
-        functions = new HashMap<>();
-        operators = new HashMap<>();
-        numberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
         enabled = false;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
-     *
-     * @return the list of registered functions.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedFunctions() {
-        return functions.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of functions provided by this plugin.
-     *
-     * @return the list of registered functions.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedOperators() {
-        return operators.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of number implementations provided by this plugin.
-     *
-     * @return the list of registered number implementations.
-     */
-    public final Set<String> providedNumberImplementations(){
-        return numberImplementations.keySet();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a function under the given function name.
-     *
-     * @param functionName the name of the function to get
-     * @return the function, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final Function getFunction(String functionName) {
-        return functions.get(functionName);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an operator under the given operator name.
-     *
-     * @param operatorName the name of the operator to get.
-     * @return the operator, or null if this plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final Operator getOperator(String operatorName) {
-        return operators.get(operatorName);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the number implementation under the given name.
-     *
-     * @param name the name of the number implementation to look up.
-     * @return the number implementation associated with that name, or null if the plugin doesn't provide it.
-     */
-    public final NumberImplementation getNumberImplementation(String name){
-        return numberImplementations.get(name);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Enables the function, loading the necessary instances
      * of functions.
@@ -129,8 +53,6 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
     public final void disable() {
         if (!enabled) return;
         onDisable();
-        functions.clear();
-        operators.clear();
         enabled = false;
     }
 
@@ -141,8 +63,19 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param name       the name to register by.
      * @param toRegister the function implementation.
      */
-    protected final void registerFunction(String name, Function toRegister) {
+    protected final void registerFunction(String name, NumberFunction toRegister) {
-        functions.put(name, toRegister);
+        manager.registerFunction(name, toRegister);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used in load(). Registers a tree value function abstract class
+     * with the plugin internally, which makes it accessible to the plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param name       the name to register by.
+     * @param toRegister the tree value function implementation.
+     */
+    protected final void registerTreeValueFunction(String name, TreeValueFunction toRegister) {
+        manager.registerTreeValueFunction(name, toRegister);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -153,18 +86,41 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param name     the name of the operator.
      * @param operator the operator to register.
      */
-    protected final void registerOperator(String name, Operator operator) {
+    protected final void registerOperator(String name, NumberOperator operator) {
-        operators.put(name, operator);
+        manager.registerOperator(name, operator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used in load(). Registers an operator
+     * with the plugin internally, which makes it accessible
+     * to the plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param name     the name of the tree value operator.
+     * @param operator the tree value operator to register.
+     */
+    protected final void registerTreeValueOperator(String name, TreeValueOperator operator) {
+        manager.registerTreeValueOperator(name, operator);
     }
 
     /**
      * To be used in load(). Registers a new number implementation with the plugin.
      * This makes it accessible to the plugin manager.
-     * @param name the name of the implementation.
+     *
+     * @param name           the name of the implementation.
      * @param implementation the actual implementation class to register.
      */
-    protected final void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation){
+    protected final void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation) {
-        numberImplementations.put(name, implementation);
+        manager.registerNumberImplementation(name, implementation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used in load(). Registers a documentation instance
+     * used to explain some element of the plugin to the user.
+     *
+     * @param documentation the documentation instance.
+     */
+    protected final void registerDocumentation(Documentation documentation) {
+        manager.registerDocumentation(documentation);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -175,10 +131,22 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param name the name for which to search
      * @return the resulting function, or null if none was found for that name.
      */
-    protected final Function functionFor(String name) {
+    protected final NumberFunction functionFor(String name) {
         return manager.functionFor(name);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Searches the PluginManager for the given function name.
+     * This can be used by the plugins internally in order to call functions
+     * they do not provide.
+     *
+     * @param name the name for which to search.
+     * @return the resulting tree value function, or null if none was found for that name.
+     */
+    protected final TreeValueFunction treeValueFunctionFor(String name) {
+        return manager.treeValueFunctionFor(name);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Searches the PluginManager for the given operator name.
      * This can be used by the plugins internally in order to call
@@ -187,10 +155,22 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param name the name for which to search
      * @return the resulting operator, or null if none was found for that name.
      */
-    protected final Operator operatorFor(String name) {
+    protected final NumberOperator operatorFor(String name) {
         return manager.operatorFor(name);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Searches the PluginManager for the given tree value operator name.
+     * This can be used by the plugins internally in order to call
+     * operations they do not provide.
+     *
+     * @param name the name for which to search.
+     * @return the resulting tree value operator, or null if none was found for that name.
+     */
+    protected final TreeValueOperator treeValueOperatorFor(String name) {
+        return manager.treeValueOperatorFor(name);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Searches the PluginManager for the given number implementation
      * name. This can be used by the plugins internally in order to find
@@ -199,19 +179,31 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      * @param name the name for which to search.
      * @return the resulting number implementation, or null if none was found.
      */
-    protected final NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name){
+    protected final NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name) {
         return manager.numberImplementationFor(name);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Searches the PluginManager for the given documentation name and type.
+     *
+     * @param name the name for which to search.
+     * @param type the type of documentation to search for.
+     * @return the found documentation, or null if none was found.
+     */
+    protected final Documentation documentationFor(String name, DocumentationType type) {
+        return manager.documentationFor(name, type);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Searches the plugin manager for a Pi value for the given number implementation.
      * This is done so that number implementations with various degrees of precision
      * can provide their own pi values, without losing said precision by
      * promoting NaiveNumbers.
+     *
      * @param forClass the class to which to find the pi instance.
      * @return the pi value for the given class.
      */
-    protected final NumberInterface getPi(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass){
+    protected final NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
         return manager.piFor(forClass);
     }
 
@@ -228,4 +220,12 @@ public abstract class Plugin {
      */
     public abstract void onDisable();
 
+    /**
+     * Get the variable database.
+     * @return the variable database.
+     */
+    public final VariableDatabase getVariableDatabase(){
+        return manager.getVariableDatabase();
+    }
+
 }

