Bump Gradle, Kotlin, and toml4j versions.

Apparently, Gradle was incompatible with Java 10, and neither was
toml4j.

.gitignore

@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ hs_err_pid*
 # Custom Stuff
 # Gradle
 .gradle/*
-build/*
+**/build/*
+**/out/**
+**/.DS_Store
 
 # IntelliJ
 .idea/*

build.gradle

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 buildscript {
-    ext.kotlin_version = '1.1.3'
+    ext.kotlin_version = '1.2.40'
-    ext.dokka_version = '0.9.15'
+    ext.dokka_version = '0.9.16'
 
     repositories {
         jcenter()
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ subprojects {
     }
 
     dependencies {
-        compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jre7:1.1.3"
+        compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jre7:1.2.40"
     }
 }
 

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/exception/ContextException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.exception;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown by the Context in cases where lookup fails
+ * where it should not.
+ */
+public class ContextException extends AbacusException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new ContextException without an extra message.
+     */
+    public ContextException() {
+        this("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a ContextException with the given message.
+     * @param message the message to use.
+     */
+    public ContextException(String message){
+        super("Context exception", message);
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/exception/NumberReducerException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.exception;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown by the NumberReducer if something goes wrong when
+ * transforming a parse tree into a single value.
+ */
+public class NumberReducerException extends AbacusException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new NumberReducerException with
+     * no additional message.
+     */
+    public NumberReducerException() {
+        this("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new NumberReducerException with the given message.
+     * @param message the message.
+     */
+    public NumberReducerException(String message) {
+        super("Error evaluating expression", message);
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/exception/ParseException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.exception;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown by parsers.
+ */
+public class ParseException extends AbacusException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new ParseException with no additional message.
+     */
+    public ParseException(){
+        this("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new ParseException with the given additional message.
+     * @param message the message.
+     */
+    public ParseException(String message){
+        super("Failed to parse string", message);
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/exception/PromotionException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.exception;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when a promotion fails.
+ */
+public class PromotionException extends AbacusException {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PromotionException with the default message
+     * and no additional information.
+     */
+    public PromotionException() {
+        this("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new PromotionException with the given additional message.
+     * @param message the additional message to include with the error.
+     */
+    public PromotionException(String message) {
+        super("Failed to promote number instances", message);
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/exception/ReductionException.java

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.exception;
 
 /**
- * An exception thrown primarily from Tree Value operators and functions,
+ * An exception thrown from TreeReducers.
- * which have to deal with the result of a Reducer as well as the results
- * of Applicable.
  */
-public class EvaluationException extends AbacusException {
+public class ReductionException extends AbacusException {
 
     /**
      * Creates a new EvaluationException with the default string.
      */
-    public EvaluationException() {
+    public ReductionException() {
         this("");
     }
 
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ public class EvaluationException extends AbacusException {
      * Creates a new EvaluationError with the given message string.
      * @param message the message string.
      */
-    public EvaluationException(String message) {
+    public ReductionException(String message) {
         super("Evaluation error", message);
     }
 

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/exception/TokenizeException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.exception;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown by Lexers when they are unable to tokenize the input string.
+ */
+public class TokenizeException extends AbacusException {
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new tokenize exception with no additional data.
+     */
+    public TokenizeException() {
+        this("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new tokenize exception with the given message.
+     * @param message the message to use.
+     */
+    public TokenizeException(String message){
+        super("Failed to tokenize string", message);
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/Lexer.java

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing;
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.EndNode;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Pattern;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.PatternNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes.EndNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes.PatternNode;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
@@ -80,10 +79,10 @@ public class Lexer<T> {
 
             index++;
         }
-        matches.sort((a, b) -> compare.compare(a.getType(), b.getType()));
         if (compare != null) {
-            matches.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(a -> a.getContent().length()));
+            Collections.sort(matches, (a, b) -> compare.compare(a.getType(), b.getType()));
         }
+        Collections.sort(matches, (o1, o2) -> o1.getContent().length() - o2.getContent().length());
         return matches.isEmpty() ? null : matches.get(matches.size() - 1);
     }
 
@@ -137,7 +136,10 @@ public class Lexer<T> {
 
         @Override
         public int hashCode() {
-            return Objects.hash(name, id);
+            return Arrays.hashCode(new Object[] {
+                    this.name,
+                    this.id
+            });
         }
 
         @Override

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/Match.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing;
 
 /**
  * A match that has been generated by the lexer.

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Pattern.java

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes.*;
+
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Stack;
-import java.util.function.Function;
 
 /**
  * A pattern that can be compiled from a string and used in lexing.
@@ -34,8 +35,8 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
      * A map of regex operator to functions that modify a PatternChain
      * with the appropriate operation.
      */
-    private Map<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>> operations =
+    private Map<Character, Transformation<T>> operations =
-            new HashMap<Character, Function<PatternChain<T>, PatternChain<T>>>() {{
+            new HashMap<Character, Transformation<T>>() {{
                 put('+', Pattern.this::transformPlus);
                 put('*', Pattern.this::transformStar);
                 put('?', Pattern.this::transformQuestion);
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
      * @return the modified chain.
      */
     private PatternChain<T> transformPlus(PatternChain<T> chain) {
-        chain.tail.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+        chain.tail.getOutputStates().add(chain.head);
         return chain;
     }
 
@@ -102,10 +103,10 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
     private PatternChain<T> transformStar(PatternChain<T> chain) {
         LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
         LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
-        newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+        newHead.getOutputStates().add(chain.head);
-        newHead.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        newHead.getOutputStates().add(newTail);
-        chain.tail.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        chain.tail.getOutputStates().add(newTail);
-        newTail.outputStates.add(newHead);
+        newTail.getOutputStates().add(newHead);
         chain.head = newHead;
         chain.tail = newTail;
         return chain;
@@ -121,9 +122,9 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
     private PatternChain<T> transformQuestion(PatternChain<T> chain) {
         LinkNode<T> newTail = new LinkNode<>();
         LinkNode<T> newHead = new LinkNode<>();
-        newHead.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+        newHead.getOutputStates().add(chain.head);
-        newHead.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        newHead.getOutputStates().add(newTail);
-        chain.tail.outputStates.add(newTail);
+        chain.tail.getOutputStates().add(newTail);
         chain.head = newHead;
         chain.tail = newTail;
         return chain;
@@ -140,8 +141,8 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
         LinkNode<T> tail = new LinkNode<>();
         PatternChain<T> newChain = new PatternChain<>(head, tail);
         for (PatternChain<T> chain : collection) {
-            head.outputStates.add(chain.head);
+            head.getOutputStates().add(chain.head);
-            chain.tail.outputStates.add(tail);
+            chain.tail.getOutputStates().add(tail);
         }
         return newChain;
     }
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ public class Pattern<T> {
             if (operations.containsKey(currentChar)) {
                 if (currentChain == null) return null;
 
-                currentChain = operations.get(currentChar).apply(currentChain);
+                currentChain = operations.get(currentChar).transform(currentChain);
                 fullChain.append(currentChain);
                 currentChain = null;
                 index++;

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/PatternChain.java

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes.PatternNode;
+
 /**
  * A chain of nodes that can be treated as a single unit.
  * Used during pattern compilation.
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ public class PatternChain<T> {
             this.head = other.head;
             this.tail = other.tail;
         } else {
-            tail.outputStates.add(other.head);
+            tail.getOutputStates().add(other.head);
             tail = other.tail;
         }
     }
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ public class PatternChain<T> {
         if (tail == null) {
             head = tail = node;
         } else {
-            tail.outputStates.add(node);
+            tail.getOutputStates().add(node);
             tail = node;
         }
     }

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/Transformation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+
+/**
+ * An interface that transforms a pattern chain into a different pattern chain.
+ * @param <T> the type used to identify the nodes in the pattern chain.
+ */
+public interface Transformation<T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Performs the actual transformation.
+     * @param from the original chain.
+     * @return the resulting chain.
+     */
+    PatternChain<T> transform(PatternChain<T> from);
+
+}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/nodes/AnyNode.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes;
 
 /**
  * A pattern node that matches any character.

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/nodes/EndNode.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes;
 
 /**
  * A node that represents a successful match.

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/nodes/LinkNode.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes;
 
 import java.util.Collection;
 

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/nodes/PatternNode.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes;
 
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashSet;
@@ -65,4 +65,11 @@ public class PatternNode<T> {
         outputStates.forEach(e -> e.addInto(into));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the output states of this node.
+     * @return the output states.
+     */
+    public Set<PatternNode<T>> getOutputStates() {
+        return outputStates;
+    }
 }

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/nodes/RangeNode.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes;
 
 /**
  * A node that matches a range of characters.

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/lexing/pattern/nodes/ValueNode.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.nodes;
 
 /**
  * A node that matches a single value.

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/standard/NaiveNumber.java

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.standard;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 
 /**
  * An implementation of NumberInterface using a double.