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.variables.VariableDatabase;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * A class that controls instances of plugins, allowing for them
+ * to interact with each other and the calculator.
+ */
+public class PluginManager {
+
+    /**
+     * List of classes loaded by this manager.
+     */
+    private Set<Class<?>> loadedPluginClasses;
+    /**
+     * A list of loaded plugins.
+     */
+    private Set<Plugin> plugins;
+    /**
+     * The map of functions registered by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Map<String, NumberFunction> registeredFunctions;
+    /**
+     * The map of tree value functions regstered by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Map<String, TreeValueFunction> registeredTreeValueFunctions;
+    /**
+     * The map of operators registered by the plugins
+     */
+    private Map<String, NumberOperator> registeredOperators;
+    /**
+     * The map of tree value operators registered by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Map<String, TreeValueOperator> registeredTreeValueOperators;
+    /**
+     * The map of number implementations registered by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> registeredNumberImplementations;
+    /**
+     * The map of documentation for functions registered by the plugins.
+     */
+    private Set<Documentation> registeredDocumentation;
+    /**
+     * The list of number implementation names.
+     */
+    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, String> interfaceImplementationNames;
+    /**
+     * The list of number implementations.
+     */
+    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberImplementation> interfaceImplementations;
+    /**
+     * The pi values for each implementation class that have already been computer.
+     */
+    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberInterface> cachedPi;
+    /**
+     * The list of plugin listeners attached to this instance.
+     */
+    private Set<PluginListener> listeners;
+    /**
+     * The abacus instance used to access other
+     * components of the application.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the abacus instance.
+     */
+    public PluginManager(Abacus abacus) {
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+        loadedPluginClasses = new HashSet<>();
+        plugins = new HashSet<>();
+        registeredFunctions = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredTreeValueFunctions = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredOperators = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredTreeValueOperators = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredNumberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
+        registeredDocumentation = new HashSet<>();
+        interfaceImplementations = new HashMap<>();
+        interfaceImplementationNames = new HashMap<>();
+        cachedPi = new HashMap<>();
+        listeners = new HashSet<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a function under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name     the name of the function.
+     * @param function the function to register.
+     */
+    public void registerFunction(String name, NumberFunction function) {
+        registeredFunctions.put(name, function);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a tree value function under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name     the name of the function.
+     * @param function the function to register.
+     */
+    public void registerTreeValueFunction(String name, TreeValueFunction function) {
+        registeredTreeValueFunctions.put(name, function);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers an operator under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name     the name of the operator.
+     * @param operator the operator to register.
+     */
+    public void registerOperator(String name, NumberOperator operator) {
+        registeredOperators.put(name, operator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a tree value operator under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name     the name of the tree value operator.
+     * @param operator the tree value operator to register.
+     */
+    public void registerTreeValueOperator(String name, TreeValueOperator operator) {
+        registeredTreeValueOperators.put(name, operator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a number implementation under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name           the name of the number implementation.
+     * @param implementation the number implementation to register.
+     */
+    public void registerNumberImplementation(String name, NumberImplementation implementation) {
+        registeredNumberImplementations.put(name, implementation);
+        interfaceImplementationNames.put(implementation.getImplementation(), name);
+        interfaceImplementations.put(implementation.getImplementation(), implementation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers the given documentation with the plugin manager,
+     * making it accessible to the plugin manager etc.
+     *
+     * @param documentation the documentation to register.
+     */
+    public void registerDocumentation(Documentation documentation) {
+        registeredDocumentation.add(documentation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the function registered under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the function.
+     * @return the function, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public NumberFunction functionFor(String name) {
+        return registeredFunctions.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the tree value function registered under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the function.
+     * @return the function, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public TreeValueFunction treeValueFunctionFor(String name) {
+        return registeredTreeValueFunctions.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the operator registered under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the operator.
+     * @return the operator, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public NumberOperator operatorFor(String name) {
+        return registeredOperators.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the tree value operator registered under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the tree value operator.
+     * @return the operator, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public TreeValueOperator treeValueOperatorFor(String name) {
+        return registeredTreeValueOperators.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation registered under the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the number implementation.
+     * @return the number implementation, or null if it was not found.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name) {
+        return registeredNumberImplementations.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the documentation for the given entity of the given type.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the entity to search for.
+     * @param type the type that this entity is, to filter out similarly named documentation.
+     * @return the documentation object.
+     */
+    public Documentation documentationFor(String name, DocumentationType type) {
+        Documentation toReturn = null;
+        for (Documentation entry : registeredDocumentation) {
+            if (entry.getCodeName().equals(name) && entry.getType() == type) {
+                toReturn = entry;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (toReturn == null) {
+            toReturn = new Documentation(name, "", "", "", type);
+            registerDocumentation(toReturn);
+        }
+        return toReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation for the given implementation class.
+     *
+     * @param name the class for which to find the implementation.
+     * @return the implementation.
+     */
+    public NumberImplementation interfaceImplementationFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> name) {
+        return interfaceImplementations.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number implementation name for the given implementation class.
+     *
+     * @param name the class for which to find the implementation name.
+     * @return the implementation name.
+     */
+    public String interfaceImplementationNameFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> name) {
+        return interfaceImplementationNames.get(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the mathematical constant pi for the given implementation class.
+     *
+     * @param forClass the class for which to find pi.
+     * @return pi
+     */
+    public NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
+        if (cachedPi.containsKey(forClass)) return cachedPi.get(forClass);
+        NumberImplementation implementation = interfaceImplementationFor(forClass);
+        NumberInterface generatedPi = null;
+        if (implementation != null) {
+            generatedPi = implementation.instanceForPi();
+        }
+        cachedPi.put(forClass, generatedPi);
+        return generatedPi;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an instance of Plugin that already has been instantiated.
+     *
+     * @param plugin the plugin to add.
+     */
+    public void addInstantiated(Plugin plugin) {
+        if (loadedPluginClasses.contains(plugin.getClass())) return;
+        plugins.add(plugin);
+        loadedPluginClasses.add(plugin.getClass());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates a class of plugin, and adds it to this
+     * plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param newClass the new class to instantiate.
+     */
+    public void addClass(Class<?> newClass) {
+        if (!Plugin.class.isAssignableFrom(newClass) || newClass == Plugin.class) return;
+        try {
+            addInstantiated((Plugin) newClass.getConstructor(PluginManager.class).newInstance(this));
+        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the plugin with the given class from the manager.
+     *
+     * @param toRemove the plugin to remove.
+     */
+    public void removeClass(Class<? extends Plugin> toRemove) {
+        if (!loadedPluginClasses.contains(toRemove)) return;
+        plugins.removeIf(plugin -> plugin.getClass() == toRemove);
+        loadedPluginClasses.remove(toRemove);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all plugins from this plugin manager.
+     */
+    public void removeAll() {
+        loadedPluginClasses.clear();
+        plugins.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void load() {
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = abacus.getConfiguration().getDisabledPlugins();
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+            if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
+            plugin.enable();
+        }
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onLoad(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void unload() {
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = abacus.getConfiguration().getDisabledPlugins();
+        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
+            if (disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
+            plugin.disable();
+        }
+        registeredFunctions.clear();
+        registeredTreeValueFunctions.clear();
+        registeredOperators.clear();
+        registeredTreeValueOperators.clear();
+        registeredNumberImplementations.clear();
+        registeredDocumentation.clear();
+        interfaceImplementationNames.clear();
+        interfaceImplementations.clear();
+        cachedPi.clear();
+        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
+     */
+    public void reload() {
+        unload();
+        load();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the functions loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all functions that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllFunctions() {
+        return registeredFunctions.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the tree vlaue functions loaded by the PluginManager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all the tree value functions that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllTreeValueFunctions() {
+        return registeredTreeValueFunctions.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the operators loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all operators that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllOperators() {
+        return registeredOperators.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the tree value operators loaded by the PluginManager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all tree value operators that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllTreeValueOperators() {
+        return registeredTreeValueOperators.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the number implementations loaded by the Plugin Manager.
+     *
+     * @return the set of all implementations that were loaded.
+     */
+    public Set<String> getAllNumberImplementations() {
+        return registeredNumberImplementations.keySet();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a plugin change listener to this plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param listener the listener to add.
+     */
+    public void addListener(PluginListener listener) {
+        listeners.add(listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the plugin change listener from this plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @param listener the listener to remove.
+     */
+    public void removeListener(PluginListener listener) {
+        listeners.remove(listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a list of all the plugin class files that have been
+     * added to the plugin manager.
+     *
+     * @return the list of all the added plugin classes.
+     */
+    public Set<Class<?>> getLoadedPluginClasses() {
+        return loadedPluginClasses;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the variable database.
+     * @return the database.
+     */
+    public VariableDatabase getVariableDatabase(){
+        return abacus.getVariableDatabase();
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PreciseNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.VariableNode;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * The plugin providing standard functions such as addition and subtraction to
+ * the calculator.
+ */
+public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
+
+    /**
+     * The set operator.
+     */
+    public final TreeValueOperator opSet = new TreeValueOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, TreeNode[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2 && params[0] instanceof VariableNode;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyWithReducerInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, Reducer<? extends NumberInterface> reducer, TreeNode[] params) {
+            String assignTo = ((VariableNode) params[0]).getVariable();
+            NumberInterface value = params[1].reduce(reducer);
+            getVariableDatabase().getVariables().put(assignTo, value);
+            return value;
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The define operator.
+     */
+    public final TreeValueOperator opDefine = new TreeValueOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, TreeNode[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2 && params[0] instanceof VariableNode;
+        }
+
+        @Nullable
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyWithReducerInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, Reducer<? extends NumberInterface> reducer, TreeNode[] params) {
+            String assignTo = ((VariableNode) params[0]).getVariable();
+            getVariableDatabase().getDefinitions().put(assignTo, params[1]);
+            return params[1].reduce(reducer);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The addition operator, +
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_ADD = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].add(params[1]);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The subtraction operator, -
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_SUBTRACT = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
+
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The negation operator, -
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_NEGATE = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.UNARY_PREFIX, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].negate();
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The multiplication operator, *
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_MULTIPLY = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].multiply(params[1]);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The implementation for double-based naive numbers.
+     */
+    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE = new NumberImplementation(NaiveNumber.class, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
+            return new NaiveNumber(string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
+            return new NaiveNumber(Math.PI);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The implementation for the infinite-precision BigDecimal.
+     */
+    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE = new NumberImplementation(PreciseNumber.class, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
+            return new PreciseNumber(string);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
+            NumberInterface C = FUNCTION_SQRT.apply(this, new PreciseNumber("10005")).multiply(new PreciseNumber("426880"));
+            NumberInterface M = PreciseNumber.ONE;
+            NumberInterface L = new PreciseNumber("13591409");
+            NumberInterface X = M;
+            NumberInterface sum = L;
+            int termsNeeded = C.getMaxPrecision() / 13 + 1;
+
+            NumberInterface lSummand = new PreciseNumber("545140134");
+            NumberInterface xMultiplier = new PreciseNumber("262537412")
+                    .multiply(new PreciseNumber("1000000000"))
+                    .add(new PreciseNumber("640768000"))
+                    .negate();
+            for (int i = 0; i < termsNeeded; i++) {
+                M = M
+                        .multiply(new PreciseNumber((12 * i + 2) + ""))
+                        .multiply(new PreciseNumber((12 * i + 6) + ""))
+                        .multiply(new PreciseNumber((12 * i + 10) + ""))
+                        .divide(new PreciseNumber(Math.pow(i + 1, 3) + ""));
+                L = L.add(lSummand);
+                X = X.multiply(xMultiplier);
+                sum = sum.add(M.multiply(L).divide(X));
+            }
+            return C.divide(sum);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The division operator, /
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_DIVIDE = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2 && params[1].compareTo(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(0))) != 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].divide(params[1]);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The factorial operator, !
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_FACTORIAL = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX, 0) {
+        //private HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> storedList = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1
+                    && params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("0")) == 0
+                    && params[0].signum() >= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (params[0].signum() == 0) {
+                return implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            }
+            NumberInterface one = implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            NumberInterface factorial = params[0];
+            NumberInterface multiplier = params[0];
+            //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
+            while ((multiplier = multiplier.subtract(one)).signum() == 1) {
+                factorial = factorial.multiply(multiplier);
+            }
+            return factorial;
+                /*if(!storedList.containsKey(params[0].getClass())){
+                    storedList.put(params[0].getClass(), new ArrayList<NumberInterface>());
+                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
+                }*/
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The permutation operator.
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_NPR = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2 && params[0].fractionalPart().signum() == 0
+                    && params[1].fractionalPart().signum() == 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (params[0].compareTo(params[1]) < 0 ||
+                    params[0].signum() < 0 ||
+                    (params[0].signum() == 0 && params[1].signum() != 0)) return implementation.instanceForString("0");
+            NumberInterface total = implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            NumberInterface multiplyBy = params[0];
+            NumberInterface remainingMultiplications = params[1];
+            NumberInterface halfway = params[0].divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
+            if (remainingMultiplications.compareTo(halfway) > 0) {
+                remainingMultiplications = params[0].subtract(remainingMultiplications);
+            }
+            while (remainingMultiplications.signum() > 0) {
+                total = total.multiply(multiplyBy);
+                remainingMultiplications = remainingMultiplications.subtract(implementation.instanceForString("1"));
+                multiplyBy = multiplyBy.subtract(implementation.instanceForString("1"));
+            }
+            return total;
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The combination operator.
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_NCR = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 2 && params[0].fractionalPart().signum() == 0
+                    && params[1].fractionalPart().signum() == 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return OP_NPR.apply(implementation, params).divide(OP_FACTORIAL.apply(implementation, params[1]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The absolute value function, abs(-3) = 3
+     */
+    public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_ABS = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params[0].multiply(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(params[0].signum())));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The natural log function.
+     */
+    public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_LN = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1 && params[0].compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("0")) > 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface param = params[0];
+            NumberInterface one = implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            int powersOf2 = 0;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, param.subtract(one)).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString(".1")) >= 0) {
+                if (param.subtract(one).signum() == 1) {
+                    param = param.divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
+                    powersOf2++;
+                    if (param.subtract(one).signum() != 1) {
+                        break;
+                        //No infinite loop for you.
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    param = param.multiply(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
+                    powersOf2--;
+                    if (param.subtract(one).signum() != -1) {
+                        break;
+                        //No infinite loop for you.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return getLog2(implementation, param).multiply(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(powersOf2))).add(getLogPartialSum(implementation, param));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the partial sum of the Taylor series for logx (around x=1).
+         * Automatically determines the number of terms needed based on the precision of x.
+         * @param x value at which the series is evaluated. 0 < x < 2. (x=2 is convergent but impractical.)
+         * @return the partial sum.
+         */
+        private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface x) {
+
+            NumberInterface maxError = x.getMaxError();
+            x = x.subtract(implementation.instanceForString("1")); //Terms used are for log(x+1).
+            NumberInterface currentNumerator = x, currentTerm = x, sum = x;
+            int n = 1;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
+                n++;
+                currentNumerator = currentNumerator.multiply(x).negate();
+                currentTerm = currentNumerator.divide(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(n)));
+                sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns natural log of 2 to the required precision of the class of number.
+         * @param number a number of the same type as the return type. (Used for precision.)
+         * @return the value of log(2) with the appropriate precision.
+         */
+        private NumberInterface getLog2(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface number) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = number.getMaxError();
+            //NumberInterface errorBound = implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            //We'll use the series \sigma_{n >= 1) ((1/3^n + 1/4^n) * 1/n)
+            //In the following, a=1/3^n, b=1/4^n, c = 1/n.
+            //a is also an error bound.
+            NumberInterface a = implementation.instanceForString("1"), b = a, c = a;
+            NumberInterface sum = implementation.instanceForString("0");
+            NumberInterface one = implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            int n = 0;
+            while (a.compareTo(maxError) >= 1) {
+                n++;
+                a = a.divide(implementation.instanceForString("3"));
+                b = b.divide(implementation.instanceForString("4"));
+                c = one.divide(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(n)));
+                sum = sum.add(a.add(b).multiply(c));
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * Gets a random number smaller or equal to the given number's integer value.
+     */
+    public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_RAND_INT = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return implementation.instanceForString(Long.toString(Math.round(Math.random() * params[0].floor().intValue())));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The caret / pow operator, ^
+     */
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_CARET = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2) {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface zero = implementation.instanceForString("0");
+            return params.length == 2
+                    && !(params[0].compareTo(zero) == 0
+                    && params[1].compareTo(zero) == 0)
+                    && !(params[0].signum() == -1 && params[1].fractionalPart().compareTo(zero) != 0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface zero = implementation.instanceForString("0");
+            if (params[0].compareTo(zero) == 0)
+                return zero;
+            else if (params[1].compareTo(zero) == 0)
+                return implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            //Detect integer bases:
+            if (params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("0")) == 0
+                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[1]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(Integer.MAX_VALUE))) < 0
+                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[1]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) >= 0) {
+                NumberInterface[] newParams = {params[0], params[1].fractionalPart()};
+                return params[0].intPow(params[1].floor().intValue()).multiply(applyInternal(implementation, newParams));
+            }
+            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(implementation, FUNCTION_LN.apply(implementation, FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[0])).multiply(params[1]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The square root function.
+     */
+    public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_SQRT = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return OP_CARET.apply(implementation, params[0], implementation.instanceForString(".5"));
+        }
+    };
+    private static final HashMap<NumberImplementation, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> FACTORIAL_LISTS = new HashMap<>();
+    /**
+     * The exponential function, exp(1) = e^1 = 2.71...
+     */
+    public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_EXP = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface maxError = params[0].getMaxError();
+            int n = 0;
+            if (params[0].signum() < 0) {
+                NumberInterface[] negatedParams = {params[0].negate()};
+                return implementation.instanceForString("1").divide(applyInternal(implementation, negatedParams));
+            } else {
+                //We need n such that x^(n+1) * 3^ceil(x) <= maxError * (n+1)!.
+                //right and left refer to lhs and rhs in the above inequality.
+                NumberInterface sum = implementation.instanceForString("1");
+                NumberInterface nextNumerator = params[0];
+                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply(implementation.instanceForString("3").intPow(params[0].ceiling().intValue())), right = maxError;
+                do {
+                    sum = sum.add(nextNumerator.divide(factorial(implementation, n + 1)));
+                    n++;
+                    nextNumerator = nextNumerator.multiply(params[0]);
+                    left = left.multiply(params[0]);
+                    NumberInterface nextN = implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(n + 1));
+                    right = right.multiply(nextN);
+                    //System.out.println(left + ", " + right);
+                }
+                while (left.compareTo(right) > 0);
+                //System.out.println(n+1);
+                return sum;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The sine function (the argument is interpreted in radians).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionSin = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface pi = piFor(params[0].getClass());
+            NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
+            NumberInterface theta = getSmallAngle(implementation, params[0], pi);
+            //System.out.println(theta);
+            if (theta.compareTo(pi.multiply(implementation.instanceForString("1.5"))) >= 0) {
+                theta = theta.subtract(twoPi);
+            } else if (theta.compareTo(pi.divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"))) > 0) {
+                theta = pi.subtract(theta);
+            }
+            //System.out.println(theta);
+            return sinTaylor(implementation, theta);
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cosine function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionCos = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionSin.apply(implementation, piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"))
+                    .subtract(params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The tangent function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionTan = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionSin.apply(implementation, params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(implementation, params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The secant function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionSec = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return implementation.instanceForString("1").divide(functionCos.apply(implementation, params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cosecant function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionCsc = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return implementation.instanceForString("1").divide(functionSin.apply(implementation, params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * The cotangent function (the argument is in radians).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionCot = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return functionCos.apply(implementation, params[0]).divide(functionSin.apply(implementation, params[0]));
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The arcsine function (return type in radians).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionArcsin = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1
+                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[0]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) <= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[0]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString(".8")) >= 0) {
+                NumberInterface[] newParams = {FUNCTION_SQRT.apply(implementation, implementation.instanceForString("1").subtract(params[0].multiply(params[0])))};
+                return piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"))
+                        .subtract(applyInternal(implementation, newParams)).multiply(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(params[0].signum())));
+            }
+            NumberInterface currentTerm = params[0], sum = currentTerm,
+                    multiplier = currentTerm.multiply(currentTerm), summandBound = sum.getMaxError().multiply(implementation.instanceForString("1").subtract(multiplier)),
+                    power = currentTerm, coefficient = implementation.instanceForString("1");
+            int exponent = 1;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, currentTerm).compareTo(summandBound) > 0) {
+                exponent += 2;
+                power = power.multiply(multiplier);
+                coefficient = coefficient.multiply(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(exponent - 2)))
+                        .divide(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(exponent - 1)));
+                currentTerm = power.multiply(coefficient).divide(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(exponent)));
+                sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The arccosine function.
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionArccos = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1 && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[0]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) <= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"))
+                    .subtract(functionArcsin.apply(implementation, params));
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The arccosecant function.
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionArccsc = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1 && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[0]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) >= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface[] reciprocalParamArr = {implementation.instanceForString("1").divide(params[0])};
+            return functionArcsin.apply(implementation, reciprocalParamArr);
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The arcsecant function.
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionArcsec = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1 && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, params[0]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) >= 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            NumberInterface[] reciprocalParamArr = {implementation.instanceForString("1").divide(params[0])};
+            return functionArccos.apply(implementation, reciprocalParamArr);
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The arctangent function.
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionArctan = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            if (params[0].signum() == -1) {
+                NumberInterface[] negatedParams = {params[0].negate()};
+                return applyInternal(implementation, negatedParams).negate();
+            }
+            if (params[0].compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) > 0) {
+                NumberInterface[] reciprocalParams = {implementation.instanceForString("1").divide(params[0])};
+                return piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"))
+                        .subtract(applyInternal(implementation, reciprocalParams));
+            }
+            if (params[0].compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) == 0) {
+                return piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(implementation.instanceForString("4"));
+            }
+            if (params[0].compareTo(implementation.instanceForString(".9")) >= 0) {
+                NumberInterface[] newParams = {params[0].multiply(implementation.instanceForString("2"))
+                        .divide(implementation.instanceForString("1").subtract(params[0].multiply(params[0])))};
+                return applyInternal(implementation, newParams).divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
+            }
+            NumberInterface currentPower = params[0], currentTerm = currentPower, sum = currentTerm,
+                    maxError = params[0].getMaxError(), multiplier = currentPower.multiply(currentPower).negate();
+            int n = 1;
+            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
+                n += 2;
+                currentPower = currentPower.multiply(multiplier);
+                currentTerm = currentPower.divide(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(n)));
+                sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+            }
+            return sum;
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The arccotangent function. Range: (0, pi).
+     */
+    public final NumberFunction functionArccot = new NumberFunction() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return params.length == 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+            return piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"))
+                    .subtract(functionArctan.apply(implementation, params));
+        }
+    };
+
+    public StandardPlugin(PluginManager manager) {
+        super(manager);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A factorial function that uses memoization for each number class; it efficiently
+     * computes factorials of non-negative integers.
+     *
+     * @param implementation type of number to return.
+     * @param n              non-negative integer.
+     * @return a number of numClass with value n factorial.
+     */
+    public static NumberInterface factorial(NumberImplementation implementation, int n) {
+
+        if (!FACTORIAL_LISTS.containsKey(implementation)) {
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.put(implementation, new ArrayList<>());
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(implementation).add(implementation.instanceForString("1"));
+            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(implementation).add(implementation.instanceForString("1"));
+        }
+        ArrayList<NumberInterface> list = FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(implementation);
+        if (n >= list.size()) {
+            while (list.size() < n + 16) {
+                list.add(list.get(list.size() - 1).multiply(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(list.size()))));
+            }
+        }
+        return list.get(n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of the Taylor series for sin (centered at 0) at x.
+     *
+     * @param x where the series is evaluated.
+     * @return the value of the series
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface sinTaylor(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface x) {
+        NumberInterface power = x, multiplier = x.multiply(x).negate(), currentTerm = x, sum = x;
+        NumberInterface maxError = x.getMaxError();
+        int n = 1;
+        do {
+            n += 2;
+            power = power.multiply(multiplier);
+            currentTerm = power.divide(factorial(implementation, n));
+            sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
+        } while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0);
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an equivalent angle in the interval [0, 2pi)
+     *
+     * @param phi an angle (in radians).
+     * @return theta in [0, 2pi) that differs from phi by a multiple of 2pi.
+     */
+    private static NumberInterface getSmallAngle(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface phi, NumberInterface pi) {
+        NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
+        NumberInterface theta = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, phi).subtract(twoPi
+                .multiply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(implementation, phi).divide(twoPi).floor())); //Now theta is in [0, 2pi).
+        if (phi.signum() < 0) {
+            theta = twoPi.subtract(theta);
+        }
+        return theta;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onEnable() {
+        registerNumberImplementation("naive", IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE);
+        registerNumberImplementation("precise", IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE);
+
+        registerOperator("+", OP_ADD);
+        registerOperator("-", OP_SUBTRACT);
+        registerOperator("`", OP_NEGATE);
+        registerOperator("*", OP_MULTIPLY);
+        registerOperator("/", OP_DIVIDE);
+        registerOperator("^", OP_CARET);
+        registerOperator("!", OP_FACTORIAL);
+
+        registerTreeValueOperator("=", opSet);
+        registerTreeValueOperator(":=", opDefine);
+
+        registerOperator("nPr", OP_NPR);
+        registerOperator("nCr", OP_NCR);
+
+        registerFunction("abs", FUNCTION_ABS);
+        registerFunction("exp", FUNCTION_EXP);
+        registerFunction("ln", FUNCTION_LN);
+        registerFunction("sqrt", FUNCTION_SQRT);
+
+        registerFunction("sin", functionSin);
+        registerFunction("cos", functionCos);
+        registerFunction("tan", functionTan);
+        registerFunction("sec", functionSec);
+        registerFunction("csc", functionCsc);
+        registerFunction("cot", functionCot);
+
+        registerFunction("arcsin", functionArcsin);
+        registerFunction("arccos", functionArccos);
+        registerFunction("arctan", functionArctan);
+        registerFunction("arcsec", functionArcsec);
+        registerFunction("arccsc", functionArccsc);
+        registerFunction("arccot", functionArccot);
+
+        registerFunction("random_int", FUNCTION_RAND_INT);
+
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("abs", "Absolute Value", "Finds the distance " +
+                "from zero of a number.", "Given a number, this function finds the distance form " +
+                "zero of a number, effectively turning negative numbers into positive ones.\n\n" +
+                "Example: abs(-2) -> 2", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("exp", "Exponentiate", "Brings e to the given power.",
+                "This function evaluates e to the power of the given value, and is the inverse " +
+                        "of the natural logarithm.\n\n" +
+                        "Example: exp(1) -> 2.718...", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("ln", "Natural Logarithm", "Gets the natural " +
+                "logarithm of the given value.", "The natural logarithm of a number is " +
+                "the power that e has to be brought to to be equal to the number.\n\n" +
+                "Example: ln(2.718) -> 1", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("sqrt", "Square Root", "Finds the square root " +
+                "of the number.", "A square root a of a number is defined as the non-negative a such that a times a is equal " +
+                "to that number.\n\n" +
+                "Example: sqrt(4) -> 2", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("sin", "Sine", "Computes the sine of the given angle, " +
+                "in radians.", "Example: sin(pi/6) -> 0.5", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("cos", "Cosine", "Computes the cosine of the given angle, " +
+                "in radians.", "Example: cos(pi/6) -> 0.866... (the exact result is sqrt(3)/2)", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("tan", "Tangent", "Computes the tangent of the given angle, " +
+                "in radians.", "Example: tan(pi/6) -> 0.577... (the exact result is 1/sqrt(3))", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("sec", "Secant", "Computes the secant of the given angle, " +
+                "in radians.", "Example: sec(pi/6) -> 1.154... (the exact result is 2/sqrt(3))", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("csc", "Cosecant", "Computes the cosecant of the given angle, " +
+                "in radians.", "Example: csc(pi/6) -> 2", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("cot", "Cotangent", "Computes the cotangent of the given angle, " +
+                "in radians.", "Example: cot(pi/6) -> 1.732... (the exact result is sqrt(3))", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("random_int", "Random Integer", "Generates a random integer [0, n].",
+                "Generates a pseudorandom number using the standard JVM random mechanism, keeping it less than or " +
+                        "equal to the given number.\n\n" +
+                        "Example: random_int(5) -> 4\n" +
+                        "random_int(5) -> 3\n" +
+                        "random_int(5) -> 3\n", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("arcsin", "Arcsine", "Computes the arcsine of x. (The result is in radians.)",
+                "Example: arcsin(0.5) -> 0.523... (the exact result is pi/6)", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("arccos", "Arccosine", "Computes the arccosine of x. (The result is in radians.)",
+                "Example: arccos(0.5) -> 1.047... (the exact result is pi/3)", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("arctan", "Arctangent", "Computes the arctangent of x. (The result is in radians.)",
+                "Example: arctan(1) -> 0.785... (the exact result is pi/4)", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("arcsec", "Arcsecant", "Computes the arcsecant of x. (The result is in radians.)",
+                "Example: arcsec(2) -> 1.047... (the exact result is pi/3)", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("arccsc", "Arccosecant", "Computes the arcscosecant of x. (The result is in radians.)",
+                "Example: arccsc(2) -> 0.523... (the exact result is pi/6)", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+        registerDocumentation(new Documentation("arccot", "Arccotangent", "Computes the arccotangent of x. (The result is in radians," +
+                " in the range (0, pi).)",
+                "Example: arccot(0) -> 1.570... (the exact result is pi/2)", DocumentationType.FUNCTION));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDisable() {
+        FACTORIAL_LISTS.clear();
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberReducer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.NumberFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.NumberOperator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.TreeValueFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.TreeValueOperator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PromotionManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PromotionResult;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.variables.VariableDatabase;
+
+/**
+ * A reducer implementation that turns a tree into a single number.
+ * This is not always guaranteed to work.
+ */
+public class NumberReducer implements Reducer<NumberInterface> {
+
+    /**
+     * The plugin manager from which to draw the functions.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new number reducer.
+     *
+     * @param abacus the calculator instance.
+     */
+    public NumberReducer(Abacus abacus) {
+        this.abacus = abacus;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NumberInterface reduceNode(TreeNode node, Object... children) {
+        PromotionManager manager = abacus.getPromotionManager();
+        if (node instanceof NumberNode) {
+            return abacus.getNumberImplementation().instanceForString(((NumberNode) node).getNumber());
+        } else if (node instanceof VariableNode) {
+            VariableDatabase database = abacus.getVariableDatabase();
+            String name = ((VariableNode) node).getVariable();
+            NumberInterface variable = database.getVariables().get(name);
+            if(variable != null) return variable;
+            TreeNode definition = database.getDefinitions().get(name);
+            if(definition != null) return definition.reduce(this);
+            return abacus.getNumberImplementation().instanceForString("0");
+        } else if (node instanceof NumberBinaryNode) {
+            NumberInterface left = (NumberInterface) children[0];
+            NumberInterface right = (NumberInterface) children[1];
+            NumberOperator operator = abacus.getPluginManager().operatorFor(((BinaryNode) node).getOperation());
+            PromotionResult result = manager.promote(left, right);
+            if (result == null) return null;
+            return operator.apply(result.getPromotedTo(), result.getItems());
+        } else if (node instanceof NumberUnaryNode) {
+            NumberInterface child = (NumberInterface) children[0];
+            NumberOperator operator = abacus.getPluginManager().operatorFor(((UnaryNode) node).getOperation());
+            return operator.apply(abacus.getPluginManager().interfaceImplementationFor(child.getClass()), child);
+        } else if (node instanceof FunctionNode) {
+            NumberInterface[] convertedChildren = new NumberInterface[children.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < convertedChildren.length; i++) {
+                convertedChildren[i] = (NumberInterface) children[i];
+            }
+            NumberFunction function = abacus.getPluginManager().functionFor(((FunctionNode) node).getCallTo());
+            if (function == null) return null;
+            PromotionResult result = manager.promote(convertedChildren);
+            if (result == null) return null;
+            return function.apply(result.getPromotedTo(), result.getItems());
+        } else if (node instanceof TreeValueFunctionNode) {
+            CallNode callNode = (CallNode) node;
+            TreeNode[] realChildren = new TreeNode[callNode.getChildren().size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < realChildren.length; i++) {
+                realChildren[i] = callNode.getChildren().get(i);
+            }
+            TreeValueFunction function =
+                    abacus.getPluginManager().treeValueFunctionFor(callNode.getCallTo());
+            if (function == null) return null;
+            return function.applyWithReducer(abacus.getNumberImplementation(), this, realChildren);
+        } else if (node instanceof TreeValueBinaryNode) {
+            BinaryNode binaryNode = (BinaryNode) node;
+            TreeValueOperator operator = abacus.getPluginManager()
+                    .treeValueOperatorFor(binaryNode.getOperation());
+            if (operator == null) return null;
+            return operator.applyWithReducer(abacus.getNumberImplementation(), this, binaryNode.getLeft(), binaryNode.getRight());
+        } else if (node instanceof TreeValueUnaryNode) {
+            UnaryNode unaryNode = (UnaryNode) node;
+            TreeValueOperator operator = abacus.getPluginManager()
+                    .treeValueOperatorFor(unaryNode.getOperation());
+            if (operator == null) return null;
+            return operator.applyWithReducer(abacus.getNumberImplementation(), this, unaryNode.getApplyTo());
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TokenType.java

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
 public enum TokenType {
 
     INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END(-1),
-    ANY(0), WHITESPACE(1), COMMA(2), OP(3), NUM(4), FUNCTION(5), OPEN_PARENTH(6), CLOSE_PARENTH(7);
+    ANY(0), WHITESPACE(1), COMMA(2), VARIABLE(3), OP(4), TREE_VALUE_OP(4),
+    NUM(5), FUNCTION(6), TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION(6), OPEN_PARENTH(7), CLOSE_PARENTH(7);
 
     /**
      * The priority by which this token gets sorted.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PromotionManager
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.ShuntingYardParser
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.TreeBuilder
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.NumberReducer
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
+import org.nwapw.abacus.variables.VariableDatabase
+
+/**
+ * Core class to handle all mathematics.
+ *
+ * The main calculator class. This is responsible
+ * for piecing together all of the components, allowing
+ * their interaction with each other.
+ *
+ * @property configuration the configuration to use.
+ */
+class Abacus(val configuration: Configuration) {
+
+    /**
+     * The tokenizer used to convert strings into tokens.
+     */
+    private val tokenizer = LexerTokenizer()
+    /**
+     * Parser the parser used to convert tokens into trees.
+     */
+    private val parser = ShuntingYardParser()
+    /**
+     * The plugin manager used to handle loading and unloading plugins.
+     */
+    val pluginManager = PluginManager(this)
+    /**
+     * The reducer used to turn trees into a single number.
+     */
+    val numberReducer = NumberReducer(this)
+    /**
+     * The tree builder that handles the conversion of strings into trees.
+     */
+    val treeBuilder = TreeBuilder(tokenizer, parser)
+    /**
+     * The promotion manager used to convert between number implementations.
+     */
+    val promotionManager = PromotionManager(this)
+    /**
+     * The database of variable definitions.
+     */
+    val variableDatabase = VariableDatabase(this)
+    /**
+     * The number implementation used by default.
+     */
+    val numberImplementation: NumberImplementation
+        get() {
+            val selectedImplementation =
+                    pluginManager.numberImplementationFor(configuration.numberImplementation)
+            if (selectedImplementation != null) return selectedImplementation
+            return StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE
+        }
+
+    init {
+        pluginManager.addListener(tokenizer)
+        pluginManager.addListener(parser)
+        pluginManager.addListener(promotionManager)
+        pluginManager.addListener(variableDatabase)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a string into a tree structure using the main
+     * tree builder.
+     *
+     * @param input the input string to parse
+     * @return the resulting tree, null if the tree builder or the produced tree are null.
+     */
+    fun parseString(input: String): TreeNode? = treeBuilder.fromString(input)
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the given tree using the main
+     * number reducer.
+     *
+     * @param tree the tree to reduce, must not be null.
+     * @return the resulting number, or null of the reduction failed.
+     */
+    fun evaluateTree(tree: TreeNode): NumberInterface? = tree.reduce(numberReducer)
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/config/Configuration.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.config
+
+/**
+ * A class that holds information that tells Abacus how to behave.
+ *
+ * Configuration stores information about how Abacus should behave, for
+ * instance, what number implementation it should use and what
+ * plugins should be ignored during loading.
+ *
+ * @property numberImplementation the number implementation Abacus should use for loading.
+ * @param disabledPlugins the plugins that should be disabled and not loaded by the plugin manager.
+ */
+open class Configuration(var numberImplementation: String = "<default>", disabledPlugins: Array<String> = emptyArray()) {
+
+    /**
+     * The set of disabled plugins that should be ignored by the plugin manager.
+     */
+    val disabledPlugins = disabledPlugins.toMutableSet()
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Documentation.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+/**
+ * A data class used for storing information about a function.
+ *
+ * The Documentation class holds the information necessary to display the information
+ * about a function to the user.
+ *
+ * @param codeName the name of the function as it occurs in code.
+ * @param name the name of the function in English.
+ * @param description the short description of this function.
+ * @param longDescription the full description of this function.
+ * @param type the things this documentation maps to.
+ */
+data class Documentation(val codeName: String, val name: String,
+                         val description: String, val longDescription: String,
+                         val type: DocumentationType) {
+
+    fun matches(other: String): Boolean {
+        return codeName.toLowerCase().contains(other.toLowerCase()) ||
+                name.toLowerCase().contains(other.toLowerCase()) ||
+                description.toLowerCase().contains(other.toLowerCase()) ||
+                longDescription.toLowerCase().contains(other.toLowerCase())
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/NumberFunction.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * A function that operates on numbers.
+ *
+ * This function takes some number of input NumberInterfaces and returns
+ * another NumberInterface as a result.
+ */
+abstract class NumberFunction : Applicable<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/NumberOperator.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * An operator that operates on NumberImplementations.
+ *
+ * This is simply an alias for Operator<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>.
+ * @param associativity the associativity of the operator.
+ * @param type the type of the operator (binary, unary, etc)
+ * @param precedence the precedence of the operator.
+ */
+abstract class NumberOperator(associativity: OperatorAssociativity, type: OperatorType,
+                              precedence: Int) :
+        Operator(associativity, type, precedence),
+        Applicable<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Operator.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+/**
+ * A single operator that can be used by Abacus.
+ *
+ * This is a class that holds the information about a single operator, such as a plus or minus.
+ *
+ * @param associativity the associativity of this operator, used for order of operations;.
+ * @param type the type of this operator, used for parsing (infix / prefix / postfix and binary / unary)
+ * @param precedence the precedence of this operator, used for order of operations.
+ */
+open class Operator(val associativity: OperatorAssociativity, val type: OperatorType,
+                    val precedence: Int)

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/TreeValueFunction.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.ReducerApplicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
+
+/**
+ * A function that operates on trees.
+ *
+ * A function that operates on parse tree nodes instead of on already simplified numbers.
+ * Despite this, it returns a number, not a tree.
+ */
+abstract class TreeValueFunction : ReducerApplicable<TreeNode, NumberInterface, NumberInterface>

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/TreeValueOperator.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.ReducerApplicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
+
+/**
+ * An operator that operates on trees.
+ *
+ * This operator operates on parse trees, returning, however a number.
+ * @param associativity the associativity of the operator.
+ * @param type the type of the operator (infix, postfix, etc)
+ * @param precedence the precedence of the operator.
+ */
+abstract class TreeValueOperator(associativity: OperatorAssociativity, type: OperatorType,
+                                 precedence: Int) :
+        Operator(associativity, type, precedence),
+        ReducerApplicable<TreeNode, NumberInterface, NumberInterface>

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/applicable/Applicable.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DomainException
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
+
+/**
+ * A class that can be applied to arguments.
+ *
+ * Applicable is a class that represents something that can be applied to one or more
+ * arguments of the same type, and returns a single value from that application.
+ * @param <T> the type of the parameters passed to this applicable.
+ * @param <O> the return type of the applicable.
+ */
+interface Applicable<in T : Any, out O : Any> {
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the given applicable can be used with the given parameters.
+     * @param params the parameter array to verify for compatibility.
+     * @return whether the array can be used with applyInternal.
+     */
+    fun matchesParams(implementation: NumberImplementation, params: Array<out T>): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Applies the applicable object to the given parameters,
+     * without checking for compatibility.
+     * @param params the parameters to apply to.
+     * @return the result of the application.
+     */
+    fun applyInternal(implementation: NumberImplementation, params: Array<out T>): O
+
+    /**
+     * If the parameters can be used with this applicable, returns
+     * the result of the application of the applicable to the parameters.
+     * Otherwise, returns null.
+     * @param params the parameters to apply to.
+     * @return the result of the operation, or null if parameters do not match.
+     */
+    fun apply(implementation: NumberImplementation, vararg params: T): O {
+        if (!matchesParams(implementation, params)) throw DomainException()
+        return applyInternal(implementation, params)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/applicable/ReducerApplicable.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DomainException
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
+
+/**
+ * Applicable that requires a reducer.
+ *
+ * ReducerApplicable slightly more specific Applicable that requires a reducer
+ * to be passed to it along with the parameters.
+ * @param <T> the type of the input arguments.
+ * @param <O> the return type of the application.
+ * @param <R> the required type of the reducer.
+ */
+interface ReducerApplicable<in T : Any, out O : Any, in R : Any> {
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if this applicable can be applied to the
+     * given parameters.
+     * @param params the parameters to check.
+     */
+    fun matchesParams(implementation: NumberImplementation, params: Array<out T>): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Applies this applicable to the given arguments, and reducer.
+     * @param reducer the reducer to use in the application.
+     * @param params the arguments to apply to.
+     * @return the result of the application.
+     */
+    fun applyWithReducerInternal(implementation: NumberImplementation, reducer: Reducer<R>, params: Array<out T>): O
+
+    /**
+     * Applies this applicable to the given arguments, and reducer,
+     * if the arguments and reducer are compatible with this applicable.
+     * @param reducer the reducer to use in the application.
+     * @param params the arguments to apply to.
+     * @return the result of the application, or null if the arguments are incompatible.
+     */
+    fun applyWithReducer(implementation: NumberImplementation, reducer: Reducer<R>, vararg params: T): O {
+        if (!matchesParams(implementation, params)) throw DomainException()
+        return applyWithReducerInternal(implementation, reducer, params)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberUtils.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+@file:JvmName("NumberUtils")
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number
+
+typealias PromotionFunction = java.util.function.Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>
+typealias PromotionPath = List<PromotionFunction>
+typealias NumberClass = Class<NumberInterface>
+
+/**
+ * Promote a number through this path. The functions in this path
+ * are applied in order to the number, and the final result is returned.
+ *
+ * @param from the number to start from.
+ */
+fun PromotionPath.promote(from: NumberInterface): NumberInterface {
+    return fold(from, { current, function -> function.apply(current) })
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/PromotionManager.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager
+import java.util.function.Function
+
+/**
+ * A class that handles promotions based on priority and the
+ * transition paths each implementation provides.
+ *
+ * @property abacus the Abacus instance to use to access other components.
+ */
+class PromotionManager(val abacus: Abacus) : PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * The already computed paths
+     */
+    val computePaths = mutableMapOf<Pair<NumberImplementation, NumberImplementation>, PromotionPath?>()
+
+    /**
+     * Computes a path between a starting and an ending implementation.
+     *
+     * @param from the implementation to start from.
+     * @param to the implementation to get to.
+     * @return the resulting promotion path, or null if it is not found
+     */
+    fun computePathBetween(from: NumberImplementation, to: NumberImplementation): PromotionPath? {
+        val fromName = abacus.pluginManager.interfaceImplementationNameFor(from.implementation)
+        val toName = abacus.pluginManager.interfaceImplementationNameFor(to.implementation)
+
+        if(fromName == toName) return listOf(Function { it })
+
+        if(from.promotionPaths.containsKey(toName))
+            return listOf(from.promotionPaths[toName] ?: return null)
+        return null
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If a path between the given implementations has already been computed, uses
+     * the already calculated path. Otherwise, calls [computePathBetween] to compute a new
+     * path.
+     *
+     * @param from the implementation to start from.
+     * @param to the implementation to get to.
+     * @return the resulting promotion path, or null if it is not found
+     */
+    fun getPathBetween(from: NumberImplementation, to: NumberImplementation): PromotionPath? {
+        return computePaths.computeIfAbsent(from to to, {
+             computePathBetween(it.first, it.second)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Promote all the numbers in the list to the same number implementation, to ensure
+     * they can be used with each other. Finds the highest priority implementation
+     * in the list, and promotes all other numbers to it.
+     *
+     * @param numbers the numbers to promote.
+     * @return the resulting promotion result.
+     */
+    fun promote(vararg numbers: NumberInterface): PromotionResult? {
+        val pluginManager = abacus.pluginManager
+        val implementations = numbers.map { pluginManager.interfaceImplementationFor(it.javaClass) }
+        val highestPriority = implementations.sortedBy { it.priority }.last()
+        return PromotionResult(items = numbers.map {
+            if(it.javaClass == highestPriority.implementation) it
+            else getPathBetween(pluginManager.interfaceImplementationFor(it.javaClass), highestPriority)
+                    ?.promote(it) ?: return null
+        }.toTypedArray(), promotedTo = highestPriority)
+    }
+
+    override fun onLoad(manager: PluginManager?) {
+
+    }
+
+    override fun onUnload(manager: PluginManager?) {
+        computePaths.clear()
+    }
+
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/PromotionResult.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
+
+/**
+ * The result of promoting an array of NumberInterfaces.
+ *
+ * @param promotedTo the implementation to which the numbers were promoted.
+ * @param items the items the items resulting from the promotion.
+ */
+data class PromotionResult(val promotedTo: NumberImplementation, val items: Array<NumberInterface>)