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/number/standard/PreciseNumber.java

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.standard;
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 
 import java.math.BigDecimal;
 import java.math.MathContext;

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/Tokenizer.java

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
-
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * Interface that provides the ability to convert a string into a list of tokens.
- *
- * @param <T> the type of the tokens produced.
- */
-public interface Tokenizer<T> {
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a string into tokens.
-     *
-     * @param string the string to convert.
-     * @return the list of tokens, or null on error.
-     */
-    public List<T> tokenizeString(String string);
-
-}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/TreeBuilder.java

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
-
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * TreeBuilder class used to piece together a Tokenizer and
- * Parser of the same kind. This is used to essentially avoid
- * working with any parameters at all, and the generics
- * in this class are used only to ensure the tokenizer and parser
- * are of the same type.
- *
- * @param <T> the type of tokens created by the tokenizer and used by the parser.
- */
-public class TreeBuilder<T> {
-
-    /**
-     * The tokenizer used to convert a string into tokens.
-     */
-    private Tokenizer<T> tokenizer;
-    /**
-     * The parser used to parse a list of tokens into a tree.
-     */
-    private Parser<T> parser;
-
-    /**
-     * Create a new Tree Builder with the given tokenizer and parser
-     *
-     * @param tokenizer the tokenizer to turn strings into tokens
-     * @param parser    the parser to turn tokens into a tree
-     */
-    public TreeBuilder(Tokenizer<T> tokenizer, Parser<T> parser) {
-        this.tokenizer = tokenizer;
-        this.parser = parser;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Parse the given string into a tree.
-     *
-     * @param input the string to parse into a tree.
-     * @return the resulting tree.
-     */
-    public TreeNode fromString(String input) {
-        List<T> tokens = tokenizer.tokenizeString(input);
-        if (tokens == null) return null;
-        return parser.constructTree(tokens);
-    }
-
-}

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/standard/LexerTokenizer.java

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.standard;
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.TokenizeException;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Match;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Pattern;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.Tokenizer;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TokenType;
 
 import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ public class LexerTokenizer implements Tokenizer<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListen
     /**
      * Comparator used to sort the tokens produced by the lexer.
      */
-    protected static final Comparator<TokenType> TOKEN_SORTER = Comparator.comparingInt(e -> e.priority);
+    protected static final Comparator<TokenType> TOKEN_SORTER = (o1, o2) -> o1.priority - o2.priority;
 
     /**
      * The lexer instance used to turn strings into matches.
@@ -42,7 +43,9 @@ public class LexerTokenizer implements Tokenizer<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListen
 
     @Override
     public List<Match<TokenType>> tokenizeString(String string) {
-        return lexer.lexAll(string, 0, TOKEN_SORTER);
+        List<Match<TokenType>> tokens = lexer.lexAll(string, 0, TOKEN_SORTER);
+        if(tokens == null) throw new TokenizeException();
+        return tokens;
     }
 
     @Override

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/standard/ShuntingYardParser.java

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.standard;
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.ParseException;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.Parser;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.*;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
                 while (!tokenStack.empty() && tokenStack.peek().getType() != TokenType.OPEN_PARENTH) {
                     output.add(tokenStack.pop());
                 }
-                if (tokenStack.empty()) return null;
+                if (tokenStack.empty()) throw new ParseException("mismatched parentheses");
                 if (matchType == TokenType.CLOSE_PARENTH) {
                     tokenStack.pop();
                 }
@@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
             if (!(newMatchType == TokenType.OP ||
                     newMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP ||
                     newMatchType == TokenType.FUNCTION ||
-                    newMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION)) return null;
+                    newMatchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION)) throw new ParseException("mismatched parentheses");
             output.add(tokenStack.pop());
         }
         return output;
@@ -123,8 +125,8 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
      * @param matches the list of tokens from the source string.
      * @return the construct tree expression.
      */
-    public TreeNode constructRecursive(List<Match<TokenType>> matches) {
+    public TreeNode constructRecursive(List<? extends Match<TokenType>> matches) {
-        if (matches.size() == 0) return null;
+        if (matches.size() == 0) throw new ParseException("no tokens left in input");
         Match<TokenType> match = matches.remove(0);
         TokenType matchType = match.getType();
         if (matchType == TokenType.OP || matchType == TokenType.TREE_VALUE_OP) {
@@ -133,7 +135,6 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
             if (type == OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX) {
                 TreeNode right = constructRecursive(matches);
                 TreeNode left = constructRecursive(matches);
-                if (left == null || right == null) return null;
                 if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
                     return new NumberBinaryNode(operator, left, right);
                 } else {
@@ -141,7 +142,6 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
                 }
             } else {
                 TreeNode applyTo = constructRecursive(matches);
-                if (applyTo == null) return null;
                 if (matchType == TokenType.OP) {
                     return new NumberUnaryNode(operator, applyTo);
                 } else {
@@ -157,29 +157,29 @@ public class ShuntingYardParser implements Parser<Match<TokenType>>, PluginListe
             List<TreeNode> children = new ArrayList<>();
             while (!matches.isEmpty() && matches.get(0).getType() != TokenType.INTERNAL_FUNCTION_END) {
                 TreeNode argument = constructRecursive(matches);
-                if (argument == null) return null;
                 children.add(0, argument);
             }
-            if (matches.isEmpty()) return null;
+            if (matches.isEmpty()) throw new ParseException("incorrectly formatted function call");
             matches.remove(0);
             CallNode node;
             if (matchType == TokenType.FUNCTION) {
-                node = new FunctionNode(functionName, children);
+                node = new NumberFunctionNode(functionName, children);
             } else {
                 node = new TreeValueFunctionNode(functionName, children);
             }
             return node;
         }
-        return null;
+        throw new ParseException("unrecognized token");
     }
 
     @Override
-    public TreeNode constructTree(List<Match<TokenType>> tokens) {
+    public TreeNode constructTree(List<? extends Match<TokenType>> tokens) {
+        if (tokens.isEmpty()) throw new ParseException("no input tokens");
         tokens = intoPostfix(new ArrayList<>(tokens));
-        if (tokens == null) return null;
         Collections.reverse(tokens);
         TreeNode constructedTree = constructRecursive(tokens);
-        return tokens.size() == 0 ? constructedTree : null;
+        if(tokens.size() == 0) return constructedTree;
+        throw new ParseException("could not parse all input");
     }
 
     @Override

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/standard/TokenType.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.standard;
 
 /**
  * Enum to represent the type of the token that has been matched

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/NumberImplementation.java

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.promotion.PromotionFunction;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.function.Function;
 
 /**
  * A class that holds data about a number implementation.
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public abstract class NumberImplementation {
     /**
      * The list of paths through which this implementation can be promoted.
      */
-    private Map<String, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> promotionPaths;
+    private Map<String, PromotionFunction> promotionPaths;
     /**
      * The implementation class for this implementation.
      */
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public abstract class NumberImplementation {
      *
      * @return the map of documentation paths.
      */
-    public final Map<String, Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>> getPromotionPaths() {
+    public final Map<String, PromotionFunction> getPromotionPaths() {
         return promotionPaths;
     }
 

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/Plugin.java

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Documentation;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DocumentationType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.TreeValueFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.TreeValueOperator;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 
 /**

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/PluginManager.java

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Documentation;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DocumentationType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.TreeValueFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.TreeValueOperator;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
 
 import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
@@ -141,6 +146,7 @@ public class PluginManager {
         registeredNumberImplementations.put(name, implementation);
         interfaceImplementationNames.put(implementation.getImplementation(), name);
         interfaceImplementations.put(implementation.getImplementation(), implementation);
+        cachedPi.put(implementation.getImplementation(), implementation.instanceForPi());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -218,10 +224,6 @@ public class PluginManager {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        if (toReturn == null) {
-            toReturn = new Documentation(name, "", "", "", type);
-            registerDocumentation(toReturn);
-        }
         return toReturn;
     }
 
@@ -252,14 +254,7 @@ public class PluginManager {
      * @return pi
      */
     public NumberInterface piFor(Class<? extends NumberInterface> forClass) {
-        if (cachedPi.containsKey(forClass)) return cachedPi.get(forClass);
+        return cachedPi.get(forClass);
-        NumberImplementation implementation = interfaceImplementationFor(forClass);
-        NumberInterface generatedPi = null;
-        if (implementation != null) {
-            generatedPi = implementation.instanceForPi();
-        }
-        cachedPi.put(forClass, generatedPi);
-        return generatedPi;
     }
 
     /**

core/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/StandardPlugin.java

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard;
 