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/BinaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a binary operation.
+ *
+ * This node represents any binary operation, such as binary infix or binary postfix. The only
+ * currently implemented into Abacus is binary infix, but that has more to do with the parser than
+ * this class, which doesn't care about the order that its operation and nodes were found in text.
+ *
+ * @param operation the operation this node performs on its children.
+ * @param left the left node.
+ * @param right the right node.
+ */
+abstract class BinaryNode(val operation: String, val left: TreeNode? = null, val right: TreeNode?) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "(" + (left?.toString() ?: "null") + operation + (right?.toString() ?: "null") + ")"
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/CallNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * Represents a more generic function call.
+ *
+ * This class does not specify how it should be reduced, allowing other classes
+ * to extend this functionality.
+ *
+ * @param callTo the name of the things being called.
+ */
+abstract class CallNode(val callTo: String) : TreeNode() {
+
+    /**
+     * The list of children this node has.
+     */
+    val children: MutableList<TreeNode> = mutableListOf()
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        val buffer = StringBuffer()
+        buffer.append(callTo)
+        buffer.append("(")
+        for (i in 0 until children.size) {
+            buffer.append(children[i].toString())
+            buffer.append(if (i != children.size - 1) ", " else ")")
+        }
+        return buffer.toString()
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/FunctionNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a function call.
+ *
+ * The function call node can hold any number of children, and passes the to the appropriate reducer,
+ * but that is its sole purpose.
+ *
+ * @param function the function string.
+ */
+class FunctionNode(function: String) : CallNode(function) {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val children = Array<Any>(children.size, { children[it].reduce(reducer) ?: return null; })
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, *children)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberBinaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A binary operator node that reduces its children.
+ *
+ * NumberBinaryNode operates by simply reducing its children and
+ * then using the result of that reduction to reduce itself.
+ *
+ * @param operation the operation this node performs.
+ * @param left the left child of this node.
+ * @param right the right child of this node.
+ */
+class NumberBinaryNode(operation: String, left: TreeNode?, right: TreeNode?)
+    : BinaryNode(operation, left, right) {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val left = left?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        val right = right?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, left, right)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a single number value.
+ *
+ * This is a tree node that holds a single NumberInterface, which represents any number,
+ * and is not defined during compile time.
+ *
+ * @number the number value of this node.
+ */
+class NumberNode(val number: String) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return number
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberUnaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A unary operator node that reduces its children.
+ *
+ * NumberUnaryNode operates by simply reducing its child,
+ * and using the result of that reduction to reduce itself.
+ * @param operation the operation this node performs.
+ * @param child the child this node should be applied to.
+ */
+class NumberUnaryNode(operation: String, child: TreeNode?)
+    : UnaryNode(operation, child) {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        val child = applyTo?.reduce(reducer) ?: return null
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this, child)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/Reducer.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * Reducer interface that takes a tree and returns a single value.
+ *
+ * The reducer walks the tree, visiting the children first, converting them into
+ * a value, and then attempts to reduce the parent. Eventually, the single final value is returned.
+ */
+interface Reducer<out T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Reduces the given tree node, given its already reduced children.
+     *
+     * @param treeNode the tree node to reduce.
+     * @param children the list of children, of type T.
+     */
+    fun reduceNode(treeNode: TreeNode, vararg children: Any): T?
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node.
+ */
+abstract class TreeNode {
+
+    abstract fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T?
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeValueBinaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that represents a binary tree value operator.
+ *
+ *
+ * The tree value operators operate on trees, and so this
+ * node does not reduce its children. It is up to the implementation to handle
+ * reduction.
+ * @param operation the operation this node performs.
+ * @param left the left child of this node.
+ * @param right the right child of this node.
+ */
+class TreeValueBinaryNode(operation: String, left: TreeNode?, right: TreeNode?)
+    : BinaryNode(operation, left, right) {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeValueFunctionNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that represents a tree value function call.
+ *
+ * This is in many ways similar to a simple FunctionNode, and the distinction
+ * is mostly to help the reducer. Besides that, this class also does not
+ * even attempt to reduce its children.
+ */
+class TreeValueFunctionNode(name: String) : CallNode(name) {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/TreeValueUnaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that represents a unary tree value operator.
+ *
+ * The tree value operators operate on trees, and so this
+ * node does not reduce its children. It is up to the implementation to handle
+ * reduction.
+ * @param operation the operation this node performs.
+ * @param child the node the operation should be applied to.
+ */
+class TreeValueUnaryNode(operation: String, child: TreeNode?)
+    : UnaryNode(operation, child) {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this);
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/UnaryNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a unary operation.
+ *
+ * This node holds a single operator applied to a single parameter, and does not care
+ * whether the operation was found before or after the parameter in the text.
+ *
+ * @param operation the operation applied to the given node.
+ * @param applyTo the node to which the operation will be applied.
+ */
+abstract class UnaryNode(val operation: String, val applyTo: TreeNode? = null) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "(" + (applyTo?.toString() ?: "null") + ")" + operation
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/VariableNode.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+
+/**
+ * A tree node that holds a placeholder variable.
+ *
+ * This node holds a variable string, and acts similarly to a number,
+ * with the key difference of not actually holding a value at runtime.
+ *
+ * @param variable the actual variable name that this node represents.
+ */
+class VariableNode(val variable: String) : TreeNode() {
+
+    override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T? {
+        return reducer.reduceNode(this)
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return variable
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/variables/VariableDatabase.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.variables
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
+
+/**
+ * A database for variables and definition.
+ *
+ * The variable database is used to keep track of
+ * variables and definitions throughout the calculator.
+ *
+ * @property abacus the Abacus instance.
+ */
+class VariableDatabase(val abacus: Abacus): PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * The variables that are stored in the database.
+     */
+    val variables = mutableMapOf<String, NumberInterface>()
+    /**
+     * The definitions that are stored in the database.
+     */
+    val definitions = mutableMapOf<String, TreeNode>()
+
+    override fun onLoad(manager: PluginManager?) {
+
+    }
+
+    override fun onUnload(manager: PluginManager?) {
+        variables.clear()
+        definitions.clear()
+    }
+
+}

core/src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/CalculationTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DomainException;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+public class CalculationTests {
+
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration( "precise", new String[]{}));
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void prepareTests() {
+        abacus.getPluginManager().addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(abacus.getPluginManager()));
+        abacus.getPluginManager().load();
+    }
+
+    private void testOutput(String input, String parseOutput, String output) {
+        TreeNode parsedTree = abacus.parseString(input);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(parsedTree);
+        Assert.assertEquals(parsedTree.toString(), parseOutput);
+        NumberInterface result = abacus.evaluateTree(parsedTree);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(result);
+        Assert.assertTrue(result.toString().startsWith(output));
+    }
+
+    private void testDomainException(String input, String parseOutput) {
+        TreeNode parsedTree = abacus.parseString(input);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(parsedTree);
+        Assert.assertEquals(parsedTree.toString(), parseOutput);
+        try {
+            abacus.evaluateTree(parsedTree);
+            Assert.fail("Function did not throw DomainException.");
+        } catch (DomainException e){ }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddition() {
+        testOutput("9.5+10", "(9.5+10)", "19.5");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSubtraction() {
+        testOutput("9.5-10", "(9.5-10)", "-0.5");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiplication() {
+        testOutput("9.5*10", "(9.5*10)", "95");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDivision() {
+        testOutput("9.5/2", "(9.5/2)", "4.75");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNegation() {
+        testOutput("-9.5", "(9.5)`", "-9.5");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactorial() {
+        testOutput("7!", "(7)!", "5040");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAbs() {
+        testOutput("abs(-1)", "abs((1)`)", "1");
+        testOutput("abs(1)", "abs(1)", "1");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLn() {
+        testDomainException("ln(-1)", "ln((1)`)");
+        testOutput("ln2", "ln(2)", "0.6931471805599453094172321214581765680755");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSqrt() {
+        testOutput("sqrt0", "sqrt(0)", "0");
+        testOutput("sqrt4", "sqrt(4)", "2");
+        testOutput("sqrt2", "sqrt(2)", "1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExp() {
+        testOutput("exp0", "exp(0)", "1");
+        testOutput("exp1", "exp(1)", "2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247");
+        testOutput("exp300", "exp(300)", "1.9424263952412559365842088360176992193662086");
+        testOutput("exp(-500)", "exp((500)`)", "7.1245764067412855315491573771227552469277568");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPow() {
+        testOutput("0^2", "(0^2)", "0");
+        testOutput("2^0", "(2^0)", "1");
+        testOutput("2^1", "(2^1)", "2");
+        testOutput("2^-1", "(2^(1)`)", "0.5");
+        testOutput("2^50", "(2^50)", "112589990684262");
+        testOutput("7^(-sqrt2*17)", "(7^((sqrt(2)*17))`)", "4.81354609155297814551845300063563");
+        testDomainException("0^0", "(0^0)");
+        testDomainException("(-13)^.9999", "((13)`^.9999)");
+    }
+
+}

core/src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/TokenizerTests.java

@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@ import org.junit.Assert;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.Plugin;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TokenType;
 
@@ -18,26 +17,48 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 public class TokenizerTests {
 
-    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus();
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration("precise", new String[]{}));
     private static LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
-    private static Function subtractFunction = new Function() {
+    private static NumberFunction subtractFunction = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 2;
         }
 
         @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
         }
     };
     private static Plugin testPlugin = new Plugin(abacus.getPluginManager()) {
         @Override
         public void onEnable() {
-            registerOperator("+", new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
+            registerOperator("+", new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
-                    0, subtractFunction));
+                    0) {
-            registerOperator("-", new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
+
-                    0, subtractFunction));
+                @Override
+                public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                    return subtractFunction.apply(implementation, params);
+                }
+            });
+            registerOperator("-", new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX,
+                    0) {
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean matchesParams(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberImplementation implementation, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                    return subtractFunction.apply(implementation, params);
+                }
+            });
             registerFunction("subtract", subtractFunction);
         }
 

docs/404.html

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+layout: base 
+---
+<h1>404</h1>
+
+<p><strong>Page not found :(</strong></p>
+<p>The requested page could not be found.</p>

docs/Gemfile

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+# Hello! This is where you manage which Jekyll version is used to run.
+# When you want to use a different version, change it below, save the
+# file and run `bundle install`. Run Jekyll with `bundle exec`, like so:
+#
+#     bundle exec jekyll serve
+#
+# This will help ensure the proper Jekyll version is running.
+# Happy Jekylling!
+gem "jekyll", "3.5.2"
+
+# This is the default theme for new Jekyll sites. You may change this to anything you like.
+gem "minima", "~> 2.0"
+
+# If you want to use GitHub Pages, remove the "gem "jekyll"" above and
+# uncomment the line below. To upgrade, run `bundle update github-pages`.
+# gem "github-pages", group: :jekyll_plugins
+
+# If you have any plugins, put them here!
+group :jekyll_plugins do
+   gem "jekyll-feed", "~> 0.6"
+end
+
+# Windows does not include zoneinfo files, so bundle the tzinfo-data gem
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
+

docs/Gemfile.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+GEM
+  remote: https://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    addressable (2.5.1)
+      public_suffix (~> 2.0, >= 2.0.2)
+    colorator (1.1.0)
+    ffi (1.9.18)
+    forwardable-extended (2.6.0)
+    jekyll (3.5.2)
+      addressable (~> 2.4)
+      colorator (~> 1.0)
+      jekyll-sass-converter (~> 1.0)
+      jekyll-watch (~> 1.1)
+      kramdown (~> 1.3)
+      liquid (~> 4.0)
+      mercenary (~> 0.3.3)
+      pathutil (~> 0.9)
+      rouge (~> 1.7)
+      safe_yaml (~> 1.0)
+    jekyll-feed (0.9.2)
+      jekyll (~> 3.3)
+    jekyll-sass-converter (1.5.0)
+      sass (~> 3.4)
+    jekyll-watch (1.5.0)
+      listen (~> 3.0, < 3.1)
+    kramdown (1.14.0)
+    liquid (4.0.0)
+    listen (3.0.8)
+      rb-fsevent (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.4)
+      rb-inotify (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.7)
+    mercenary (0.3.6)
+    minima (2.1.1)
+      jekyll (~> 3.3)
+    pathutil (0.14.0)
+      forwardable-extended (~> 2.6)
+    public_suffix (2.0.5)
+    rb-fsevent (0.10.2)
+    rb-inotify (0.9.10)
+      ffi (>= 0.5.0, < 2)
+    rouge (1.11.1)
+    safe_yaml (1.0.4)
+    sass (3.5.1)
+      sass-listen (~> 4.0.0)
+    sass-listen (4.0.0)
+      rb-fsevent (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.4)
+      rb-inotify (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.7)
+
+PLATFORMS
+  ruby
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  jekyll (= 3.5.2)
+  jekyll-feed (~> 0.6)
+  minima (~> 2.0)
+  tzinfo-data
+
+BUNDLED WITH
+   1.15.3

docs/_config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Welcome to Jekyll!
+#
+# This config file is meant for settings that affect your whole blog, values
+# which you are expected to set up once and rarely edit after that. If you find
+# yourself editing this file very often, consider using Jekyll's data files
+# feature for the data you need to update frequently.
+#
+# For technical reasons, this file is *NOT* reloaded automatically when you use
+# 'bundle exec jekyll serve'. If you change this file, please restart the server process.
+
+# Site settings
+# These are used to personalize your new site. If you look in the HTML files,
+# you will see them accessed via {{ site.title }}, {{ site.email }}, and so on.
+# You can create any custom variable you would like, and they will be accessible
+# in the templates via {{ site.myvariable }}.
+title: Abacus
+email: danila.fedorin@gmail.com
+description: > # this means to ignore newlines until "baseurl:"
+  This is the home page of Abacus,
+  a calculator developed during
+  the summer of 2017 as a tool
+  for the more tech-savvy users.
+baseurl: "/abacus" # the subpath of your site, e.g. /blog
+url: "htts://danilafe.github.io" # the base hostname & protocol for your site, e.g. http://example.com
+github_username: DanilaFe 
+include: ['_pages']
+
+# Build settings
+markdown: kramdown
+plugins:
+  - jekyll-feed
+
+# Exclude from processing.
+# The following items will not be processed, by default. Create a custom list
+# to override the default setting.
+# exclude:
+#   - Gemfile
+#   - Gemfile.lock
+#   - node_modules
+#   - vendor/bundle/
+#   - vendor/cache/
+#   - vendor/gems/
+#   - vendor/ruby/

docs/_includes/head.html

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+
+  <title>{% if page.title %}{{ page.title | escape }}{% else %}{{ site.title | escape }}{% endif %}</title>
+  <meta name="description" content="{{ page.excerpt | default: site.description | strip_html | normalize_whitespace | truncate: 160 | escape }}">
+
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ "assets/css/main.css" | relative_url }}">
+  <link rel="canonical" href="{{ page.url | replace:'index.html','' | absolute_url }}">
+  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="{{ site.title | escape }}" href="{{ "/feed.xml" | relative_url }}">
+  
+  {% if jekyll.environment == 'production' and site.google_analytics %}
+  {% include google-analytics.html %}
+  {% endif %}
+</head>
+

docs/_includes/header.html

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<nav>
+  <div class="center">
+    <a href="{{ "/" | relative_url }}" class="primary-link">{{ site.title }}</a>
+    {% for page in site.pages %}
+    {% if page.in_header %}
+    <a href="{{ page.url | relative_url }}">{{ page.title }}</a>
+    {% endif %}
+    {% endfor %}
+  </div>
+</nav>

docs/_layouts/base.html

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+
+  {% include head.html %}
+
+  <body>
+    {% include header.html %}
+
+    <div class="content center">
+      {{ content }}
+    </div>
+
+    {% include footer.html %}
+  </body>
+
+
+</html>

docs/_layouts/home.html

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  {% include head.html %}
+  <style>
+  body {
+    margin: 0px;
+    margin-top: 50px;
+    color: white;
+    text-align: center;
+  }
+  h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+    font-family: "Source Code Pro"
+  }
+
+  img#logo {
+    margin: auto;
+    width: 100%;
+    max-width: 100px;
+  }
+
+  img#image_preview {
+    margin: auto;
+    width: 100%;
+    max-width: 432px;
+  }
+
+  div#buttons {
+    margin-top: 40px;
+    margin-bottom: 40px;
+  }
+
+  a {
+    background-color: white;
+    color: #06e8a4;
+  }
+
+  a:hover {
+    background-color: #06e8a4;
+    color: white;
+  }
+
+  div.fullwidth {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: auto;
+    overflow: hidden;
+  }
+
+  div.fullwidth img {
+    max-width: 100%;
+    max-height: 450px;
+    margin: auto;
+    margin-top: 20px;
+    margin-bottom: 20px;
+    display: block;
+    border-radius: 5px;
+  }
+
+  div.white {
+    background-color: white;
+    color: black;
+  }
+
+  div.green {
+    background-color: #06e8a4;
+    color: white;
+  }
+
+  div.fullwidth div.double {
+    height: 100%;
+    text-align: left;
+    width: 50%;
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+    padding: 40px;
+    float: left;
+    background-color: inherit;
+  }
+
+  @media (max-width: 750px) {
+    div.fullwidth div.double {
+      width: 100%;
+      padding: 15px;
+    }
+    div.fullwidth img {
+      margin-top: 0px;
+      margin-bottom: 0px;
+    }
+  }
+
+  div.fullwidth div.double h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+    text-align: center;
+  }
+
+  </style>
+  <body>
+  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DanilaFe/abacus/master/image/logo.png" id="logo">
+  <h1>Abacus</h1>
+  <h2>The programmer's calculator</h2>
+  <div id="buttons">
+    <a class="button inverted" href="{{ "/download" | relative_url }}">Download</a>
+    <a class="button inverted" href="{{ "/about" | relative_url }}">About</a>
+    <a class="button inverted" href="https://github.com/DanilaFe/abacus">Contribute</a>
+    <a class="button inverted" href="https://github.com/DanilaFe/abacus/wiki">Wiki</a>
+  </div>
+  <img src="http://i.imgur.com/Min70QY.png" title="source: imgur.com" id="image_preview"/>
+  <h2>Features</h2>
+  <div class="fullwidth white">
+    <div class="double">
+      <img src="https://i.imgur.com/gmGJBBK.png">
+    </div>
+    <div class="double">
+      <h2>Precision</h2>
+      Abacus uses a mathematical tool called Taylor Series to determine values
+      as accurate as the user desires. Of course, this comes with some
+      performance issues with larger numbers. However, Abacus has been
+      tested to generate the value of e correctly to a thousand digits.
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="fullwidth green">
+    <div class="double">
+      <h2>Configurable and Customizable</h2>
+      The very first idea for Abacus was inspired by how difficult it was
+      to program a TI-84 calculator. Only two languages were available, TI-BASIC
+      and Assembly, the latter having virtually no documentation. Determined
+      to be better than a TI-84, Abacus implemented a plugin system that allows
+      users to easily create and add plugins written in the same programming
+      language as Abacus itself - Java. These plugins can access the full
+      power of the language, and implement their own ways of handling numbers,
+      as well as their own functions and even operators.<br><br>
+      Besides the ability to add plugins, Abacus also adds some general
+      options that can be used to make the user's experience more pleasant.
+      For instance, it allows for a computation limit to be set in order
+      to prevent excessively long evaluation: 8!!! is, for example, an expression
+      that even Wolfram Alpha doesn't compute accurately, and will never finish
+      on Abacus (it's simply too large). The computation limit will allow Abacus
+      to kill a computation if it takes too long. Support for user-definable
+      precision is also planned.
+    </div>
+    <div class="double">
+      <img src="https://i.imgur.com/JzenWPV.png">
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="fullwidth white">
+    <div class="double">
+      <img src="https://i.imgur.com/jY17I3A.png">
+    </div>
+    <div class="double">
+      <h2>Built-in Documentation</h2>
+      Abacus plugins are given a mechanism to register documentation for
+      the functions that they provide. The Abacus GUI displays these
+      functions in a searchable list, allowing the user to read the parameters
+      that have to be supplied to each function, as well as learn about
+      its return value.<br><br>
+      The search finds functions not only by their names, but also by relevant
+      terms mentioned in the function's description, thus allowing related
+      functions to be displayed together.
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  </body>
+</html>

docs/_layouts/page.html

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+layout: base
+---
+<h1>{{ page.title }}</h1>
+{{ content }}

docs/_pages/about.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+in_header: true
+layout: page
+title: About
+permalink: /about/
+---
+
+## So... what IS Abacus?
+It's a calculator. Obviously. But what makes it better than
+what already exists? There's a few things. Abacus is:
+* Programmable, and not in TI Basic.
+* Precise. With the "precise" option, Abacus can keep up to 50 significant figures.
+* Capable. Ever wonder what 2<sup>700</sup> is? How about 8!!? Abacus can tell you!
+* Offline. While Wolfram Alpha can do powerful math, it needs internet connection!
+* Built for the desktop. Why use buttons on the screen when there's buttons on the keyboard?
+* Open source. Don't like something? Help is always welcome!
+
+## Why was Abacus made?
+The initial project was proposed for the [Northwest Advanced Programming Workshop](http://nwapw.org/about/).
+You can read the project proposal on the main GitHub page, although the idea has
+changed quite a bit, mostly in shifting from "fast" to "precise".
+
+## What is Abacus made with?
+Java and Kotlin. Java provides a good layer of abstraction and a great standard
+library, while Kotlin allows for the reduction of boilerplate code and null
+safety. Using JVM-based languages also allows Abacus to expose its entire
+API to plugins, and load them at runtime.