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.context.MutableEvaluationContext;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NaiveNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Documentation;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DocumentationType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.TreeValueOperator;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PreciseNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.standard.NaiveNumber;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.standard.PreciseNumber;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.VariableNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.Plugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator.*;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
@@ -20,93 +28,27 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
     /**
      * The set operator.
      */
-    public final TreeValueOperator opSet = new TreeValueOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+    public static final TreeValueOperator OP_SET = new OperatorSet();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, TreeNode[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2 && params[0] instanceof VariableNode;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, TreeNode[] params) {
-            String assignTo = ((VariableNode) params[0]).getVariable();
-            NumberInterface value = params[1].reduce(context.getInheritedReducer());
-            context.setVariable(assignTo, value);
-            return value;
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The define operator.
      */
-    public final TreeValueOperator opDefine = new TreeValueOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+    public final TreeValueOperator OP_DEFINE = new OperatorDefine();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, TreeNode[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2 && params[0] instanceof VariableNode;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, TreeNode[] params) {
-            String assignTo = ((VariableNode) params[0]).getVariable();
-            context.setDefinition(assignTo, params[1]);
-            return params[1].reduce(context.getInheritedReducer());
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The addition operator, +
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_ADD = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_ADD = new OperatorAdd();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].add(params[1]);
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The subtraction operator, -
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_SUBTRACT = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_SUBTRACT = new OperatorSubtract();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
-
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The negation operator, -
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_NEGATE = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.UNARY_PREFIX, 0) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_NEGATE = new OperatorNegate();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].negate();
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The multiplication operator, *
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_MULTIPLY = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_MULTIPLY = new OperatorMultiply();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].multiply(params[1]);
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The implementation for double-based naive numbers.
      */
@@ -161,107 +103,30 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
     /**
      * The division operator, /
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_DIVIDE = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_DIVIDE = new OperatorDivide();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2 && params[1].compareTo(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString(Integer.toString(0))) != 0;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params[0].divide(params[1]);
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The factorial operator, !
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_FACTORIAL = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX, 0) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_FACTORIAL = new OperatorFactorial();
-        //private HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>> storedList = new HashMap<Class<? extends NumberInterface>, ArrayList<NumberInterface>>();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 1
-                    && params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("0")) == 0
-                    && params[0].signum() >= 0;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
-            if (params[0].signum() == 0) {
-                return implementation.instanceForString("1");
-            }
-            NumberInterface one = implementation.instanceForString("1");
-            NumberInterface factorial = params[0];
-            NumberInterface multiplier = params[0];
-            //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
-            while ((multiplier = multiplier.subtract(one)).signum() == 1) {
-                factorial = factorial.multiply(multiplier);
-            }
-            return factorial;
-                /*if(!storedList.containsKey(params[0].getClass())){
-                    storedList.put(params[0].getClass(), new ArrayList<NumberInterface>());
-                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-                    storedList.get(params[0].getClass()).add(NaiveNumber.ONE.promoteTo(params[0].getClass()));
-                }*/
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The permutation operator.
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_NPR = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_NPR = new OperatorNpr();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2 && params[0].fractionalPart().signum() == 0
-                    && params[1].fractionalPart().signum() == 0;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
-            if (params[0].compareTo(params[1]) < 0 ||
-                    params[0].signum() < 0 ||
-                    (params[0].signum() == 0 && params[1].signum() != 0)) return implementation.instanceForString("0");
-            NumberInterface total = implementation.instanceForString("1");
-            NumberInterface multiplyBy = params[0];
-            NumberInterface remainingMultiplications = params[1];
-            NumberInterface halfway = params[0].divide(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
-            if (remainingMultiplications.compareTo(halfway) > 0) {
-                remainingMultiplications = params[0].subtract(remainingMultiplications);
-            }
-            while (remainingMultiplications.signum() > 0) {
-                total = total.multiply(multiplyBy);
-                remainingMultiplications = remainingMultiplications.subtract(implementation.instanceForString("1"));
-                multiplyBy = multiplyBy.subtract(implementation.instanceForString("1"));
-            }
-            return total;
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The combination operator.
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_NCR = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_NCR = new OperatorNcr();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return params.length == 2 && params[0].fractionalPart().signum() == 0
-                    && params[1].fractionalPart().signum() == 0;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            return OP_NPR.apply(context, params).divide(OP_FACTORIAL.apply(context, params[1]));
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The absolute value function, abs(-3) = 3
      */
     public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_ABS = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params[0].multiply(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString(Integer.toString(params[0].signum())));
         }
     };
@@ -270,12 +135,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_LN = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1 && params[0].compareTo(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("0")) > 0;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
             NumberInterface param = params[0];
             NumberInterface one = implementation.instanceForString("1");
@@ -303,10 +168,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         /**
          * Returns the partial sum of the Taylor series for logx (around x=1).
          * Automatically determines the number of terms needed based on the precision of x.
+         *
+         * @param context
          * @param x value at which the series is evaluated. 0 < x < 2. (x=2 is convergent but impractical.)
          * @return the partial sum.
          */
-        private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface x) {
+        private NumberInterface getLogPartialSum(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface x) {
             NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
             NumberInterface maxError = x.getMaxError();
             x = x.subtract(implementation.instanceForString("1")); //Terms used are for log(x+1).
@@ -332,7 +199,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
             //We'll use the series \sigma_{n >= 1) ((1/3^n + 1/4^n) * 1/n)
             //In the following, a=1/3^n, b=1/4^n, c = 1/n.
             //a is also an error bound.
-            NumberInterface a = implementation.instanceForString("1"), b = a, c = a;
+            NumberInterface a = implementation.instanceForString("1"), b = a, c;
             NumberInterface sum = implementation.instanceForString("0");
             NumberInterface one = implementation.instanceForString("1");
             int n = 0;
@@ -351,57 +218,30 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_RAND_INT = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString(Long.toString(Math.round(Math.random() * params[0].floor().intValue())));
         }
     };
     /**
      * The caret / pow operator, ^
      */
-    public static final NumberOperator OP_CARET = new NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2) {
+    public static final NumberOperator OP_CARET = new OperatorCaret();
-        @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberInterface zero = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("0");
-            return params.length == 2
-                    && !(params[0].compareTo(zero) == 0
-                    && params[1].compareTo(zero) == 0)
-                    && !(params[0].signum() == -1 && params[1].fractionalPart().compareTo(zero) != 0);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
-            NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
-            NumberInterface zero = implementation.instanceForString("0");
-            if (params[0].compareTo(zero) == 0)
-                return zero;
-            else if (params[1].compareTo(zero) == 0)
-                return implementation.instanceForString("1");
-            //Detect integer bases:
-            if (params[0].fractionalPart().compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("0")) == 0
-                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[1]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(Integer.MAX_VALUE))) < 0
-                    && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[1]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString("1")) >= 0) {
-                NumberInterface[] newParams = {params[0], params[1].fractionalPart()};
-                return params[0].intPow(params[1].floor().intValue()).multiply(applyInternal(context, newParams));
-            }
-            return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(context, FUNCTION_LN.apply(context, FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[0])).multiply(params[1]));
-        }
-    };
     /**
      * The square root function.
      */
     public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_SQRT = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return OP_CARET.apply(context, params[0], context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString(".5"));
         }
     };
@@ -411,12 +251,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public static final NumberFunction FUNCTION_EXP = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
             NumberInterface maxError = params[0].getMaxError();
             int n = 0;
@@ -449,12 +289,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionSin = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
             NumberInterface pi = piFor(params[0].getClass());
             NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(implementation.instanceForString("2"));
@@ -474,12 +314,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionCos = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return functionSin.apply(context, piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("2"))
                     .subtract(params[0]));
         }
@@ -489,12 +329,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionTan = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return functionSin.apply(context, params[0]).divide(functionCos.apply(context, params[0]));
         }
     };
@@ -503,12 +343,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionSec = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1").divide(functionCos.apply(context, params[0]));
         }
     };
@@ -517,12 +357,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionCsc = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1").divide(functionSin.apply(context, params[0]));
         }
     };
@@ -531,12 +371,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionCot = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return functionCos.apply(context, params[0]).divide(functionSin.apply(context, params[0]));
         }
     };
@@ -546,13 +386,13 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionArcsin = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1
                     && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[0]).compareTo(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1")) <= 0;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
             if (FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[0]).compareTo(implementation.instanceForString(".8")) >= 0) {
                 NumberInterface[] newParams = {FUNCTION_SQRT.apply(context, implementation.instanceForString("1").subtract(params[0].multiply(params[0])))};
@@ -580,12 +420,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionArccos = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1 && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[0]).compareTo(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1")) <= 0;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("2"))
                     .subtract(functionArcsin.apply(context, params));
         }
@@ -596,12 +436,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionArccsc = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1 && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[0]).compareTo(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1")) >= 0;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberInterface[] reciprocalParamArr = {context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1").divide(params[0])};
             return functionArcsin.apply(context, reciprocalParamArr);
         }
@@ -612,12 +452,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionArcsec = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1 && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[0]).compareTo(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1")) >= 0;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberInterface[] reciprocalParamArr = {context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("1").divide(params[0])};
             return functionArccos.apply(context, reciprocalParamArr);
         }
@@ -628,12 +468,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionArctan = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             NumberImplementation implementation = context.getInheritedNumberImplementation();
             if (params[0].signum() == -1) {
                 NumberInterface[] negatedParams = {params[0].negate()};
@@ -670,12 +510,12 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      */
     public final NumberFunction functionArccot = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 1;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return piFor(params[0].getClass()).divide(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("2"))
                     .subtract(functionArctan.apply(context, params));
         }
@@ -693,8 +533,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      * @param n              non-negative integer.
      * @return a number of numClass with value n factorial.
      */
-    public static NumberInterface factorial(NumberImplementation implementation, int n) {
+    synchronized public static NumberInterface factorial(NumberImplementation implementation, int n) {
-
         if (!FACTORIAL_LISTS.containsKey(implementation)) {
             FACTORIAL_LISTS.put(implementation, new ArrayList<>());
             FACTORIAL_LISTS.get(implementation).add(implementation.instanceForString("1"));
@@ -715,8 +554,8 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      * @param x where the series is evaluated.
      * @return the value of the series
      */
-    private static NumberInterface sinTaylor(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface x) {
+    private static NumberInterface sinTaylor(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface x) {
-        NumberInterface power = x, multiplier = x.multiply(x).negate(), currentTerm = x, sum = x;
+        NumberInterface power = x, multiplier = x.multiply(x).negate(), currentTerm, sum = x;
         NumberInterface maxError = x.getMaxError();
         int n = 1;
         do {
@@ -734,7 +573,7 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
      * @param phi an angle (in radians).
      * @return theta in [0, 2pi) that differs from phi by a multiple of 2pi.
      */
-    private static NumberInterface getSmallAngle(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface phi, NumberInterface pi) {
+    private static NumberInterface getSmallAngle(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface phi, NumberInterface pi) {
         NumberInterface twoPi = pi.multiply(context.getInheritedNumberImplementation().instanceForString("2"));
         NumberInterface theta = FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, phi).subtract(twoPi
                 .multiply(FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, phi).divide(twoPi).floor())); //Now theta is in [0, 2pi).
@@ -757,8 +596,8 @@ public class StandardPlugin extends Plugin {
         registerOperator("^", OP_CARET);
         registerOperator("!", OP_FACTORIAL);
 
-        registerTreeValueOperator("=", opSet);
+        registerTreeValueOperator("=", OP_SET);
-        registerTreeValueOperator(":=", opDefine);
+        registerTreeValueOperator(":=", OP_DEFINE);
 
         registerOperator("nPr", OP_NPR);
         registerOperator("nCr", OP_NCR);

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/Abacus.kt

@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration
-import org.nwapw.abacus.context.MutableEvaluationContext
 import org.nwapw.abacus.context.EvaluationContext
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.PromotionManager
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.MutableEvaluationContext
-import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.promotion.PromotionManager
-import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.ShuntingYardParser
 import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.TreeBuilder
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.standard.LexerTokenizer
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.standard.ShuntingYardParser
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.StandardPlugin
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.EvaluationResult
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.NumberReducer
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
 
 /**
  * Core class to handle all mathematics.
@@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ class Abacus(val configuration: Configuration) {
     /**
      * The hidden, mutable implementation of the context.
      */
-    private val mutableContext = MutableEvaluationContext(numberImplementation = StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE)
+    private val mutableContext = MutableEvaluationContext(numberImplementation = StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE, abacus = this)
     /**
      * The base context from which calculations are started.
      */
@@ -65,12 +63,13 @@ class Abacus(val configuration: Configuration) {
      * Reloads the Abacus core.
      */
     fun reload(){
-        pluginManager.reload()
+        with(mutableContext){
-        with(mutableContext) {
-            numberImplementation = pluginManager.numberImplementationFor(configuration.numberImplementation)
             clearVariables()
             clearDefinitions()
         }
+        pluginManager.reload()
+        mutableContext.numberImplementation = pluginManager.numberImplementationFor(configuration.numberImplementation)
+                ?: StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE
     }
     /**
      * Merges the current context with the provided one, updating
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ class Abacus(val configuration: Configuration) {
      * @param input the input string to parse
      * @return the resulting tree, null if the tree builder or the produced tree are null.
      */
-    fun parseString(input: String): TreeNode? = treeBuilder.fromString(input)
+    fun parseString(input: String): TreeNode = treeBuilder.fromString(input)
     /**
      * Evaluates the given tree.
      *
@@ -106,9 +105,8 @@ class Abacus(val configuration: Configuration) {
      * @return the evaluation result.
      */
     fun evaluateTreeWithContext(tree: TreeNode, context: MutableEvaluationContext): EvaluationResult {
-        val newReducer = NumberReducer(this, context)
+        val evaluationValue = tree.reduce(context)
-        val evaluationValue = tree.reduce(newReducer)
+        return EvaluationResult(evaluationValue, context)
-        return EvaluationResult(evaluationValue, newReducer.context)
     }
 
 }

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/EvaluationResult.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.context.MutableEvaluationContext
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/context/ChainSearchDelegate.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.context
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.ContextException
 import kotlin.reflect.KProperty
 
 /**
@@ -16,14 +17,14 @@ import kotlin.reflect.KProperty
  */
 class ChainSearchDelegate<out V>(private val valueGetter: EvaluationContext.() -> V?) {
 
-    operator fun getValue(selfRef: Any, property: KProperty<*>): V? {
+    operator fun getValue(selfRef: Any, property: KProperty<*>): V {
-        var currentRef = selfRef as? EvaluationContext ?: return null
+        var currentRef = selfRef as EvaluationContext
         var returnedValue = currentRef.valueGetter()
         while (returnedValue == null) {
             currentRef = currentRef.parent ?: break
             returnedValue = currentRef.valueGetter()
         }
-        return returnedValue
+        return returnedValue ?: throw ContextException("context chain does not contain value")
     }
 
 }

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/context/EvaluationContext.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.context
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
 import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
 
 /**
  * A context for the reduction of a [org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode] into a number.
@@ -13,11 +14,11 @@ import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
  *
  * @property parent the parent of this context.
  * @property numberImplementation the implementation for numbers of this context.
- * @property reducer the reducer used by this context.
+ * @property abacus the abacus instance used by this reducer.
  */
-open class EvaluationContext(val parent: EvaluationContext? = null,
+abstract class EvaluationContext(val parent: EvaluationContext? = null,
                                  open val numberImplementation: NumberImplementation? = null,
-                             open val reducer: Reducer<NumberInterface>? = null) {
+                                 open val abacus: Abacus? = null): Reducer<NumberInterface> {
 
     /**
      * The map of variables in this context.
@@ -43,14 +44,14 @@ open class EvaluationContext(val parent: EvaluationContext? = null,
     /**
      * The implementation inherited from this context's parent.
      */
-    val inheritedNumberImplementation: NumberImplementation?
+    val inheritedNumberImplementation: NumberImplementation
-            by ChainSearchDelegate { numberImplementation}
+            by ChainSearchDelegate { numberImplementation }
 
     /**
-     * The reducer inherited from this context's parent.
+     * The Abacus instance inherited from this context's parent.
      */
-    val inheritedReducer: Reducer<NumberInterface>?
+    val inheritedAbacus: Abacus
-            by ChainSearchDelegate { reducer }
+            by ChainSearchDelegate { abacus }
 
     /**
      * The set of all variables in this context and its parents.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/context/MutableEvaluationContext.kt

@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.context
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
+import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.NumberReducerException
+import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.ReductionException
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.*
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
 
 /**
  * A reduction context that is mutable.
+ *
  * @param parent the parent of this context.
  * @param numberImplementation the number implementation used in this context.
- * @param reducer the reducer used in this context
+ * @param abacus the abacus instance used.
  */
 class MutableEvaluationContext(parent: EvaluationContext? = null,
                                numberImplementation: NumberImplementation? = null,
-                               reducer: Reducer<NumberInterface>? = null) :
+                               abacus: Abacus? = null) :
-        EvaluationContext(parent, numberImplementation, reducer) {
+        PluginEvaluationContext(parent, numberImplementation, abacus) {
 
     override var numberImplementation: NumberImplementation? = super.numberImplementation
-    override var reducer: Reducer<NumberInterface>? = super.reducer
+    override var abacus: Abacus? = super.abacus
 
     /**
      * Writes data stored in the [other] context over data stored in this one.
@@ -25,7 +28,6 @@ class MutableEvaluationContext(parent: EvaluationContext? = null,
      */
     fun apply(other: EvaluationContext) {
         if(other.numberImplementation != null) numberImplementation = other.numberImplementation
-        if(other.reducer != null) reducer = other.reducer
         for(name in other.variables) {
             setVariable(name, other.getVariable(name) ?: continue)
         }
@@ -34,36 +36,56 @@ class MutableEvaluationContext(parent: EvaluationContext? = null,
         }
     }
 
-    /**
+    override fun reduceNode(treeNode: TreeNode, vararg children: Any): NumberInterface {
-     * Sets a variable to a certain [value].
+        val oldNumberImplementation = numberImplementation
-     * @param name the name of the variable.
+        val abacus = inheritedAbacus
-     * @param value the value of the variable.
+        val promotionManager = abacus.promotionManager
-     */
+        val toReturn = when(treeNode){
-    fun setVariable(name: String, value: NumberInterface) {
+            is NumberNode -> {
-        variableMap[name] = value
+                inheritedNumberImplementation.instanceForString(treeNode.number)
             }
-
+            is VariableNode -> {
-    /**
+                val variable = getVariable(treeNode.variable)
-     * Set a definition to a certain [value].
+                if(variable != null) return variable
-     * @param name the name of the definition.
+                val definition = getDefinition(treeNode.variable)
-     * @param value the value of the definition.
+                if(definition != null) return definition.reduce(this)
-     */
+                throw NumberReducerException("variable is not defined.")
-    fun setDefinition(name: String, value: TreeNode) {
-        definitionMap[name] = value
             }
-
+            is NumberUnaryNode -> {
-    /**
+                val child = children[0] as NumberInterface
-     * Clears the variables defined in this context.
+                numberImplementation = abacus.pluginManager.interfaceImplementationFor(child.javaClass)
-     */
+                abacus.pluginManager.operatorFor(treeNode.operation)
-    fun clearVariables(){
+                        .apply(this, child)
-        variableMap.clear()
             }
-
+            is NumberBinaryNode -> {
-    /**
+                val left = children[0] as NumberInterface
-     * Clears the definitions defined in this context.
+                val right = children[1] as NumberInterface
-     */
+                val promotionResult = promotionManager.promote(left, right)
-    fun clearDefinitions(){
+                numberImplementation = promotionResult.promotedTo
-        definitionMap.clear()
+                abacus.pluginManager.operatorFor(treeNode.operation).apply(this, *promotionResult.items)
+            }
+            is NumberFunctionNode -> {
+                val promotionResult = promotionManager
+                        .promote(*children.map { it as NumberInterface }.toTypedArray())
+                numberImplementation = promotionResult.promotedTo
+                abacus.pluginManager.functionFor(treeNode.callTo).apply(this, *promotionResult.items)
+            }
+            is TreeValueUnaryNode -> {
+                abacus.pluginManager.treeValueOperatorFor(treeNode.operation)
+                        .apply(this, treeNode.applyTo)
+            }
+            is TreeValueBinaryNode -> {
+                abacus.pluginManager.treeValueOperatorFor(treeNode.operation)
+                        .apply(this, treeNode.left, treeNode.right)
+            }
+            is TreeValueFunctionNode -> {
+                abacus.pluginManager.treeValueFunctionFor(treeNode.callTo)
+                        .apply(this, *treeNode.children.toTypedArray())
+            }
+            else -> throw ReductionException("unrecognized tree node.")
+        }
+        numberImplementation = oldNumberImplementation
+        return toReturn
     }
 
 }

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/context/PluginEvaluationContext.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.context
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
+
+/**
+ * An evaluation context with limited mutability.
+ *
+ * An evaluation context that is mutable but in a limited way, that is, not allowing the modifications
+ * of variables whose changes might cause issues outside of the function. An example of this would be
+ * the modification of the [numberImplementation], which would cause code paths such as the parsing
+ * of NumberNodes to produce a different type of number than if the function did not run, whcih is unacceptable.
+ *
+ * @param parent the parent of this context.
+ * @param numberImplementation the number implementation used in this context.
+ * @param abacus the abacus instance used.
+ */
+abstract class PluginEvaluationContext(parent: EvaluationContext? = null,
+                                       numberImplementation: NumberImplementation? = null,
+                                       abacus: Abacus? = null) :
+        EvaluationContext(parent, numberImplementation, abacus) {
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a variable to a certain [value].
+     * @param name the name of the variable.
+     * @param value the value of the variable.
+     */
+    fun setVariable(name: String, value: NumberInterface) {
+        variableMap[name] = value
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a definition to a certain [value].
+     * @param name the name of the definition.
+     * @param value the value of the definition.
+     */
+    fun setDefinition(name: String, value: TreeNode) {
+        definitionMap[name] = value
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the variables defined in this context.
+     */
+    fun clearVariables(){
+        variableMap.clear()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the definitions defined in this context.
+     */
+    fun clearDefinitions(){
+        definitionMap.clear()
+    }
+
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/Applicable.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.context.MutableEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
 import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.DomainException
 