docs/_pages/download.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+in_header: true
+layout: page
+title: Download
+permalink: /download/
+---
+
+Currently, we do not provide standalone executables due to our unfamiliarity with
+including 3rd-party software. Abacus uses a number of open source libraries,
+and we do not want to breach the license terms for any of them. As soon as
+as we figure out the correct way to distribute Abacus, we will make a
+standalone distribution available. In the meantime, please use the below
+steps to run Abacus from source.
+
+## Getting the Code
+Abacus is an open source project, and is distributed under the MIT license.
+If you would like to download the source code, simply clone it from
+[GitHub](https://github.com/DanilaFe/abacus).
+Alternatively, if you don't want the bleeding edge version, check out the
+[releases](https://github.com/DanilaFe/abacus/releases).
+
+## Running from Source
+Once you have unpacked the source code, you can simply run it from
+the command line via the shell command:
+```
+./gradlew run
+```
+If you're on Windows, the command is similar:
+```
+gradlew run
+```
+This should download a distribution of Gradle, a build system that is
+used to compile Abacus. After some time, the Abacus window should appear.
+From there, you can use it normally.

docs/assets/css/main.scss

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+---
+---
+@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro|Open+Sans|Raleway');
+
+$background-color: #19d69e;
+$code-color: #efefef;
+$accent-color: #00AFE8;
+$clear-color: white;
+$title-font: "Open Sans";
+$text-font: "Raleway";
+$code-font: "Source Code Pro";
+$max-width: 850px;
+
+a {
+  text-decoration: none;
+  color: $background-color;
+
+  &.button {
+    display: inline-block;
+    background-color: $background-color;
+    color: $clear-color;
+    padding: 10px;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    border-radius: 2px;
+
+    margin: 10px;
+    transition: background-color .25s;
+
+    &:hover {
+      background-color: $clear-color;
+      color: $background-color;
+    }
+
+    &.inverted {
+      background-color: $clear-color;
+      color: $background-color;
+
+      &:hover {
+        background-color: $background-color;
+        color: $clear-color;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+  font: {
+    family: $title-font;
+  }
+}
+
+h1 {
+  font-size: 50px;
+}
+
+nav {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  background-color: $clear-color;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 20px;
+
+  a {
+    text-decoration: none;
+    color: $background-color;
+    font-size: 20px;
+    margin-right: 10px;
+
+    &.primary-link {
+      font-size: 30px;
+      margin-right: 20px;
+    }
+
+    &:hover {
+      color: $accent-color;
+    }
+
+    transition: color .25s;
+  }
+}
+
+body {
+  background-color: $background-color;
+  font: {
+    family: $text-font;
+  }
+  margin: 0px;
+}
+
+.center {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-width: $max-width;
+
+  @media (min-width: $max-width) {
+    margin: {
+      left: auto;
+      right: auto;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+.content {
+  margin-top: 20px;
+  padding: 30px;
+  background-color: $clear-color;
+}
+
+code {
+  background-color: $code-color;
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: 5px;
+  font-family: $code-font;
+
+  pre & {
+    padding: 10px;
+    display: block;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+}

docs/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+# You don't need to edit this file, it's empty on purpose.
+# Edit theme's home layout instead if you wanna make some changes
+# See: https://jekyllrb.com/docs/themes/#overriding-theme-defaults
+layout: home
+---

fx/build.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+apply plugin: 'application'
+
+dependencies {
+    compile 'com.moandjiezana.toml:toml4j:0.7.1'
+    compile project(':core')
+}
+
+mainClassName = 'org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusApplication'

fx/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusApplication.java

@@ -12,13 +12,30 @@ import javafx.stage.Stage;
  */
 public class AbacusApplication extends Application {
 
+    /**
+     * The controller currently managing the application.
+     */
+    private AbacusController controller;
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        launch(args);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void start(Stage primaryStage) throws Exception {
-        Parent parent = FXMLLoader.load(getClass().getResource("/abacus.fxml"));
+        FXMLLoader loader = new FXMLLoader(getClass().getResource("/abacus.fxml"));
+        Parent parent = loader.load();
+        controller = loader.getController();
         Scene mainScene = new Scene(parent, 320, 480);
         primaryStage.setScene(mainScene);
         primaryStage.setTitle("Abacus");
         primaryStage.show();
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public void stop() throws Exception {
+        super.stop();
+        controller.performStop();
+    }
+
 }

fx/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java

@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.application.Platform;
+import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
+import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
+import javafx.collections.transformation.FilteredList;
+import javafx.fxml.FXML;
+import javafx.scene.control.*;
+import javafx.scene.control.cell.CheckBoxListCell;
+import javafx.scene.text.Text;
+import javafx.util.Callback;
+import javafx.util.StringConverter;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Documentation;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DocumentationType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DomainException;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.ClassFinder;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+
+/**
+ * The controller for the abacus FX UI, responsible
+ * for all the user interaction.
+ */
+public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
+
+    /**
+     * The file used for saving and loading configuration.
+     */
+    public static final File CONFIG_FILE = new File("config.toml");
+    /**
+     * The title for the apply alert dialog.
+     */
+    private static final String APPLY_MSG_TITLE = "\"Apply\" Needed";
+    /**
+     * The text for the header of the apply alert dialog.
+     */
+    private static final String APPLY_MSG_HEADER = "The settings have not been applied.";
+    /**
+     * The text for the dialog that is shown if settings haven't been applied.
+     */
+    private static final String APPLY_MSG_TEXT = "You have made changes to the configuration, however, you haven't pressed \"Apply\". " +
+            "The changes to the configuration will not be present in the calculator until \"Apply\" is pressed.";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the text could not be lexed or parsed.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_SYNTAX = "Syntax Error";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the tree could not be reduced.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_EVAL = "Evaluation Error";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are stopped before they are done.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_STOP = "Stopped";
+    /**
+     * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are interrupted by an exception.
+     */
+    private static final String ERR_EXCEPTION = "Exception Thrown";
+    @FXML
+    private TabPane coreTabPane;
+    @FXML
+    private Tab calculateTab;
+    @FXML
+    private Tab settingsTab;
+    @FXML
+    private Tab functionListTab;
+    @FXML
+    private TableView<HistoryModel> historyTable;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> inputColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> parsedColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> outputColumn;
+    @FXML
+    private Text outputText;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField inputField;
+    @FXML
+    private Button inputButton;
+    @FXML
+    private Button stopButton;
+    @FXML
+    private ComboBox<String> numberImplementationBox;
+    @FXML
+    private ListView<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPluginView;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField computationLimitField;
+    @FXML
+    private ListView<Documentation> functionListView;
+    @FXML
+    private TextField functionListSearchField;
+
+    /**
+     * The list of history entries, created by the users.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<HistoryModel> historyData;
+
+    /**
+     * The abacus instance used for calculations and all
+     * other main processing code.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<String> numberImplementationOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * The list of plugin objects that can be toggled on and off,
+     * and, when reloaded, get added to the plugin manager's black list.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPlugins;
+    /**
+     * The list of functions that are registered in the calculator.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<Documentation> functionList;
+    /**
+     * The filtered list displayed to the user.
+     */
+    private FilteredList<Documentation> functionFilter;
+
+    /**
+     * The abacus instance used for changing the plugin configuration.
+     */
+    private Abacus abacus;
+    /**
+     * The runnable used to perform the calculation.
+     */
+    private final Runnable CALCULATION_RUNNABLE = new Runnable() {
+
+        private String attemptCalculation() {
+            try {
+                TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
+                if (constructedTree == null) {
+                    return ERR_SYNTAX;
+                }
+                NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
+                if (evaluatedNumber == null) {
+                    return ERR_EVAL;
+                }
+                String resultingString = evaluatedNumber.toString();
+                historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), resultingString));
+                return resultingString;
+            } catch (ComputationInterruptedException exception) {
+                return ERR_STOP;
+            } catch (DomainException exception) {
+                return exception.getMessage();
+            } catch (RuntimeException exception) {
+                exception.printStackTrace();
+                return ERR_EXCEPTION;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            String calculation = attemptCalculation();
+            Platform.runLater(() -> {
+                outputText.setText(calculation);
+                inputField.setText("");
+                inputButton.setDisable(false);
+                stopButton.setDisable(true);
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    /**
+     * Boolean which represents whether changes were made to the configuration.
+     */
+    private boolean changesMade;
+    /**
+     * Whether an alert about changes to the configuration was already shown.
+     */
+    private boolean reloadAlertShown;
+    /**
+     * The alert shown when a press to "apply" is needed.
+     */
+    private Alert reloadAlert;
+    /**
+     * The thread that is waiting to pause the calculation.
+     */
+    private Thread computationLimitThread;
+    /**
+     * The thread in which the computation runs.
+     */
+    private Thread calculationThread;
+    /**
+     * The runnable that takes care of killing computations that take too long.
+     */
+    private final Runnable TIMER_RUNNABLE = () -> {
+        try {
+            ExtendedConfiguration abacusConfig = (ExtendedConfiguration) abacus.getConfiguration();
+            if (abacusConfig.getComputationDelay() == 0) return;
+            Thread.sleep((long) (abacusConfig.getComputationDelay() * 1000));
+            performStop();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Alerts the user if the changes they made
+     * have not yet been applied.
+     */
+    private void alertIfApplyNeeded(boolean ignorePrevious) {
+        if (changesMade && (!reloadAlertShown || ignorePrevious)) {
+            reloadAlertShown = true;
+            reloadAlert.showAndWait();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void initialize() {
+        Callback<TableColumn<HistoryModel, String>, TableCell<HistoryModel, String>> cellFactory =
+                param -> new CopyableCell<>();
+        Callback<ListView<ToggleablePlugin>, ListCell<ToggleablePlugin>> pluginCellFactory =
+                param -> new CheckBoxListCell<>(ToggleablePlugin::getEnabledProperty, new StringConverter<ToggleablePlugin>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public String toString(ToggleablePlugin object) {
+                        return object.getClassName().substring(object.getClassName().lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public ToggleablePlugin fromString(String string) {
+                        return new ToggleablePlugin(string, true);
+                    }
+                });
+        functionList = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        functionFilter = new FilteredList<>(functionList, (s) -> true);
+        functionListView.setItems(functionFilter);
+        functionListSearchField.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) ->
+                functionFilter.setPredicate((newValue.length() == 0) ? ((s) -> true) : ((s) -> s.matches(newValue))));
+        functionListView.setCellFactory(param -> new DocumentationCell());
+        historyData = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        historyTable.setItems(historyData);
+        numberImplementationOptions = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        numberImplementationBox.setItems(numberImplementationOptions);
+        numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().selectedIndexProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
+        historyTable.getSelectionModel().setCellSelectionEnabled(true);
+        enabledPlugins = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        enabledPluginView.setItems(enabledPlugins);
+        enabledPluginView.setCellFactory(pluginCellFactory);
+        inputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        inputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().getInputProperty());
+        parsedColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        parsedColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().getParsedProperty());
+        outputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
+        outputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().getOutputProperty());
+        coreTabPane.getSelectionModel().selectedItemProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
+            if (oldValue.equals(settingsTab)) alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
+        });
+
+        abacus = new Abacus(new ExtendedConfiguration(CONFIG_FILE));
+        PluginManager abacusPluginManager = abacus.getPluginManager();
+        abacusPluginManager.addListener(this);
+        performScan();
+
+        computationLimitField.setText(Double.toString(((ExtendedConfiguration) abacus.getConfiguration()).getComputationDelay()));
+        computationLimitField.textProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
+            if (!newValue.matches("(\\d+(\\.\\d*)?)?")) {
+                computationLimitField.setText(oldValue);
+            } else {
+                changesMade = true;
+            }
+        });
+
+        changesMade = false;
+        reloadAlertShown = false;
+
+        reloadAlert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.WARNING);
+        reloadAlert.setTitle(APPLY_MSG_TITLE);
+        reloadAlert.setHeaderText(APPLY_MSG_HEADER);
+        reloadAlert.setContentText(APPLY_MSG_TEXT);
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performCalculation() {
+        inputButton.setDisable(true);
+        stopButton.setDisable(false);
+        calculationThread = new Thread(CALCULATION_RUNNABLE);
+        calculationThread.start();
+        computationLimitThread = new Thread(TIMER_RUNNABLE);
+        computationLimitThread.start();
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performStop() {
+        if (calculationThread != null) {
+            calculationThread.interrupt();
+            calculationThread = null;
+        }
+        if (computationLimitThread != null) {
+            computationLimitThread.interrupt();
+            computationLimitThread = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performSaveAndReload() {
+        performSave();
+        performReload();
+        changesMade = false;
+        reloadAlertShown = false;
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performScan() {
+        PluginManager abacusPluginManager = abacus.getPluginManager();
+        abacusPluginManager.removeAll();
+        abacusPluginManager.addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(abacus.getPluginManager()));
+        try {
+            ClassFinder.loadJars("plugins").forEach(abacusPluginManager::addClass);
+        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        abacusPluginManager.reload();
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performReload() {
+        alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
+        abacus.getPluginManager().reload();
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performSave() {
+        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
+        configuration.setNumberImplementation(numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem());
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
+        disabledPlugins.clear();
+        for (ToggleablePlugin pluginEntry : enabledPlugins) {
+            if (!pluginEntry.isEnabled()) disabledPlugins.add(pluginEntry.getClassName());
+        }
+        if (computationLimitField.getText().matches("\\d*(\\.\\d+)?") && computationLimitField.getText().length() != 0)
+            ((ExtendedConfiguration) configuration).setComputationDelay(Double.parseDouble(computationLimitField.getText()));
+        ((ExtendedConfiguration) configuration).saveTo(CONFIG_FILE);
+        changesMade = false;
+        reloadAlertShown = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
+        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
+        Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
+        numberImplementationOptions.addAll(abacus.getPluginManager().getAllNumberImplementations());
+        String actualImplementation = configuration.getNumberImplementation();
+        String toSelect = (numberImplementationOptions.contains(actualImplementation)) ? actualImplementation : "<default>";
+        numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().select(toSelect);
+        for (Class<?> pluginClass : abacus.getPluginManager().getLoadedPluginClasses()) {
+            String fullName = pluginClass.getName();
+            ToggleablePlugin plugin = new ToggleablePlugin(fullName, !disabledPlugins.contains(fullName));
+            plugin.getEnabledProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
+            enabledPlugins.add(plugin);
+        }
+        PluginManager pluginManager = abacus.getPluginManager();
+        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllFunctions().stream().map(name -> pluginManager.documentationFor(name, DocumentationType.FUNCTION))
+                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new)));
+        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllTreeValueFunctions().stream().map(name -> pluginManager.documentationFor(name, DocumentationType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION))
+                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new)));
+        functionList.sort(Comparator.comparing(Documentation::getCodeName));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
+        functionList.clear();
+        enabledPlugins.clear();
+        numberImplementationOptions.clear();
+    }
+
+}

fx/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/CopyableCell.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection;
 /**
  * A cell that copies its value to the clipboard
  * when double clicked.
+ *
  * @param <S> The type of the table view generic type.
  * @param <T> The type of the value contained in the cell.
  */
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ public class CopyableCell<S, T> extends TableCell<S, T> {
     /**
      * Creates a new copyable cell.
      */
-    public CopyableCell(){
+    public CopyableCell() {
         addEventFilter(MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED, event -> {
-            if(event.getClickCount() == 2){
+            if (event.getClickCount() == 2) {
                 Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard()
                         .setContents(new StringSelection(getText()), null);
             }

fx/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/DocumentationCell.java

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
+
+import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+import javafx.scene.control.ListCell;
+import javafx.scene.control.TitledPane;
+import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Documentation;
+
+public class DocumentationCell extends ListCell<Documentation> {
+
+    private Label codeNameLabel;
+    private Label nameLabel;
+    private Label description;
+    private Label longDescription;
+    private TitledPane titledPane;
+
+    public DocumentationCell() {
+        VBox vbox = new VBox();
+        vbox.setSpacing(10);
+        titledPane = new TitledPane();
+        codeNameLabel = new Label();
+        nameLabel = new Label();
+        description = new Label();
+        longDescription = new Label();
+        codeNameLabel.setWrapText(true);
+        nameLabel.setWrapText(true);
+        description.setWrapText(true);
+        longDescription.setWrapText(true);
+        vbox.getChildren().add(codeNameLabel);
+        vbox.getChildren().add(nameLabel);
+        vbox.getChildren().add(description);
+        vbox.getChildren().add(longDescription);
+        titledPane.textProperty().bindBidirectional(codeNameLabel.textProperty());
+        titledPane.setContent(vbox);
+        titledPane.setExpanded(false);
+        titledPane.prefWidthProperty().bind(widthProperty().subtract(32));
+
+        visibleProperty().addListener((a, b, c) -> titledPane.setExpanded(false));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void updateItem(Documentation item, boolean empty) {
+        super.updateItem(item, empty);
+        if (empty) {
+            codeNameLabel.setText("");
+            nameLabel.setText("");
+            description.setText("");
+            longDescription.setText("");
+            setGraphic(null);
+        } else {
+            codeNameLabel.setText(item.getCodeName());
+            nameLabel.setText(item.getName());
+            description.setText(item.getDescription());
+            longDescription.setText(item.getLongDescription());
+            setGraphic(titledPane);
+        }
+        titledPane.setExpanded(false);
+    }
+}

fx/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ExtendedConfiguration.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx
+
+import com.moandjiezana.toml.Toml
+import com.moandjiezana.toml.TomlWriter
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration
+import java.io.File
+
+/**
+ * Additional settings for user interface.
+ *
+ * ExtendedConfiguration is used to add other settings
+ * that aren't built into Abacus core, but are necessary
+ * for the fx module.
+ *
+ * @property computationDelay the delay before which the computation stops.
+ * @param implementation the number implementation, same as [Configuration.numberImplementation]
+ * @param disabledPlugins the list of plugins that should be disabled, same as [Configuration.disabledPlugins]
+ */
+class ExtendedConfiguration(var computationDelay: Double = 0.0,
+                     implementation: String = "<default>",
+                     disabledPlugins: Array<String> = emptyArray())
+    : Configuration(implementation, disabledPlugins) {
+
+    companion object {
+        /**
+         * The default TOML.
+         */
+        val DEFAULT_TOML_STRING = """
+            computationDelay=0.0
+            implementation="naive"
+            disabledPlugins=[]
+            """
+        /**
+         * A reader with the default TOML data.
+         */
+        val DEFAULT_TOML_READER = Toml().read(DEFAULT_TOML_STRING)
+        /**
+         * A writer used to writing the configuration to disk.
+         */
+        val DEFAULT_TOML_WRITER = TomlWriter()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new configuration from a file on disk.
+     * @param tomlFile the file from disk to load.
+     */
+    constructor(tomlFile: File) : this() {
+        copyFrom(Toml(DEFAULT_TOML_READER).read(tomlFile).to(ExtendedConfiguration::class.java))
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies data from another configuration into this one.
+     * @param config the configuration to copy from.
+     */
+    fun copyFrom(config: ExtendedConfiguration) {
+        computationDelay = config.computationDelay
+        numberImplementation = config.numberImplementation
+        disabledPlugins.clear()
+        disabledPlugins.addAll(config.disabledPlugins)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves this configuration to a file.
+     * @param file the file to save to.
+     */
+    fun saveTo(file: File) {
+        DEFAULT_TOML_WRITER.write(this, file)
+    }
+
+}

fx/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/HistoryModel.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx
+
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty
+
+/**
+ * A model representing an input / output in the calculator.
+ *
+ * The HistoryModel class stores a record of a single user-provided input,
+ * its parsed form as it was interpreted by the calculator, and the output
+ * that was provided by the calculator. These are represented as properties
+ * to allow easy access by JavaFX cells.
+ *
+ * @param input the user input
+ * @param parsed the parsed version of the input.
+ * @param output the output string.
+ */
+class HistoryModel(input: String, parsed: String, output: String) {
+
+    /**
+     * The property that holds the input.
+     */
+    val inputProperty = SimpleStringProperty(input)
+    /**
+     * The property that holds the parsed input.
+     */
+    val parsedProperty = SimpleStringProperty(parsed)
+    /**
+     * The property that holds the output.
+     */
+    val outputProperty = SimpleStringProperty(output)
+
+}

fx/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ToggleablePlugin.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx
+
+import javafx.beans.property.SimpleBooleanProperty
+
+/**
+ * A model representing a plugin that can be disabled or enabled.
+ *
+ * ToggleablePlugin is a model that is used to present to the user the option
+ * of disabling / enabling plugins. The class name in this plugin is stored if
+ * its "enabledPropery" is false, essentially blacklisting the plugin.
+ *
+ * @param className the name of the class that this model concerns.
+ * @param enabled whether or not the model should start enabled.
+ */
+class ToggleablePlugin(val className: String, enabled: Boolean) {
+
+    /**
+     * The property used to interact with JavaFX components.
+     */
+    val enabledProperty = SimpleBooleanProperty(enabled)
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether this plugin is currently enabled or not.
+     *
+     * @return true if it is enabled, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun isEnabled(): Boolean {
+        return enabledProperty.value
+    }
+
+}

fx/src/main/resources/abacus.fxml

@@ -2,14 +2,10 @@
 
 <?import javafx.geometry.Insets?>
 <?import javafx.scene.control.*?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane?>
+<?import javafx.scene.layout.*?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.VBox?>
 <?import javafx.scene.text.Text?>
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.HBox?>
+<BorderPane xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml"
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane?>
+            xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx"
-<?import javafx.scene.layout.FlowPane?>
-<BorderPane xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx"
-            xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml"
             fx:controller="org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusController">
     <center>
         <TabPane fx:id="coreTabPane">
@@ -38,25 +34,42 @@
                             <TextField fx:id="inputField" onAction="#performCalculation"/>
                             <Button fx:id="inputButton" text="Calculate" maxWidth="Infinity"
                                     onAction="#performCalculation"/>
+                            <Button fx:id="stopButton" text="Stop" maxWidth="Infinity"
+                                    onAction="#performStop" disable="true"/>
                         </VBox>
                     </bottom>
                 </BorderPane>
             </Tab>
             <Tab fx:id="settingsTab" text="Settings" closable="false">
                 <GridPane hgap="10" vgap="10">
-                    <padding><Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/></padding>
+                    <padding>
+                        <Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/>
+                    </padding>
                     <Label text="Number Implementation" GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
                     <ComboBox fx:id="numberImplementationBox" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
                     <ListView fx:id="enabledPluginView"
                               GridPane.rowIndex="1" GridPane.columnIndex="0"
                               GridPane.columnSpan="2" maxHeight="100"/>
-                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="2" hgap="10" vgap="10">
+                    <Text GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="2" text="Computation Limit"/>
+                    <TextField fx:id="computationLimitField" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="2"/>
+                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="3" hgap="10"
+                              vgap="10">
                         <Button text="Apply" onAction="#performSave"/>
                         <Button text="Reload Plugins" onAction="#performReload"/>
                         <Button text="Apply and Reload" onAction="#performSaveAndReload"/>
+                        <Button text="Scan Plugins" onAction="#performScan"/>
                     </FlowPane>
                 </GridPane>
             </Tab>
+            <Tab fx:id="functionListTab" text="Functions" closable="false">
+                <VBox spacing="10">
+                    <padding>
+                        <Insets left="10" right="10" top="10" bottom="10"/>
+                    </padding>
+                    <TextField fx:id="functionListSearchField" maxWidth="Infinity"/>
+                    <ListView maxWidth="Infinity" fx:id="functionListView"/>
+                </VBox>
+            </Tab>
         </TabPane>
     </center>
 

settings.gradle

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 rootProject.name = 'abacus'
+include 'core', 'fx'

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.java

@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.fx.AbacusApplication;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.ShuntingYardParser;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.TreeBuilder;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.ClassFinder;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.NumberReducer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.IOException;
-
-/**
- * The main calculator class. This is responsible
- * for piecing together all of the components, allowing
- * their interaction with each other.
- */
-public class Abacus {
-
-    public static final NumberImplementation DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION = StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE;
-    /**
-     * The file used for saving and loading configuration.
-     */
-    public static final File CONFIG_FILE = new File("config.toml");
-
-    /**
-     * The plugin manager responsible for
-     * loading and unloading plugins,
-     * and getting functions from them.
-     */
-    private PluginManager pluginManager;
-    /**
-     * The reducer used to evaluate the tree.
-     */
-    private NumberReducer numberReducer;
-    /**
-     * The configuration loaded from a file.
-     */
-    private Configuration configuration;
-    /**
-     * The tree builder used to construct a tree
-     * from a string.
-     */
-    private TreeBuilder treeBuilder;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new instance of the Abacus calculator.
-     */
-    public Abacus() {
-        pluginManager = new PluginManager(this);
-        numberReducer = new NumberReducer(this);
-        configuration = new Configuration(CONFIG_FILE);
-        configuration.saveTo(CONFIG_FILE);
-        LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
-        ShuntingYardParser shuntingYardParser = new ShuntingYardParser(this);
-        treeBuilder = new TreeBuilder<>(lexerTokenizer, shuntingYardParser);
-
-        pluginManager.addListener(lexerTokenizer);
-        pluginManager.addListener(shuntingYardParser);
-        pluginManager.addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(pluginManager));
-        try {
-            ClassFinder.loadJars("plugins")
-                    .forEach(plugin -> pluginManager.addClass(plugin));
-        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        }
-        pluginManager.load();
-    }
-
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        AbacusApplication.launch(AbacusApplication.class, args);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the current tree builder.
-     *
-     * @return the main tree builder in this abacus instance.
-     */
-    public TreeBuilder getTreeBuilder() {
-        return treeBuilder;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the current plugin manager,
-     *
-     * @return the plugin manager in this abacus instance.
-     */
-    public PluginManager getPluginManager() {
-        return pluginManager;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get the reducer that is responsible for transforming
-     * an expression into a number.
-     *
-     * @return the number reducer in this abacus instance.
-     */
-    public NumberReducer getNumberReducer() {
-        return numberReducer;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the configuration object associated with this instance.
-     *
-     * @return the configuration object.
-     */
-    public Configuration getConfiguration() {
-        return configuration;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Parses a string into a tree structure using the main
-     * tree builder.
-     *
-     * @param input the input string to parse
-     * @return the resulting tree, null if the tree builder or the produced tree are null.
-     */
-    public TreeNode parseString(String input) {
-        return treeBuilder.fromString(input);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Evaluates the given tree using the main
-     * number reducer.
-     *
-     * @param tree the tree to reduce, must not be null.
-     * @return the resulting number, or null of the reduction failed.
-     */
-    public NumberInterface evaluateTree(TreeNode tree) {
-        return tree.reduce(numberReducer);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a number from a string.
-     *
-     * @param numberString the string to create the number from.
-     * @return the resulting number.
-     */
-    public NumberInterface numberFromString(String numberString) {
-        NumberImplementation toInstantiate =
-                pluginManager.numberImplementationFor(configuration.getNumberImplementation());
-        if (toInstantiate == null) toInstantiate = DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION;
-
-        return toInstantiate.instanceForString(numberString);
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/config/Configuration.java

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.config;
-
-import com.moandjiezana.toml.Toml;
-import com.moandjiezana.toml.TomlWriter;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Set;
-
-/**
- * The configuration object that stores
- * options that the user can change.
- */
-public class Configuration {
-
-    /**
-     * The defaults TOML string.
-     */
-    private static final String DEFAULT_CONFIG =
-            "numberImplementation = \"naive\"\n" +
-            "disabledPlugins = []";
-    /**
-     * The defaults TOML object, parsed from the string.
-     */
-    private static final Toml DEFAULT_TOML = new Toml().read(DEFAULT_CONFIG);
-    /**
-     * The TOML writer used to write this configuration to a file.
-     */
-    private static final TomlWriter TOML_WRITER = new TomlWriter();
-
-    /**
-     * The implementation of the number that should be used.
-     */
-    private String numberImplementation = "<default>";
-    /**
-     * The list of disabled plugins in this Configuration.
-     */
-    private Set<String> disabledPlugins = new HashSet<>();
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new configuration with the given values.
-     * @param numberImplementation the number implementation, like "naive" or "precise"
-     * @param disabledPlugins the list of disabled plugins.
-     */
-    public Configuration(String numberImplementation, String[] disabledPlugins){
-        this.numberImplementation = numberImplementation;
-        this.disabledPlugins.addAll(Arrays.asList(disabledPlugins));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Loads a configuration from a given file, keeping non-specified fields default.
-     * @param fromFile the file to load from.
-     */
-    public Configuration(File fromFile){
-        if(!fromFile.exists()) return;
-        copyFrom(new Toml(DEFAULT_TOML).read(fromFile).to(Configuration.class));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Copies the values from the given configuration into this one.
-     * @param otherConfiguration the configuration to copy from.
-     */
-    public void copyFrom(Configuration otherConfiguration){
-        this.numberImplementation = otherConfiguration.numberImplementation;
-        this.disabledPlugins.addAll(otherConfiguration.disabledPlugins);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Saves this configuration to the given file, creating
-     * any directories that do not exist.
-     * @param file the file to save to.
-     */
-    public void saveTo(File file){
-        if(file.getParentFile() != null) file.getParentFile().mkdirs();
-        try {
-            TOML_WRITER.write(this, file);
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the number implementation from this configuration.
-     * @return the number implementation.
-     */
-    public String getNumberImplementation() {
-        return numberImplementation;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the number implementation for the configuration
-     * @param numberImplementation the number implementation.
-     */
-    public void setNumberImplementation(String numberImplementation) {
-        this.numberImplementation = numberImplementation;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the list of disabled plugins.
-     * @return the list of disabled plugins.
-     */
-    public Set<String> getDisabledPlugins() {
-        return disabledPlugins;
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Function.java

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-
-/**
- * A function that operates on one or more
- * inputs and returns a single number.
- */
-public abstract class Function {
-
-    /**
-     * Checks whether the given params will work for the given function.
-     *
-     * @param params the given params
-     * @return true if the params can be used with this function.
-     */
-    protected abstract boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params);
-
-    /**
-     * Internal apply implementation, which already receives appropriately promoted
-     * parameters that have bee run through matchesParams
-     *
-     * @param params the promoted parameters.
-     * @return the return value of the function.
-     */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params);
-
-    /**
-     * Function to check, promote arguments and run the function.
-     *
-     * @param params the raw input parameters.
-     * @return the return value of the function, or null if an error occurred.
-     */
-    public NumberInterface apply(NumberInterface... params) {
-        if (!matchesParams(params)) return null;
-        return applyInternal(params);
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Operator.java

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function;
-
-/**
- * A class that represents a single infix operator.
- */
-public class Operator {
-
-    /**
-     * The associativity of the operator.
-     */
-    private OperatorAssociativity associativity;
-    /**
-     * The type of this operator.
-     */
-    private OperatorType type;
-    /**
-     * The precedence of the operator.
-     */
-    private int precedence;
-    /**
-     * The function that is called by this operator.
-     */
-    private Function function;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operator with the given parameters.
-     *
-     * @param associativity the associativity of the operator.
-     * @param precedence    the precedence of the operator.
-     * @param function      the function that the operator calls.
-     */
-    public Operator(OperatorAssociativity associativity, OperatorType operatorType, int precedence, Function function) {
-        this.associativity = associativity;
-        this.type = operatorType;
-        this.precedence = precedence;
-        this.function = function;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's associativity.
-     *
-     * @return the associativity.
-     */
-    public OperatorAssociativity getAssociativity() {
-        return associativity;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's type.
-     *
-     * @return the type.
-     */
-    public OperatorType getType() {
-        return type;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's precedence.
-     *
-     * @return the precedence.
-     */
-    public int getPrecedence() {
-        return precedence;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operator's function.
-     *
-     * @return the function.
-     */
-    public Function getFunction() {
-        return function;
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java