 /**
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ interface Applicable<in T : Any, out O : Any> {
      * @param params the parameter array to verify for compatibility.
      * @return whether the array can be used with applyInternal.
      */
-    fun matchesParams(context: MutableEvaluationContext, params: Array<out T>): Boolean
+    fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out T>): Boolean
 
     /**
      * Applies the applicable object to the given parameters,
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ interface Applicable<in T : Any, out O : Any> {
      * @param params the parameters to apply to.
      * @return the result of the application.
      */
-    fun applyInternal(context: MutableEvaluationContext, params: Array<out T>): O
+    fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out T>): O
 
     /**
      * If the parameters can be used with this applicable, returns
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ interface Applicable<in T : Any, out O : Any> {
      * @param params the parameters to apply to.
      * @return the result of the operation, or null if parameters do not match.
      */
-    fun apply(context: MutableEvaluationContext, vararg params: T): O {
+    fun apply(context: PluginEvaluationContext, vararg params: T): O {
         if (!matchesParams(context, params))
             throw DomainException("parameters do not match function requirements.")
         return applyInternal(context, params)

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/interfaces/NumberFunction.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Applicable
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
 
 /**

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/interfaces/NumberOperator.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
 
 /**

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/interfaces/TreeValueFunction.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Applicable
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
 
 /**
  * A function that operates on trees.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/function/interfaces/TreeValueOperator.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.function
+package org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.applicable.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Applicable
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Operator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
 
 /**
  * An operator that operates on trees.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/NumberInterface.kt

@@ -1,73 +1,42 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.ComputationInterruptedException;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.ComputationInterruptedException
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.range.NumberRangeBuilder
 
-/**
+abstract class NumberInterface: Comparable<NumberInterface> {
- * An interface used to represent a number.
- */
-public abstract class NumberInterface {
 
     /**
      * Check if the thread was interrupted and
      * throw an exception to end the computation.
      */
-    private static void checkInterrupted() {
+    private fun checkInterrupted(){
-        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted())
+        if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted)
-            throw new ComputationInterruptedException();
+            throw ComputationInterruptedException()
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the integer representation of this number, discarding any fractional part,
+     * if int can hold the value.
+     *
+     * @return the integer value of this number.
+     */
+    abstract fun intValue(): Int
+    /**
+     * Same as Math.signum().
+     *
+     * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
+     */
+    abstract fun signum(): Int
+
     /**
      * The maximum precision to which this number operates.
-     *
-     * @return the precision.
      */
-    public abstract int getMaxPrecision();
+    abstract val maxPrecision: Int
-
     /**
-     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * Returns the smallest error this instance can tolerate depending
-     * a new number instance.
+     * on its precision and value.
-     *
-     * @param multiplier the multiplier
-     * @return the result of the multiplication.
      */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface multiplyInternal(NumberInterface multiplier);
+    abstract val maxError: NumberInterface
-
-    /**
-     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
-     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
-     * an exception.
-     *
-     * @param multiplier the multiplier
-     * @return the result of the multiplication.
-     */
-    public final NumberInterface multiply(NumberInterface multiplier) {
-        checkInterrupted();
-        return multiplyInternal(multiplier);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Divides this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance.
-     *
-     * @param divisor the divisor
-     * @return the result of the division.
-     */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface divideInternal(NumberInterface divisor);
-
-    /**
-     * Divides this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
-     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
-     * an exception.
-     *
-     * @param divisor the divisor
-     * @return the result of the division.
-     */
-    public final NumberInterface divide(NumberInterface divisor) {
-        checkInterrupted();
-        return divideInternal(divisor);
-    }
 
     /**
      * Adds this number to another, returning
@@ -76,22 +45,7 @@ public abstract class NumberInterface {
      * @param summand the summand
      * @return the result of the summation.
      */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface addInternal(NumberInterface summand);
+    abstract fun addInternal(summand: NumberInterface): NumberInterface
-
-    /**
-     * Adds this number to another, returning
-     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
-     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
-     * an exception.
-     *
-     * @param summand the summand
-     * @return the result of the summation.
-     */
-    public final NumberInterface add(NumberInterface summand) {
-        checkInterrupted();
-        return addInternal(summand);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Subtracts another number from this number,
      * a new number instance.
@@ -99,30 +53,111 @@ public abstract class NumberInterface {
      * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
      * @return the result of the subtraction.
      */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface subtractInternal(NumberInterface subtrahend);
+    abstract fun subtractInternal(subtrahend: NumberInterface): NumberInterface
-
     /**
-     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
-     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * a new number instance.
-     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
-     * an exception.
      *
-     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
-     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
      */
-    public final NumberInterface subtract(NumberInterface subtrahend) {
+    abstract fun multiplyInternal(multiplier: NumberInterface): NumberInterface
-        checkInterrupted();
+    /**
-        return subtractInternal(subtrahend);
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
-    }
+     * a new number instance.
-
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    abstract fun divideInternal(divisor: NumberInterface): NumberInterface
     /**
      * Returns a new instance of this number with
      * the sign flipped.
      *
      * @return the new instance.
      */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface negateInternal();
+    abstract fun negateInternal(): NumberInterface
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to an integer power.
+     *
+     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
+     * @return the resulting value.
+     */
+    abstract fun intPowInternal(pow: Int): NumberInterface
+    /**
+     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
+     *
+     * @return the least integer greater or equal to the number, if int can hold the value.
+     */
+    abstract fun ceilingInternal(): NumberInterface
+    /**
+     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
+     *
+     * @return the greatest integer smaller or equal the number.
+     */
+    abstract fun floorInternal(): NumberInterface
+    /**
+     * Returns the fractional part of the number.
+     *
+     * @return the fractional part of the number.
+     */
+    abstract fun fractionalPartInternal(): NumberInterface
 
+    /**
+     * Adds this number to another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param summand the summand
+     * @return the result of the summation.
+     */
+    fun add(summand: NumberInterface): NumberInterface {
+        checkInterrupted()
+        return addInternal(summand)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts another number from this number,
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param subtrahend the subtrahend.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    fun subtract(subtrahend: NumberInterface): NumberInterface {
+        checkInterrupted()
+        return subtractInternal(subtrahend)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param multiplier the multiplier
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    fun multiply(multiplier: NumberInterface): NumberInterface {
+        checkInterrupted()
+        return multiplyInternal(multiplier)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Divides this number by another, returning
+     * a new number instance. Also, checks if the
+     * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * @param divisor the divisor
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    fun divide(divisor: NumberInterface): NumberInterface {
+        checkInterrupted()
+        return divideInternal(divisor)
+    }
 
     /**
      * Returns a new instance of this number with
@@ -132,19 +167,11 @@ public abstract class NumberInterface {
      *
      * @return the new instance.
      */
-    public final NumberInterface negate() {
+    fun negate(): NumberInterface {
-        checkInterrupted();
+        checkInterrupted()
-        return negateInternal();
+        return negateInternal()
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Raises this number to an integer power.
-     *
-     * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
-     * @return the resulting value.
-     */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface intPowInternal(int exponent);
-
     /**
      * Raises this number to an integer power. Also, checks if the
      * thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
@@ -153,33 +180,11 @@ public abstract class NumberInterface {
      * @param exponent the exponent to which to take the number.
      * @return the resulting value.
      */
-    public final NumberInterface intPow(int exponent) {
+    fun intPow(exponent: Int): NumberInterface {
-        checkInterrupted();
+        checkInterrupted()
-        return intPowInternal(exponent);
+        return intPowInternal(exponent)
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Compares this number to another.
-     *
-     * @param number the number to compare to.
-     * @return same as Integer.compare();
-     */
-    public abstract int compareTo(NumberInterface number);
-
-    /**
-     * Same as Math.signum().
-     *
-     * @return 1 if this number is positive, -1 if this number is negative, 0 if this number is 0.
-     */
-    public abstract int signum();
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
-     *
-     * @return the least integer greater or equal to the number, if int can hold the value.
-     */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface ceilingInternal();
-
     /**
      * Returns the least integer greater than or equal to the number.
      * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
@@ -187,18 +192,11 @@ public abstract class NumberInterface {
      *
      * @return the least integer bigger or equal to the number.
      */
-    public final NumberInterface ceiling() {
+    fun ceiling(): NumberInterface {
-        checkInterrupted();
+        checkInterrupted()
-        return ceilingInternal();
+        return ceilingInternal()
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
-     *
-     * @return the greatest integer smaller or equal the number.
-     */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface floorInternal();
-
     /**
      * Return the greatest integer less than or equal to the number.
      * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted, and if so, throws
@@ -206,18 +204,11 @@ public abstract class NumberInterface {
      *
      * @return the greatest int smaller than or equal to the number.
      */
-    public final NumberInterface floor() {
+    fun floor(): NumberInterface {
-        checkInterrupted();
+        checkInterrupted()
-        return floorInternal();
+        return floorInternal()
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns the fractional part of the number.
-     *
-     * @return the fractional part of the number.
-     */
-    protected abstract NumberInterface fractionalPartInternal();
-
     /**
      * Returns the fractional part of the number, specifically x - floor(x).
      * Also, checks if the thread has been interrupted,
@@ -225,25 +216,61 @@ public abstract class NumberInterface {
      *
      * @return the fractional part of the number.
      */
-    public final NumberInterface fractionalPart() {
+    fun fractionalPart(): NumberInterface {
-        checkInterrupted();
+        checkInterrupted()
-        return fractionalPartInternal();
+        return fractionalPartInternal()
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns the integer representation of this number, discarding any fractional part,
+     * Checks whether the given number is an integer or not.
-     * if int can hold the value.
      *
-     * @return the integer value of this number.
+     * @return whether the number is an integer or not.
      */
-    public abstract int intValue();
+    fun isInteger() = fractionalPart().signum() == 0
 