@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
-
-import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
-import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
-import javafx.fxml.FXML;
-import javafx.scene.control.*;
-import javafx.scene.control.cell.CheckBoxListCell;
-import javafx.scene.text.Text;
-import javafx.util.Callback;
-import javafx.util.StringConverter;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
-
-import java.util.Set;
-
-
-/**
- * The controller for the abacus FX UI, responsible
- * for all the user interaction.
- */
-public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
-
-    /**
-     * The title for the apply alert dialog.
-     */
-    private static final String APPLY_MSG_TITLE = "\"Apply\" Needed";
-    /**
-     * The text for the header of the apply alert dialog.
-     */
-    private static final String APPLY_MSG_HEADER = "The settings have not been applied.";
-    /**
-     * The text for the dialog that is shown if settings haven't been applied.
-     */
-    private static final String APPLY_MSG_TEXT = "You have made changes to the configuration, however, you haven't pressed \"Apply\". " +
-                "The changes to the configuration will not be present in the calculator until \"Apply\" is pressed.";
-    /**
-     * Constant string that is displayed if the text could not be lexed or parsed.
-     */
-    private static final String ERR_SYNTAX = "Syntax Error";
-    /**
-     * Constant string that is displayed if the tree could not be reduced.
-     */
-    private static final String ERR_EVAL = "Evaluation Error";
-
-    @FXML
-    private TabPane coreTabPane;
-    @FXML
-    private Tab calculateTab;
-    @FXML
-    private Tab settingsTab;
-    @FXML
-    private TableView<HistoryModel> historyTable;
-    @FXML
-    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> inputColumn;
-    @FXML
-    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> parsedColumn;
-    @FXML
-    private TableColumn<HistoryModel, String> outputColumn;
-    @FXML
-    private Text outputText;
-    @FXML
-    private TextField inputField;
-    @FXML
-    private Button inputButton;
-    @FXML
-    private ComboBox<String> numberImplementationBox;
-    @FXML
-    private ListView<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPluginView;
-
-    /**
-     * The list of history entries, created by the users.
-     */
-    private ObservableList<HistoryModel> historyData;
-
-    /**
-     * The abacus instance used for calculations and all
-     * other main processing code.
-     */
-    private ObservableList<String> numberImplementationOptions;
-
-    /**
-     * The list of plugin objects that can be toggled on and off,
-     * and, when reloaded, get added to the plugin manager's black list.
-     */
-    private ObservableList<ToggleablePlugin> enabledPlugins;
-
-    /**
-     * The abacus instance used for changing the plugin configuration.
-     */
-    private Abacus abacus;
-
-    /**
-     * Boolean which represents whether changes were made to the configuration.
-     */
-    private boolean changesMade;
-    /**
-     * Whether an alert about changes to the configuration was already shown.
-     */
-    private boolean reloadAlertShown;
-    /**
-     * The alert shown when a press to "apply" is needed.
-     */
-    private Alert reloadAlert;
-
-    /**
-     * Alerts the user if the changes they made
-     * have not yet been applied.
-     */
-    private void alertIfApplyNeeded(boolean ignorePrevious){
-        if(changesMade && (!reloadAlertShown || ignorePrevious)) {
-            reloadAlertShown = true;
-            reloadAlert.showAndWait();
-        }
-    }
-
-    @FXML
-    public void initialize(){
-        Callback<TableColumn<HistoryModel, String>, TableCell<HistoryModel, String>> cellFactory =
-                param -> new CopyableCell<>();
-        Callback<ListView<ToggleablePlugin>, ListCell<ToggleablePlugin>> pluginCellFactory =
-                param -> new CheckBoxListCell<>(ToggleablePlugin::enabledProperty, new StringConverter<ToggleablePlugin>() {
-                    @Override
-                    public String toString(ToggleablePlugin object) {
-                        return object.getClassName().substring(object.getClassName().lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
-                    }
-
-                    @Override
-                    public ToggleablePlugin fromString(String string) {
-                        return new ToggleablePlugin(true, string);
-                    }
-                });
-
-        historyData = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
-        historyTable.setItems(historyData);
-        numberImplementationOptions = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
-        numberImplementationBox.setItems(numberImplementationOptions);
-        numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().selectedIndexProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
-        historyTable.getSelectionModel().setCellSelectionEnabled(true);
-        enabledPlugins = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
-        enabledPluginView.setItems(enabledPlugins);
-        enabledPluginView.setCellFactory(pluginCellFactory);
-        inputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
-        inputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().inputProperty());
-        parsedColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
-        parsedColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().parsedProperty());
-        outputColumn.setCellFactory(cellFactory);
-        outputColumn.setCellValueFactory(cell -> cell.getValue().outputProperty());
-        coreTabPane.getSelectionModel().selectedItemProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
-            if(oldValue.equals(settingsTab)) alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
-        });
-
-        abacus = new Abacus();
-        abacus.getPluginManager().addListener(this);
-        abacus.getPluginManager().reload();
-
-        changesMade = false;
-        reloadAlertShown = false;
-
-        reloadAlert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.WARNING);
-        reloadAlert.setTitle(APPLY_MSG_TITLE);
-        reloadAlert.setHeaderText(APPLY_MSG_HEADER);
-        reloadAlert.setContentText(APPLY_MSG_TEXT);
-    }
-
-    @FXML
-    private void performCalculation(){
-        inputButton.setDisable(true);
-        TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
-        if(constructedTree == null){
-            outputText.setText(ERR_SYNTAX);
-            inputButton.setDisable(false);
-            return;
-        }
-        NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
-        if(evaluatedNumber == null){
-            outputText.setText(ERR_EVAL);
-            inputButton.setDisable(false);
-            return;
-        }
-        outputText.setText(evaluatedNumber.toString());
-        historyData.add(new HistoryModel(inputField.getText(), constructedTree.toString(), evaluatedNumber.toString()));
-
-        inputButton.setDisable(false);
-        inputField.setText("");
-    }
-
-    @FXML
-    private void performSaveAndReload(){
-        performSave();
-        performReload();
-        changesMade = false;
-        reloadAlertShown = false;
-    }
-
-    @FXML
-    private void performReload(){
-        alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
-        abacus.getPluginManager().reload();
-    }
-
-    @FXML
-    private void performSave(){
-        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
-        configuration.setNumberImplementation(numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem());
-        Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
-        disabledPlugins.clear();
-        for(ToggleablePlugin pluginEntry : enabledPlugins){
-            if(!pluginEntry.isEnabled()) disabledPlugins.add(pluginEntry.getClassName());
-        }
-        configuration.saveTo(Abacus.CONFIG_FILE);
-        changesMade = false;
-        reloadAlertShown = false;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
-        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
-        Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
-        numberImplementationOptions.addAll(abacus.getPluginManager().getAllNumberImplementations());
-        String actualImplementation = configuration.getNumberImplementation();
-        String toSelect = (numberImplementationOptions.contains(actualImplementation)) ? actualImplementation : "<default>";
-        numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().select(toSelect);
-        for(Class<?> pluginClass : abacus.getPluginManager().getLoadedPluginClasses()){
-            String fullName = pluginClass.getName();
-            ToggleablePlugin plugin = new ToggleablePlugin(!disabledPlugins.contains(fullName), fullName);
-            plugin.enabledProperty().addListener(e -> changesMade = true);
-            enabledPlugins.add(plugin);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onUnload(PluginManager manager) {
-        enabledPlugins.clear();
-        numberImplementationOptions.clear();
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/HistoryModel.java

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
-
-import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty;
-import javafx.beans.property.StringProperty;
-
-/**
- * The data model used for storing history entries.
- */
-public class HistoryModel {
-
-    /**
-     * The property used for displaying the column
-     * for the user input.
-     */
-    private final StringProperty input;
-    /**
-     * The property used for displaying the column
-     * that contains the parsed input.
-     */
-    private final StringProperty parsed;
-    /**
-     * The property used for displaying the column
-     * that contains the program output.
-     */
-    private final StringProperty output;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new history model with the given variables.
-     * @param input the user input
-     * @param parsed the parsed input
-     * @param output the program output.
-     */
-    public HistoryModel(String input, String parsed, String output){
-        this.input = new SimpleStringProperty();
-        this.parsed = new SimpleStringProperty();
-        this.output = new SimpleStringProperty();
-        this.input.setValue(input);
-        this.parsed.setValue(parsed);
-        this.output.setValue(output);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the input property.
-     * @return the input property.
-     */
-    public StringProperty inputProperty() {
-        return input;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets the input.
-     * @return the input.
-     */
-    public String getInput() {
-        return input.get();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the parsed input property.
-     * @return the parsed input property.
-     */
-    public StringProperty parsedProperty() {
-        return parsed;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets the parsed input.
-     * @return the parsed input.
-     */
-    public String getParsed() {
-        return parsed.get();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the output property.
-     * @return the output property.
-     */
-    public StringProperty outputProperty() {
-        return output;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Gets the program output.
-     * @return the output.
-     */
-    public String getOutput() {
-        return output.get();
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ToggleablePlugin.java

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
-
-import javafx.beans.property.BooleanProperty;
-import javafx.beans.property.SimpleBooleanProperty;
-
-/**
- * Class that represents an entry in the plugin check box list.
- * The changes from this property are written to the config on application.
- */
-public class ToggleablePlugin {
-
-    /**
-     * The property that determines whether the plugin will be enabled.
-     */
-    private final BooleanProperty enabled;
-    /**
-     * The name of the class this entry toggles.
-     */
-    private final String className;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new toggleable plugin with the given properties.
-     * @param enabled the enabled / disabled state at the beginning.
-     * @param className the name of the class this plugin toggles.
-     */
-    public ToggleablePlugin(boolean enabled, String className){
-        this.enabled = new SimpleBooleanProperty();
-        this.enabled.setValue(enabled);
-        this.className = className;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the enabled property of this plugin.
-     * @return the enabled property.
-     */
-    public BooleanProperty enabledProperty() {
-        return enabled;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks if this plugin entry should be enabled.
-     * @return whether this plugin will be enabled.
-     */
-    public boolean isEnabled() {
-        return enabled.get();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the class name this plugin toggles.
-     * @return the class name that should be disabled.
-     */
-    public String getClassName() {
-        return className;
-    }
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.java

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
-
-/**
- * An interface used to represent a number.
- */
-public interface NumberInterface {
-
-    /**
-     * The maximum precision to which this number operates.
-     *
-     * @return the precision.
-     */
-    int getMaxPrecision();
-
-    /**
-     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance.
-     *
-     * @param multiplier the multiplier
-     * @return the result of the multiplication.
-     */
-    NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier);
-
-    /**
-     * Divides this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance.
-     *
-     * @param divisor the divisor
-     * @return the result of the division.
-     */
-    NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor);
-
-    /**
-     * Adds this number to another, returning
-     * a new number instance.
-     *
-     * @param summand the summand
-     * @return the result of the summation.
-     */
-    NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand);
-
-    /**
-     * Subtracts another number from this number,
-     * a new number instance.
-     *
-     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
-     * @return the result of the subtraction.
-     */
-    NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend);
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a new instance of this number with
-     * the sign flipped.
-     *
-     * @return the new instance.
-     */
-    NumberInterface negate();
-
-    /**
-     * Raises this number to an integer power.
-     *
-     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
-     * @return the resulting value.
-     */
-    NumberInterface intPow(int exponent);
-
-    /**
-     * Compares this number to another.
-     *
-     * @param number the number to compare to.
-     * @return same as Integer.compare();
-     */
-    int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
-
-    /**
-     * Same as Math.signum().
-     *
-     * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
-     */
-    int signum();
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
-     * @return the least integer >= the number, if int can hold the value.
-     */
-    NumberInterface ceiling();
-
-    /**
-     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
-     * @return the greatest int >= the number, if int can hold the value.
-     */
-    NumberInterface floor();
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the fractional part of the number.
-     * @return the fractional part of the number.
-     */
-    NumberInterface fractionalPart();
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the integer representation of this number, discarding any fractional part,
-     * if int can hold the value.
-     * @return
-     */
-    int intValue();
-
-    /**
-     * Promotes this class to another number class.
-     *
-     * @param toClass the class to promote to.
-     * @return the resulting new instance.
-     */
-    NumberInterface promoteTo(Class<? extends NumberInterface> toClass);
-
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -1,316 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
-import java.util.*;
-
-/**
- * A class that controls instances of plugins, allowing for them
- * to interact with each other and the calculator.
- */
-public class PluginManager {
-
-    /**
-     * List of classes loaded by this manager.
-     */
-    private Set<Class<?>> loadedPluginClasses;
-    /**
-     * A list of loaded plugins.
-     */
-    private Set<Plugin> plugins;
-    /**
-     * List of functions that have been cached,
-     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
-     */
-    private Map<String, Function> cachedFunctions;
-    /**
-     * List of operators that have been cached,
-     * that is, found in a plugin and returned.
-     */
-    private Map<String, Operator> cachedOperators;
-    /**
-     * The list of number implementations that have
-     * been cached, that is, found in a plugin and returned.
-     */
-    private Map<String, NumberImplementation> cachedNumberImplementations;
-    /**
-     * The list of number implementations that have been
-     * found by their implementation class.
-     */
-    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberImplementation> cachedInterfaceImplementations;
-    /**
-     * The pi values for each implementation class that have already been computer.
-     */
-    private Map<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, NumberInterface> cachedPi;
-    /**
-     * List of all functions loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private Set<String> allFunctions;
-    /**
-     * List of all operators loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private Set<String> allOperators;
-    /**
-     * List of all the number implementations loaded by the plugins.
-     */
-    private Set<String> allNumberImplementations;
-    /**
-     * The list of plugin listeners attached to this instance.
-     */
-    private Set<PluginListener> listeners;
-    /**
-     * The abacus instance used to access other
-     * components of the application.
-     */
-    private Abacus abacus;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new plugin manager.
-     */
-    public PluginManager(Abacus abacus) {
-        this.abacus = abacus;
-        loadedPluginClasses = new HashSet<>();
-        plugins = new HashSet<>();
-        cachedFunctions = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedOperators = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedNumberImplementations = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedInterfaceImplementations = new HashMap<>();
-        cachedPi = new HashMap<>();
-        allFunctions = new HashSet<>();
-        allOperators = new HashSet<>();
-        allNumberImplementations = new HashSet<>();
-        listeners = new HashSet<>();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Searches the plugin list for a certain value, retrieving the Plugin's
-     * list of items of the type using the setFunction and getting the value
-     * of it is available via getFunction. If the value is contained
-     * in the cache, it returns the cached value instead.
-     *
-     * @param plugins     the plugin list to search.
-     * @param cache       the cache to use
-     * @param setFunction the function to retrieve a set of available T's from the plugin
-     * @param getFunction the function to get the T value under the given name
-     * @param name        the name to search for
-     * @param <T>         the type of element being search
-     * @param <K>         the type of key that the cache is indexed by.
-     * @return the retrieved element, or null if it was not found.
-     */
-    private static <T, K> T searchCached(Collection<Plugin> plugins, Map<K, T> cache,
-                                      java.util.function.Function<Plugin, Set<K>> setFunction,
-                                      java.util.function.BiFunction<Plugin, K, T> getFunction,
-                                      K name) {
-        if (cache.containsKey(name)) return cache.get(name);
-
-        T loadedValue = null;
-        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
-            if (setFunction.apply(plugin).contains(name)) {
-                loadedValue = getFunction.apply(plugin, name);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        cache.put(name, loadedValue);
-        return loadedValue;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a function under the given name.
-     *
-     * @param name the name of the function
-     * @return the function under the given name.
-     */
-    public Function functionFor(String name) {
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedFunctions, Plugin::providedFunctions, Plugin::getFunction, name);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets an operator under the given name.
-     *
-     * @param name the name of the operator.
-     * @return the operator under the given name.
-     */
-    public Operator operatorFor(String name) {
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedOperators, Plugin::providedOperators, Plugin::getOperator, name);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the number implementation under the given name.
-     * @param name the name of the implementation.
-     * @return the implementation.
-     */
-    public NumberImplementation numberImplementationFor(String name){
-        return searchCached(plugins, cachedNumberImplementations, Plugin::providedNumberImplementations,
-                Plugin::getNumberImplementation, name);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the number implementation for the given implementation class.
-     * @param name the class for which to find the implementation.
-     * @return the implementation.
-     */
-    public NumberImplementation interfaceImplementationFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> name){
-        if(cachedInterfaceImplementations.containsKey(name)) return cachedInterfaceImplementations.get(name);
-        NumberImplementation toReturn = null;
-        outside:
-        for(Plugin plugin : plugins){
-            for(String implementationName : plugin.providedNumberImplementations()){
-                NumberImplementation implementation = plugin.getNumberImplementation(implementationName);
-                if(implementation.getImplementation().equals(name)) {
-                    toReturn = implementation;
-                    break outside;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        cachedInterfaceImplementations.put(name, toReturn);
-        return toReturn;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the mathematical constant pi for the given implementation class.
-     * @param forClass the class for which to find pi.
-     * @return pi
-     */
-    public NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass){
-        if(cachedPi.containsKey(forClass)) return cachedPi.get(forClass);
-        NumberImplementation implementation = interfaceImplementationFor(forClass);
-        NumberInterface generatedPi = null;
-        if(implementation != null){
-            generatedPi = implementation.instanceForPi();
-        }
-        cachedPi.put(forClass, generatedPi);
-        return generatedPi;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds an instance of Plugin that already has been instantiated.
-     *
-     * @param plugin the plugin to add.
-     */
-    public void addInstantiated(Plugin plugin) {
-        if (loadedPluginClasses.contains(plugin.getClass())) return;
-        plugins.add(plugin);
-        loadedPluginClasses.add(plugin.getClass());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Instantiates a class of plugin, and adds it to this
-     * plugin manager.
-     *
-     * @param newClass the new class to instantiate.
-     */
-    public void addClass(Class<?> newClass) {
-        if (!Plugin.class.isAssignableFrom(newClass) || newClass == Plugin.class) return;
-        try {
-            addInstantiated((Plugin) newClass.getConstructor(PluginManager.class).newInstance(this));
-        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Loads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
-     */
-    public void load() {
-        Set<String> disabledPlugins = abacus.getConfiguration().getDisabledPlugins();
-        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
-            if(disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
-            plugin.enable();
-        }
-        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
-            if(disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
-            allFunctions.addAll(plugin.providedFunctions());
-            allOperators.addAll(plugin.providedOperators());
-            allNumberImplementations.addAll(plugin.providedNumberImplementations());
-        }
-        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onLoad(this));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Unloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
-     */
-    public void unload() {
-        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
-        Set<String> disabledPlugins = abacus.getConfiguration().getDisabledPlugins();
-        for (Plugin plugin : plugins) {
-            if(disabledPlugins.contains(plugin.getClass().getName())) continue;
-            plugin.disable();
-        }
-        cachedFunctions.clear();
-        cachedOperators.clear();
-        cachedNumberImplementations.clear();
-        cachedInterfaceImplementations.clear();
-        cachedPi.clear();
-        allFunctions.clear();
-        allOperators.clear();
-        allNumberImplementations.clear();
-        listeners.forEach(e -> e.onUnload(this));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reloads all the plugins in the PluginManager.
-     */
-    public void reload() {
-        unload();
-        load();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the functions loaded by the Plugin Manager.
-     *
-     * @return the set of all functions that were loaded.
-     */
-    public Set<String> getAllFunctions() {
-        return allFunctions;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the operators loaded by the Plugin Manager.
-     *
-     * @return the set of all operators that were loaded.
-     */
-    public Set<String> getAllOperators() {
-        return allOperators;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets all the number implementations loaded by the Plugin Manager.
-     *
-     * @return the set of all implementations that were loaded.
-     */
-    public Set<String> getAllNumberImplementations(){
-        return allNumberImplementations;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a plugin change listener to this plugin manager.
-     *
-     * @param listener the listener to add.
-     */
-    public void addListener(PluginListener listener) {
-        listeners.add(listener);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Remove the plugin change listener from this plugin manager.
-     *
-     * @param listener the listener to remove.
-     */
-    public void removeListener(PluginListener listener) {
-        listeners.remove(listener);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a list of all the plugin class files that have been
-     * added to the plugin manager.
-     * @return the list of all the added plugin classes.
-     */
-    public Set<Class<?>> getLoadedPluginClasses() {
-        return loadedPluginClasses;
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -1,563 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Function;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PreciseNumber;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.function.BiFunction;
-
-/**
- * The plugin providing standard functions such as addition and subtraction to
- * the calculator.
- */
-public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
-
-    private static final HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> FACTORIAL_LISTS = new HashMap<>();
-
-    /**
-     * The addition operator, +
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_ADD = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0, new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length >= 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface sum = params[0];
-            for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
-                sum = sum.add(params[i]);
-            }
-            return sum;
-        }
-    });
-    /**
-     * The subtraction operator, -
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_SUBTRACT = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0, new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
-        }
-    });
-    /**
-     * The negation operator, -
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_NEGATE = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.UNARY_PREFIX, 0, new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].negate();
-        }
-    });
-    /**
-     * The multiplication operator, *
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_MULTIPLY = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1, new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length >= 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface product = params[0];
-            for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
-                product = product.multiply(params[i]);
-            }
-            return product;
-        }
-    });
-    /**
-     * The division operator, /
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_DIVIDE = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1, new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2 && params[1].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[1].getClass())) != 0;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].divide(params[1]);
-        }
-    });
-    /**
-     * The factorial operator, !
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_FACTORIAL = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX, 0, new Function() {
-        //private HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> storedList = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1
-                    && params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) == 0
-                    && params[0].signum() >= 0;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            if (params[0].signum() == 0) {
-                return (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
-            }
-            NumberInterface factorial = params[0];
-            NumberInterface multiplier = params[0];
-            //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
-            while ((multiplier = multiplier.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(multiplier.getClass()))).signum() == 1) {
-                factorial = factorial.multiply(multiplier);
-            }
-            return factorial;
-                /*if(!storedList.containsKey(params[0].getClass())){
-                    storedList.put(params[0].getClass(), new ArrayList<NumberInterface>());
-                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-                }*/
-        }
-    });
-    /**
-     * The caret / pow operator, ^
-     */
-    public static final Operator OP_CARET = new Operator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2, new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(FUNCTION_LN.apply(params[0]).multiply(params[1]));
-        }
-    });
-    /**
-     * The absolute value function, abs(-3) = 3
-     */
-    public static final Function FUNCTION_ABS = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(params[0].signum())).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-        }
-    };
-    /**
-     * The exponential function, exp(1) = e^1 = 2.71...
-     */
-    public static final Function FUNCTION_EXP = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(params[0]);
-            int n = 0;
-            if(params[0].signum() <= 0){
-                NumberInterface currentTerm = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()), sum = currentTerm;
-                while(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0){
-                    n++;
-                    currentTerm = currentTerm.multiply(params[0]).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-                    sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
-                }
-                return sum;
-            }
-            else{
-                //We need n such that x^(n+1) * 3^ceil(x) <= maxError * (n+1)!.
-                //right and left refer to lhs and rhs in the above inequality.
-                NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
-                NumberInterface nextNumerator = params[0];
-                NumberInterface left = params[0].multiply((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).intPow(params[0].ceiling().intValue())), right = maxError;
-                do{
-                    sum = sum.add(nextNumerator.divide(factorial(params[0].getClass(), n+1)));
-                    n++;
-                    nextNumerator = nextNumerator.multiply(params[0]);
-                    left = left.multiply(params[0]);
-                    NumberInterface nextN = (new NaiveNumber(n+1)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass());
-                    right = right.multiply(nextN);
-                    //System.out.println(left + ", " + right);
-                }
-                while(left.compareTo(right) > 0);
-                //System.out.println(n+1);
-                return sum;
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    /**
-     * The natural log function.
-     */
-    public static final Function FUNCTION_LN = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1 && params[0].compareTo(NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(params[0].getClass())) > 0;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface param = params[0];
-            int powersOf2 = 0;
-            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass()))).compareTo((new NaiveNumber(0.1)).promoteTo(param.getClass())) >= 0) {
-                if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() == 1) {
-                    param = param.divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(param.getClass()));
-                    powersOf2++;
-                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != 1) {
-                        break;
-                        //No infinite loop for you.
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    param = param.multiply(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(param.getClass()));
-                    powersOf2--;
-                    if (param.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(param.getClass())).signum() != -1) {
-                        break;
-                        //No infinite loop for you.
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return getLog2(param).multiply((new NaiveNumber(powersOf2)).promoteTo(param.getClass())).add(getLogPartialSum(param));
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns the partial sum of the Taylor series for logx (around x=1).
-         * Automatically determines the number of terms needed based on the precision of x.
-         * @param x value at which the series is evaluated. 0 < x < 2. (x=2 is convergent but impractical.)
-         * @return the partial sum.
-         */
-        private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(NumberInterface x) {
-            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
-            x = x.subtract(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(x.getClass())); //Terms used are for log(x+1).
-            NumberInterface currentNumerator = x, currentTerm = x, sum = x;
-            int n = 1;
-            while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0) {
-                n++;
-                currentNumerator = currentNumerator.multiply(x).negate();
-                currentTerm = currentNumerator.divide(new NaiveNumber(n).promoteTo(x.getClass()));
-                sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
-            }
-            return sum;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns natural log of 2 to the required precision of the class of number.
-         * @param number a number of the same type as the return type. (Used for precision.)
-         * @return the value of log(2) with the appropriate precision.
-         */
-        private NumberInterface getLog2(NumberInterface number) {
-            NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(number);
-            //NumberInterface errorBound = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(number.getClass());
-            //We'll use the series \sigma_{n >= 1) ((1/3^n + 1/4^n) * 1/n)
-            //In the following, a=1/3^n, b=1/4^n, c = 1/n.
-            //a is also an error bound.
-            NumberInterface a = (new NaiveNumber(1)).promoteTo(number.getClass()), b = a, c = a;
-            NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(number.getClass());
-            int n = 0;
-            while (a.compareTo(maxError) >= 1) {
-                n++;
-                a = a.divide((new NaiveNumber(3)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
-                b = b.divide((new NaiveNumber(4)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
-                c = NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(number.getClass()).divide((new NaiveNumber(n)).promoteTo(number.getClass()));
-                sum = sum.add(a.add(b).multiply(c));
-            }
-            return sum;
-        }
-    };
-    /**
-     * The square root function.
-     */
-    public static final Function FUNCTION_SQRT = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return OP_CARET.getFunction().apply(params[0], ((new NaiveNumber(0.5)).promoteTo(params[0].getClass())));
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The sine function (the argument is interpreted in radians).
-     */
-    public final Function functionSin = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface pi = getPi(params[0].getClass());
-            NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(pi.getClass()));
-            NumberInterface theta = getSmallAngle(params[0], pi);
-            //System.out.println(theta);
-            if(theta.compareTo(pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber(1.5).promoteTo(twoPi.getClass()))) >= 0){
-                theta = theta.subtract(twoPi);
-            }
-            else if(theta.compareTo(pi.divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(pi.getClass()))) > 0){
-                theta = pi.subtract(theta);
-            }
-            //System.out.println(theta);
-            return sinTaylor(theta);
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The cosine function (the argument is in radians).
-     */
-    public final Function functionCos = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return functionSin.apply(getPi(params[0].getClass()).divide(new NaiveNumber(2).promoteTo(params[0].getClass()))
-                .subtract(params[0]));
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The tangent function (the argument is in radians).
-     */
-    public final Function functionTan = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return functionSin.apply(params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The secant function (the argument is in radians).
-     */
-    public final Function functionSec = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The cosecant function (the argument is in radians).
-     */
-    public final Function functionCsc = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()).divide(functionSin.apply(params[0]));
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The cotangent function (the argument is in radians).
-     */
-    public final Function functionCot = new Function() {
-        @Override
-        protected boolean matchesParams(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected NumberInterface applyInternal(NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return functionCos.apply(params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(params[0]));
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The implementation for double-based naive numbers.
-     */
-    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE = new NumberImplementation(NaiveNumber.class, 0) {
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
-            return new NaiveNumber(string);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
-            return new NaiveNumber(Math.PI);
-        }
-    };
-
-    /**
-     * The implementation for the infinite-precision BigDecimal.
-     */
-    public static final NumberImplementation IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE = new NumberImplementation(PreciseNumber.class, 0) {
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface instanceForString(String string) {
-            return new PreciseNumber(string);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface instanceForPi() {
-            NumberInterface C = FUNCTION_SQRT.apply(new PreciseNumber("10005")).multiply(new PreciseNumber("426880"));
-            NumberInterface M = PreciseNumber.ONE;
-            NumberInterface L = new PreciseNumber("13591409");
-            NumberInterface X = M;
-            NumberInterface sum = L;
-            int termsNeeded = C.getMaxPrecision()/13 + 1;
-
-            NumberInterface lSummand = new PreciseNumber("545140134");
-            NumberInterface xMultiplier = new PreciseNumber("262537412")
-                    .multiply(new PreciseNumber("1000000000"))
-                    .add(new PreciseNumber("640768000"))
-                    .negate();
-            for(int i = 0; i < termsNeeded; i++){
-                M = M
-                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12*i+2).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
-                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12*i+6).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
-                        .multiply(new NaiveNumber(12*i+10).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class))
-                        .divide(new NaiveNumber(Math.pow(i+1,3)).promoteTo(PreciseNumber.class));
-                L = L.add(lSummand);
-                X = X.multiply(xMultiplier);
-                sum = sum.add(M.multiply(L).divide(X));
-            }
-            return C.divide(sum);
-        }
-    };
-
-    public StandardPlugin(PluginManager manager) {
-        super(manager);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a partial sum of a series whose terms are given by the nthTermFunction, evaluated at x.
-     *
-     * @param x               the value at which the series is evaluated.
-     * @param nthTermFunction the function that returns the nth term of the series, in the format term(x, n).
-     * @param n               the number of terms in the partial sum.
-     * @return the value of the partial sum that has the same class as x.
-     */
-    private static NumberInterface sumSeries(NumberInterface x, BiFunction<Integer, NumberInterface, NumberInterface> nthTermFunction, int n) {
-        NumberInterface sum = NaiveNumber.ZERO.promoteTo(x.getClass());
-        for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
-            sum = sum.add(nthTermFunction.apply(i, x));
-        }
-        return sum;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the maximum error based on the precision of the class of number.
-     *
-     * @param number Any instance of the NumberInterface in question (should return an appropriate precision).
-     * @return the maximum error.
-     */
-    private static NumberInterface getMaxError(NumberInterface number) {
-        return (new NaiveNumber(10)).promoteTo(number.getClass()).intPow(-number.getMaxPrecision());
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onEnable() {
-        registerNumberImplementation("naive", IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE);
-        registerNumberImplementation("precise", IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE);
-
-        registerOperator("+", OP_ADD);
-        registerOperator("-", OP_SUBTRACT);
-        registerOperator("`", OP_NEGATE);
-        registerOperator("*", OP_MULTIPLY);
-        registerOperator("/", OP_DIVIDE);
-        registerOperator("^", OP_CARET);
-        registerOperator("!", OP_FACTORIAL);
-
-        registerFunction("abs", FUNCTION_ABS);
-        registerFunction("exp", FUNCTION_EXP);
-        registerFunction("ln", FUNCTION_LN);
-        registerFunction("sqrt", FUNCTION_SQRT);
-        registerFunction("sin", functionSin);
-        registerFunction("cos", functionCos);
-        registerFunction("tan", functionTan);
-        registerFunction("sec", functionSec);
-        registerFunction("csc", functionCsc);
-        registerFunction("cot", functionCot);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onDisable() {
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * A factorial function that uses memoization for each number class; it efficiently
-     * computes factorials of non-negative integers.
-     * @param numberClass type of number to return.
-     * @param n non-negative integer.
-     * @return a number of numClass with value n factorial.
-     */
-    public static NumberInterface factorial(Class<? extends NumberInterface> numberClass, int n){
-        if(!FACTORIAL_LISTS.containsKey(numberClass)){
-            FACTORIAL_LISTS.put(numberClass, new ArrayList<>());
-            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
-            FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(numberClass));
-        }
-        ArrayList<NumberInterface> list = FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(numberClass);
-        if(n >= list.size()){
-            while(list.size() < n + 16){
-                list.add(list.get(list.size()-1).multiply(new NaiveNumber(list.size()).promoteTo(numberClass)));
-            }
-        }
-        return list.get(n);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the value of the Taylor series for sin (centered at 0) at x.
-     * @param x where the series is evaluated.
-     * @return the value of the series
-     */
-    private static NumberInterface sinTaylor(NumberInterface x){
-        NumberInterface power = x, multiplier = x.multiply(x).negate(), currentTerm = x, sum = x;
-        NumberInterface maxError = getMaxError(x);
-        int n = 1;
-        do{
-            n += 2;
-            power = power.multiply(multiplier);
-            currentTerm = power.divide(factorial(x.getClass(), n));
-            sum = sum.add(currentTerm);
-        } while (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(currentTerm).compareTo(maxError) > 0);
-        return sum;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns an equivalent angle in the interval [0, 2pi)
-     * @param phi an angle (in radians).
-     * @return theta in [0, 2pi) that differs from phi by a multiple of 2pi.
-     */
-    private static NumberInterface getSmallAngle(NumberInterface phi, NumberInterface pi){
-        NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(new NaiveNumber("2").promoteTo(phi.getClass()));
-        NumberInterface theta = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(phi).subtract(twoPi
-        .multiply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(phi).divide(twoPi).floor())); //Now theta is in [0, 2pi).
-        if(phi.signum() < 0){
-            theta = twoPi.subtract(theta);
-        }
-        return theta;
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/BinaryNode.java

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-/**
- * A tree node that represents an operation being applied to two operands.
- */
-public class BinaryNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The operation being applied.
-     */
-    private String operation;
-    /**
-     * The left node of the operation.
-     */
-    private TreeNode left;
-    /**
-     * The right node of the operation.
-     */
-    private TreeNode right;
-
-    private BinaryNode() {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
-     * and no child nodes.
-     *
-     * @param operation the operation.
-     */
-    public BinaryNode(String operation) {
-        this(operation, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new operation node with the given operation
-     * and child nodes.
-     *
-     * @param operation the operation.
-     * @param left      the left node of the expression.
-     * @param right     the right node of the expression.
-     */
-    public BinaryNode(String operation, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) {
-        this.operation = operation;
-        this.left = left;
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the operation in this node.
-     *
-     * @return the operation in this node.
-     */
-    public String getOperation() {
-        return operation;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the left sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @return the left node.
-     */
-    public TreeNode getLeft() {
-        return left;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the left sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @param left the sub-expression to apply.
-     */
-    public void setLeft(TreeNode left) {
-        this.left = left;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the right sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @return the right node.
-     */
-    public TreeNode getRight() {
-        return right;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the right sub-expression of this node.
-     *
-     * @param right the sub-expression to apply.
-     */
-    public void setRight(TreeNode right) {
-        this.right = right;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        T leftReduce = left.reduce(reducer);
-        T rightReduce = right.reduce(reducer);
-        if (leftReduce == null || rightReduce == null) return null;
-        return reducer.reduceNode(this, leftReduce, rightReduce);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        String leftString = left != null ? left.toString() : "null";
-        String rightString = right != null ? right.toString() : "null";
-
-        return "(" + leftString + operation + rightString + ")";
-    }
-}

src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/FunctionNode.java

@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * A node that represents a function call.
- */
-public class FunctionNode extends TreeNode {
-
-    /**
-     * The name of the function being called
-     */
-    private String function;
-    /**
-     * The list of arguments to the function.
-     */
-    private List<TreeNode> children;
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a function node with no function.
-     */
-    private FunctionNode() {
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new function node with the given function name.
-     *
-     * @param function the function name.
-     */
-    public FunctionNode(String function) {
-        this.function = function;
-        children = new ArrayList<>();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the function name for this node.
-     *
-     * @return the function name.
-     */
-    public String getFunction() {
-        return function;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a child to the end of this node's child list.
-     *
-     * @param node the child to add.
-     */
-    public void appendChild(TreeNode node) {
-        children.add(node);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds a new child to the beginning of this node's child list.
-     *
-     * @param node the node to add.
-     */
-    public void prependChild(TreeNode node) {
-        children.add(0, node);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public <T> T reduce(Reducer<T> reducer) {
-        Object[] reducedChildren = new Object[children.size()];
-        for (int i = 0; i < reducedChildren.length; i++) {
-            reducedChildren[i] = children.get(i).reduce(reducer);
-            if (reducedChildren[i] == null) return null;
-        }
-        return reducer.reduceNode(this, reducedChildren);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
-        buffer.append(function);
-        buffer.append("(");
-        for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
-            buffer.append(children.get(i));
-            buffer.append(i == children.size() - 1 ? "" : ", ");
-        }
-        buffer.append(")");
-        return buffer.toString();
-    }
-}