     /**
-     * Returns the smallest error this instance can tolerate depending
+     * Returns a NumberRangeBuilder object, which is used to create a range.
-     * on its precision and value.
+     * The reason that this returns a builder and not an actual range is that
-     *
+     * the NumberRange needs to promote values passed to it, which
-     * @return the smallest error that should be permitted in calculations.
+     * requires an abacus instance.
+     * @param other the value at the bottom of the range.
+     * @return the resulting range builder.
      */
-    public abstract NumberInterface getMaxError();
+    operator fun rangeTo(other: NumberInterface) = NumberRangeBuilder(this, other)
+
+    /**
+     * Plus operator overloaded to allow "nice" looking math.
+     * @param other the value to add to this number.
+     * @return the result of the addition.
+     */
+    operator fun plus(other: NumberInterface) = add(other)
+    /**
+     * Minus operator overloaded to allow "nice" looking math.
+     * @param other the value to subtract to this number.
+     * @return the result of the subtraction.
+     */
+    operator fun minus(other: NumberInterface) = subtract(other)
+    /**
+     * Times operator overloaded to allow "nice" looking math.
+     * @param other the value to multiply this number by.
+     * @return the result of the multiplication.
+     */
+    operator fun times(other: NumberInterface) = multiply(other)
+    /**
+     * Divide operator overloaded to allow "nice" looking math.
+     * @param other the value to divide this number by.
+     * @return the result of the division.
+     */
+    operator fun div(other: NumberInterface) = divide(other)
+    /**
+     * The plus operator.
+     * @return this number.
+     */
+    operator fun unaryPlus() = this
+    /**
+     * The minus operator.
+     * @return the negative of this number.
+     */
+    operator fun unaryMinus() = negate()
 
 }

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/promotion/NumberUtils.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 @file:JvmName("NumberUtils")
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.promotion
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
 
-typealias PromotionFunction = java.util.function.Function<NumberInterface, NumberInterface>
 typealias PromotionPath = List<PromotionFunction>
 typealias NumberClass = Class<NumberInterface>
 
@@ -12,5 +13,5 @@ typealias NumberClass = Class<NumberInterface>
  * @param from the number to start from.
  */
 fun PromotionPath.promote(from: NumberInterface): NumberInterface {
-    return fold(from, { current, function -> function.apply(current) })
+    return fold(from, { current, function -> function.promote(current) })
 }

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/promotion/PromotionFunction.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.promotion
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * Function that is used to promote a number from one type to another.
+ *
+ * A promotion function is used in the promotion system as a mean to
+ * actually "travel" down the promotion path.
+ */
+interface PromotionFunction {
+
+    /**
+     * Promotes the given [number] into another type.
+     * @param number the number to promote from.
+     * @return the new number with the same value.
+     */
+    fun promote(number: NumberInterface): NumberInterface
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/promotion/PromotionManager.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.promotion
 
 import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
+import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.PromotionException
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager
-import java.util.function.Function
 
 /**
  * A class that handles promotions based on priority and the
@@ -30,28 +31,17 @@ class PromotionManager(val abacus: Abacus) : PluginListener {
         val fromName = abacus.pluginManager.interfaceImplementationNameFor(from.implementation)
         val toName = abacus.pluginManager.interfaceImplementationNameFor(to.implementation)
 
-        if(fromName == toName) return listOf(Function { it })
+        if(fromName == toName) return listOf(object : PromotionFunction {
+            override fun promote(number: NumberInterface): NumberInterface {
+                return number
+            }
+        })
 
         if(from.promotionPaths.containsKey(toName))
             return listOf(from.promotionPaths[toName] ?: return null)
         return null
     }
 
-    /**
-     * If a path between the given implementations has already been computed, uses
-     * the already calculated path. Otherwise, calls [computePathBetween] to compute a new
-     * path.
-     *
-     * @param from the implementation to start from.
-     * @param to the implementation to get to.
-     * @return the resulting promotion path, or null if it is not found
-     */
-    fun getPathBetween(from: NumberImplementation, to: NumberImplementation): PromotionPath? {
-        return computePaths.computeIfAbsent(from to to, {
-             computePathBetween(it.first, it.second)
-        })
-    }
-
     /**
      * Promote all the numbers in the list to the same number implementation, to ensure
      * they can be used with each other. Finds the highest priority implementation
@@ -60,22 +50,30 @@ class PromotionManager(val abacus: Abacus) : PluginListener {
      * @param numbers the numbers to promote.
      * @return the resulting promotion result.
      */
-    fun promote(vararg numbers: NumberInterface): PromotionResult? {
+    fun promote(vararg numbers: NumberInterface): PromotionResult {
         val pluginManager = abacus.pluginManager
         val implementations = numbers.map { pluginManager.interfaceImplementationFor(it.javaClass) }
         val highestPriority = implementations.sortedBy { it.priority }.last()
         return PromotionResult(items = numbers.map {
-            if(it.javaClass == highestPriority.implementation) it
+            if (it.javaClass == highestPriority.implementation) it
-            else getPathBetween(pluginManager.interfaceImplementationFor(it.javaClass), highestPriority)
+            else computePaths[pluginManager.interfaceImplementationFor(it.javaClass) to highestPriority]
-                    ?.promote(it) ?: return null
+                    ?.promote(it) ?: throw PromotionException()
         }.toTypedArray(), promotedTo = highestPriority)
     }
 
-    override fun onLoad(manager: PluginManager?) {
+    override fun onLoad(manager: PluginManager) {
-
+        val implementations = manager.allNumberImplementations.map { manager.numberImplementationFor(it) }
+        for(first in implementations) {
+            for(second in implementations) {
+                val promoteFrom = if(second.priority > first.priority) first else second
+                val promoteTo = if(second.priority > first.priority) second else first
+                val path = computePathBetween(promoteFrom, promoteTo)
+                computePaths[promoteFrom to promoteTo] = path
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    override fun onUnload(manager: PluginManager?) {
+    override fun onUnload(manager: PluginManager) {
         computePaths.clear()
     }
 

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/promotion/PromotionResult.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.number
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.promotion
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.NumberImplementation
 
 /**

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/range/NumberRange.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.range
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * A closed range designed specifically for [NumberInterface]
+ *
+ * Besides providing the usual functionality of a [ClosedRange], this range
+ * also handles promotion - that is, it's safe to use it with numbers of different
+ * implementations, even as starting and ending points.
+ *
+ * @property abacus the abacus instance used for promotion.
+ * @property start the starting point of the range.
+ * @property endInclusive the ending point of the range.
+ */
+class NumberRange(val abacus: Abacus,
+                  override val start: NumberInterface,
+                  override val endInclusive: NumberInterface): ClosedRange<NumberInterface> {
+
+    override operator fun contains(value: NumberInterface): Boolean {
+        val promotionResult = abacus.promotionManager.promote(start, endInclusive, value)
+        val newStart = promotionResult.items[0]
+        val newEnd = promotionResult.items[1]
+        val newValue = promotionResult.items[2]
+        return newValue >= newStart && newValue <= newEnd
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/number/range/NumberRangeBuilder.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.number.range
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * A utility class for creating [NumberRange] instances.
+ *
+ * Unlike a regular [ClosedRange], a NumberRange must have a third parameter,
+ * which is the [Abacus] instance that is used for promotion. However, the ".." operator
+ * is infix, and can only take two parameters. The solution is, instead of returning instances
+ * of NumberRange directly, to return a builder, which then provides a [with] infix function
+ * to attach it to an instance of Abacus.
+ * @property start the beginning of the range.
+ * @property endInclusive the end of the range.
+ */
+class NumberRangeBuilder(private val start: NumberInterface, private val endInclusive: NumberInterface) {
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a [NumberRange] with the given instance of [abacus].
+     * @return a new range with the given instance of Abacus.
+     */
+    infix fun with(abacus: Abacus) = NumberRange(abacus, start, endInclusive)
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/Parser.kt

@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing
 
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
-
-import java.util.List;
 
 /**
- * An itnerface that provides the ability to convert a list of tokens
+ * Converter from tokens into a parse tree.
+ *
+ * An interface that provides the ability to convert a list of tokens
  * into a parse tree.
  *
  * @param <T> the type of tokens accepted by this parser.
  */
-public interface Parser<T> {
+
+interface Parser<in T> {
 
     /**
      * Constructs a tree out of the given tokens.
@@ -18,5 +19,6 @@ public interface Parser<T> {
      * @param tokens the tokens to construct a tree from.
      * @return the constructed tree, or null on error.
      */
-    public TreeNode constructTree(List<T> tokens);
+    fun constructTree(tokens: List<T>): TreeNode
+
 }

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/Tokenizer.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing
+
+/**
+ * Converter from string to tokens.
+ *
+ * Interface that converts a string into a list
+ * of tokens of a certain type.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of the tokens produced.
+ */
+interface Tokenizer<out T> {
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a string into tokens.
+     *
+     * @param string the string to convert.
+     * @return the list of tokens, or null on error.
+     */
+    fun tokenizeString(string: String):  List<T>
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/parsing/TreeBuilder.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.parsing
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
+
+/**
+ * Class to combine a [Tokenizer] and a [Parser]
+ *
+ * TreeBuilder class used to piece together a Tokenizer and
+ * Parser of the same kind. This is used to essentially avoid
+ * working with any parameters at all, and the generics
+ * in this class are used only to ensure the tokenizer and parser
+ * are of the same type.
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of tokens created by the tokenizer and used by the parser.
+ */
+class TreeBuilder<T>(private val tokenizer: Tokenizer<T>, private val parser: Parser<T>) {
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the given [string] into a tree.
+     *
+     * @param string the string to parse into a tree.
+     * @return the resulting tree.
+     */
+    fun fromString(string: String): TreeNode = parser.constructTree(tokenizer.tokenizeString(string))
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorAdd.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * The addition operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that simply performs addition.
+ */
+class OperatorAdd: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 2
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params[0] + params[1]
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorCaret.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.StandardPlugin.*
+
+/**
+ * The power operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that brings one number to the power of the other.
+ */
+class OperatorCaret: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 3) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 2
+                    && !(params[0].signum() == 0 && params[1].signum() == 0)
+                    && !(params[0].signum() == -1 && !params[1].isInteger())
+
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>): NumberInterface {
+        val implementation = context.inheritedNumberImplementation
+        if (params[0].signum() == 0)
+            return implementation.instanceForString("0")
+        else if (params[1].signum() == 0)
+            return implementation.instanceForString("1")
+        //Detect integer bases:
+        if (params[0].isInteger()
+                && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[1]) < implementation.instanceForString(Integer.toString(Integer.MAX_VALUE))
+                && FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[1]) >= implementation.instanceForString("1")) {
+            val newParams = arrayOf(params[0], params[1].fractionalPart())
+            return params[0].intPow(params[1].floor().intValue()) * applyInternal(context, newParams)
+        }
+        return FUNCTION_EXP.apply(context, FUNCTION_LN.apply(context, FUNCTION_ABS.apply(context, params[0])) * params[1])
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorDefine.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.TreeValueOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.VariableNode
+
+/**
+ * The definition operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that creates a definition - something that doesn't capture variable values
+ * when it's created, but rather the variables themselves, and changes when the variables it uses change.
+ */
+class OperatorDefine: TreeValueOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out TreeNode>) =
+            params.size == 2 && params[0] is VariableNode
+
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out TreeNode>): NumberInterface {
+        val assignTo = (params[0] as VariableNode).variable
+        context.setDefinition(assignTo, params[1])
+        return params[1].reduce(context)
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorDivide.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * The division operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that simply performs division.
+ */
+class OperatorDivide: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 2
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params[0] / params[1]
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorFactorial.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * The factorial operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that simply evaluates the factorial of a number.
+ */
+class OperatorFactorial: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.UNARY_POSTFIX, 0) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+        params.size == 1
+                && params[0].isInteger()
+                && params[0].signum() >= 0
+
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>): NumberInterface {
+        val implementation = context.inheritedNumberImplementation
+        val one = implementation.instanceForString("1")
+        if (params[0].signum() == 0) {
+            return one
+        }
+        var factorial = params[0]
+        var multiplier = params[0] - one
+        //It is necessary to later prevent calls of factorial on anything but non-negative integers.
+        while (multiplier.signum() == 1) {
+            factorial *= multiplier
+            multiplier -= one
+        }
+        return factorial
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorMultiply.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * The multiplication operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that simply performs multiplication.
+ */
+class OperatorMultiply: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 2) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 2
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params[0] * params[1]
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorNcr.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.StandardPlugin.OP_FACTORIAL
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.StandardPlugin.OP_NPR
+
+/**
+ * The "N choose R" operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that returns the number of possible combinations, regardless of order,
+ * of a certain size can be taken out of a pool of a bigger size.
+ */
+class OperatorNcr: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 2 && params[0].isInteger()
+                    && params[1].isInteger()
+
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            OP_NPR.apply(context, *params) / OP_FACTORIAL.apply(context, params[1])
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorNegate.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * The negation operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that negates a number.
+ */
+class OperatorNegate: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.UNARY_PREFIX, 1) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 1
+
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            -params[0]
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorNpr.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * The "N pick R" operator.
+ *
+ * his is a standard operator that returns the number of possible combinations
+ * of a certain size can be taken out of a pool of a bigger size.
+ */
+class OperatorNpr: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.RIGHT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 2 && params[0].isInteger()
+                    && params[1].isInteger()
+
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>): NumberInterface {
+        val implementation = context.inheritedNumberImplementation
+        if (params[0] < params[1] ||
+                params[0].signum() < 0 ||
+                params[0].signum() == 0 && params[1].signum() != 0)
+            return implementation.instanceForString("0")
+        var total = implementation.instanceForString("1")
+        var multiplyBy = params[0]
+        var remainingMultiplications = params[1]
+        val halfway = params[0] / implementation.instanceForString("2")
+        if (remainingMultiplications > halfway) {
+            remainingMultiplications = params[0] - remainingMultiplications
+        }
+        while (remainingMultiplications.signum() > 0) {
+            total *= multiplyBy
+            remainingMultiplications -= implementation.instanceForString("1")
+            multiplyBy -= implementation.instanceForString("1")
+        }
+        return total
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorSet.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.TreeValueOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.VariableNode
+
+/**
+ * The set operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that assigns a value to a variable name.
+ */
+class OperatorSet: TreeValueOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 0) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out TreeNode>) =
+            params.size == 2 && params[0] is VariableNode
+
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out TreeNode>): NumberInterface {
+        val assignTo = (params[0] as VariableNode).variable
+        val value = params[1].reduce(context)
+        context.setVariable(assignTo, value)
+        return value
+    }
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/plugin/standard/operator/OperatorSubtract.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.operator
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
+
+/**
+ * The subtraction operator.
+ *
+ * This is a standard operator that performs subtraction.
+ */
+class OperatorSubtract: NumberOperator(OperatorAssociativity.LEFT, OperatorType.BINARY_INFIX, 1) {
+
+    override fun matchesParams(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params.size == 2
+    override fun applyInternal(context: PluginEvaluationContext, params: Array<out NumberInterface>) =
+            params[0] - params[1]
+
+}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/NumberReducer.kt

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
-
-import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus
-import org.nwapw.abacus.context.EvaluationContext
-import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.EvaluationException
-import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface
-
-class NumberReducer(val abacus: Abacus, context: EvaluationContext) : Reducer<NumberInterface> {
-
-    val context = context.mutableSubInstance()
-
-    init {
-        this.context.reducer = this
-    }
-
-    override fun reduceNode(treeNode: TreeNode, vararg children: Any): NumberInterface {
-        val promotionManager = abacus.promotionManager
-        return when(treeNode){
-            is NumberNode -> {
-                context.inheritedNumberImplementation?.instanceForString(treeNode.number)
-                        ?: throw EvaluationException("no number implementation selected.")
-            }
-            is VariableNode -> {
-                val variable = context.getVariable(treeNode.variable)
-                if(variable != null) return variable
-                val definition = context.getDefinition(treeNode.variable)
-                if(definition != null) return definition.reduce(this)
-                throw EvaluationException("variable is not defined.")
-            }
-            is NumberUnaryNode -> {
-                val child = children[0] as NumberInterface
-                context.numberImplementation = abacus.pluginManager.interfaceImplementationFor(child.javaClass)
-                abacus.pluginManager.operatorFor(treeNode.operation)
-                        .apply(context, child)
-            }
-            is NumberBinaryNode -> {
-                val left = children[0] as NumberInterface
-                val right = children[1] as NumberInterface
-                val promotionResult = promotionManager.promote(left, right) ?:
-                        throw EvaluationException("promotion failed.")
-                context.numberImplementation = promotionResult.promotedTo
-                abacus.pluginManager.operatorFor(treeNode.operation).apply(context, *promotionResult.items)
-            }
-            is FunctionNode -> {
-                val promotionResult = promotionManager
-                        .promote(*children.map { it as NumberInterface }.toTypedArray()) ?:
-                        throw EvaluationException("promotion failed.")
-                context.numberImplementation = promotionResult.promotedTo
-                abacus.pluginManager.functionFor(treeNode.callTo).apply(context, *promotionResult.items)
-            }
-            is TreeValueUnaryNode -> {
-                abacus.pluginManager.treeValueOperatorFor(treeNode.operation)
-                        .apply(context, treeNode.applyTo)
-            }
-            is TreeValueBinaryNode -> {
-                abacus.pluginManager.treeValueOperatorFor(treeNode.operation)
-                        .apply(context, treeNode.left, treeNode.right)
-            }
-            is TreeValueFunctionNode -> {
-                abacus.pluginManager.treeValueFunctionFor(treeNode.callTo)
-                        .apply(context, *treeNode.children.toTypedArray())
-            }
-            else -> throw EvaluationException("unrecognized tree node.")
-        }
-    }
-
-}

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/Reducer.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
 
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode
+
 /**
  * Reducer interface that takes a tree and returns a single value.
  *

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/BinaryNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
 
 /**
  * A tree node that holds a binary operation.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/CallNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
 
 /**
  * Represents a more generic function call.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/NumberBinaryNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A binary operator node that reduces its children.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/NumberFunctionNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A tree node that holds a function call.
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
  *
  * @param function the function string.
  */
-class FunctionNode(function: String, children: List<TreeNode>) : CallNode(function, children) {
+class NumberFunctionNode(function: String, children: List<TreeNode>) : CallNode(function, children) {
 
     override fun <T : Any> reduce(reducer: Reducer<T>): T {
         val children = Array<Any>(children.size, { children[it].reduce(reducer) })

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/NumberNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A tree node that holds a single number value.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/NumberUnaryNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A unary operator node that reduces its children.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/TreeNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A tree node.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/TreeValueBinaryNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A tree node that represents a binary tree value operator.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/TreeValueFunctionNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A tree node that represents a tree value function call.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/TreeValueUnaryNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A tree node that represents a unary tree value operator.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/UnaryNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
 
 /**
  * A tree node that holds a unary operation.

core/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/tree/nodes/VariableNode.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.tree
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes
+
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.Reducer
 
 /**
  * A tree node that holds a placeholder variable.

core/src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/CalculationTests.java

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.DomainException;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.StandardPlugin;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode;
 
 public class CalculationTests {
 
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ public class CalculationTests {
 
     private void testOutput(String input, String parseOutput, String output) {
         TreeNode parsedTree = abacus.parseString(input);
-        Assert.assertNotNull(parsedTree);
         Assert.assertEquals(parsedTree.toString(), parseOutput);
         NumberInterface result = abacus.evaluateTree(parsedTree).getValue();
         Assert.assertNotNull(result);
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ public class CalculationTests {
 
     private void testDomainException(String input, String parseOutput) {
         TreeNode parsedTree = abacus.parseString(input);
-        Assert.assertNotNull(parsedTree);
         Assert.assertEquals(parsedTree.toString(), parseOutput);
         try {
             abacus.evaluateTree(parsedTree);

core/src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/LexerTests.java

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
 import org.junit.Assert;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Lexer;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Match;
 
 import java.util.List;
 

core/src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/RangeTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.promotion.PromotionFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.range.NumberRange;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.standard.NaiveNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.number.standard.PreciseNumber;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.StandardPlugin;
+
+public class RangeTests {
+
+    private static Abacus abacus = new Abacus(new Configuration( "precise", new String[]{}));
+    private static PromotionFunction naivePromotion = i -> new NaiveNumber((i.toString()));
+    private static PromotionFunction precisePromotion = i -> new PreciseNumber((i.toString()));
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void prepareTests() {
+        abacus.getPluginManager().addInstantiated(new StandardPlugin(abacus.getPluginManager()));
+        abacus.reload();
+    }
+
+    public static NumberRange naiveRange(String bottom, String top) {
+        return new NaiveNumber(bottom).rangeTo(new NaiveNumber(top)).with(abacus);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNaiveRange(){
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0", "10");
+        Assert.assertTrue(range.getStart().toString().startsWith("0"));
+        Assert.assertTrue(range.getEndInclusive().toString().startsWith("10"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNaiveRangeBelow() {
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0", "10");
+        Assert.assertFalse(range.contains(new NaiveNumber("-10")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNaiveRangeAbove() {
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0", "10");
+        Assert.assertFalse(range.contains(new NaiveNumber("20")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNaiveRangeJustWithinBottom() {
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0", "10");
+        Assert.assertTrue(range.contains(new NaiveNumber("0")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNaiveRangeJustWithinTop() {
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0", "10");
+        Assert.assertTrue(range.contains(new NaiveNumber("10")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNaiveRangeWithin() {
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0", "10");
+        Assert.assertTrue(range.contains(new NaiveNumber("5")));
+    }
+
+    public static void addTestPromotionPaths() {
+        StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE.getPromotionPaths().put("precise", precisePromotion);
+        StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_PRECISE.getPromotionPaths().put("naive", naivePromotion);
+        abacus.reload();
+    }
+
+    public static void removeTestPromotionPaths() {
+        StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE.getPromotionPaths().remove("precise");
+        StandardPlugin.IMPLEMENTATION_NAIVE.getPromotionPaths().remove("naive");
+        abacus.reload();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPromotionWithin() {
+        addTestPromotionPaths();
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0", "10");
+        Assert.assertTrue(range.contains(new PreciseNumber("5")));
+        removeTestPromotionPaths();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPromotionOutside(){
+        addTestPromotionPaths();
+        NumberRange range = naiveRange("0","10");
+        Assert.assertFalse(range.contains(new PreciseNumber("20")));
+        removeTestPromotionPaths();
+    }
+
+}

core/src/test/java/org/nwapw/abacus/tests/TokenizerTests.java

@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 package org.nwapw.abacus.tests;
 
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.junit.Assert;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.context.MutableEvaluationContext;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.function.*;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.context.PluginEvaluationContext;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.pattern.Match;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorAssociativity;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.OperatorType;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberFunction;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.function.interfaces.NumberOperator;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.lexing.Match;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.NumberInterface;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.LexerTokenizer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.standard.LexerTokenizer;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.parsing.standard.TokenType;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.Plugin;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TokenType;
 
 import java.util.List;
 
@@ -21,12 +26,12 @@ public class TokenizerTests {
     private static LexerTokenizer lexerTokenizer = new LexerTokenizer();
     private static NumberFunction subtractFunction = new NumberFunction() {
         @Override
-        public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params.length == 2;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+        public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
             return params[0].subtract(params[1]);
         }
     };
@@ -37,12 +42,12 @@ public class TokenizerTests {
                     0) {
 
                 @Override
-                public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
                     return true;
                 }
 
                 @Override
-                public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
                     return subtractFunction.apply(context, params);
                 }
             });
@@ -50,12 +55,12 @@ public class TokenizerTests {
                     0) {
 
                 @Override
-                public boolean matchesParams(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                public boolean matchesParams(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
                     return true;
                 }
 
                 @Override
-                public NumberInterface applyInternal(MutableEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
+                public NumberInterface applyInternal(PluginEvaluationContext context, NumberInterface[] params) {
                     return subtractFunction.apply(context, params);
                 }
             });

fx/build.gradle

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 apply plugin: 'application'
 
 dependencies {
-    compile 'com.moandjiezana.toml:toml4j:0.7.1'
+    compile 'com.moandjiezana.toml:toml4j:0.7.2'
     compile project(':core')
 }
 

fx/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusApplication.java

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public class AbacusApplication extends Application {
         FXMLLoader loader = new FXMLLoader(getClass().getResource("/abacus.fxml"));
         Parent parent = loader.load();
         controller = loader.getController();
-        Scene mainScene = new Scene(parent, 320, 480);
+        Scene mainScene = new Scene(parent, 420, 520);
         primaryStage.setScene(mainScene);
         primaryStage.setTitle("Abacus");
         primaryStage.show();

fx/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/AbacusController.java

@@ -8,28 +8,28 @@ import javafx.fxml.FXML;
 import javafx.scene.control.*;
 import javafx.scene.control.cell.CheckBoxListCell;
 import javafx.scene.text.Text;
+import javafx.stage.FileChooser;
 import javafx.util.Callback;
 import javafx.util.StringConverter;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.Abacus;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.config.Configuration;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.AbacusException;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.ComputationInterruptedException;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.Documentation;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.function.DocumentationType;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.DomainException;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.exception.EvaluationException;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.number.*;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.ClassFinder;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginListener;
 import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.PluginManager;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.StandardPlugin;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.plugin.standard.StandardPlugin;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.EvaluationResult;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.EvaluationResult;
-import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.TreeNode;
+import org.nwapw.abacus.tree.nodes.TreeNode;
 
 import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Scanner;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
      * Constant string that is displayed if the calculations are interrupted by an exception.
      */
     private static final String ERR_EXCEPTION = "Exception Thrown";
+    private static final String ERR_DEFINITION = "Definition Error";
     @FXML
     private TabPane coreTabPane;
     @FXML
@@ -107,6 +108,8 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
     private ListView<Documentation> functionListView;
     @FXML
     private TextField functionListSearchField;
+    @FXML
+    private ListView<String> definitionFilesView;
 
     /**
      * The list of history entries, created by the users.
@@ -132,6 +135,10 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
      * The filtered list displayed to the user.
      */
     private FilteredList<Documentation> functionFilter;
+    /**
+     * The list of definition files to be loaded.
+     */
+    private ObservableList<String> definitionFiles;
 
     /**
      * The abacus instance used for changing the plugin configuration.
@@ -145,9 +152,6 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         private String attemptCalculation() {
             try {
                 TreeNode constructedTree = abacus.parseString(inputField.getText());
-                if (constructedTree == null) {
-                    return ERR_SYNTAX;
-                }
                 EvaluationResult result = abacus.evaluateTree(constructedTree);
                 NumberInterface evaluatedNumber = result.getValue();
                 String resultingString = evaluatedNumber.toString();
@@ -258,6 +262,9 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
             if (oldValue.equals(settingsTab)) alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
         });
 
+        definitionFiles = FXCollections.observableArrayList();
+        definitionFilesView.setItems(definitionFiles);
+
         abacus = new Abacus(new ExtendedConfiguration(CONFIG_FILE));
         PluginManager abacusPluginManager = abacus.getPluginManager();
         abacusPluginManager.addListener(this);
@@ -311,6 +318,25 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         reloadAlertShown = false;
     }
 
+    private void loadDefinitionFile(String fileName){
+        File definitionFile = new File(fileName);
+        if(!definitionFile.exists()) return;
+        try {
+            FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(definitionFile);
+            Scanner scanner = new Scanner(fileReader);
+            while(scanner.hasNext()){
+                EvaluationResult result = abacus.evaluateTree(abacus.parseString(scanner.nextLine()));
+                abacus.applyToContext(result.getResultingContext());
+            }
+        } catch (AbacusException abacusError) {
+            outputText.setText(ERR_DEFINITION + " (" + abacusError.getMessage() + ")");
+            abacusError.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (RuntimeException runtime) {
+            outputText.setText(ERR_DEFINITION + " (" + ERR_EXCEPTION + ")");
+            runtime.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException ignored) {}
+    }
+
     @FXML
     public void performScan() {
         PluginManager abacusPluginManager = abacus.getPluginManager();
@@ -321,34 +347,62 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
             e.printStackTrace();
         }
-        abacus.reload();
+        reloadAbacus();
     }
 
     @FXML
     public void performReload() {
         alertIfApplyNeeded(true);
-        abacus.reload();
+        reloadAbacus();
     }
 
     @FXML
     public void performSave() {
-        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
+        ExtendedConfiguration configuration = (ExtendedConfiguration) abacus.getConfiguration();
         configuration.setNumberImplementation(numberImplementationBox.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem());
         Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
         disabledPlugins.clear();
         for (ToggleablePlugin pluginEntry : enabledPlugins) {
             if (!pluginEntry.isEnabled()) disabledPlugins.add(pluginEntry.getClassName());
         }
+        Set<String> abacusDefinitionFiles = configuration.getDefinitionFiles();
+        abacusDefinitionFiles.clear();
+        abacusDefinitionFiles.addAll(definitionFiles);
         if (computationLimitField.getText().matches("\\d*(\\.\\d+)?") && computationLimitField.getText().length() != 0)
-            ((ExtendedConfiguration) configuration).setComputationDelay(Double.parseDouble(computationLimitField.getText()));
+            configuration.setComputationDelay(Double.parseDouble(computationLimitField.getText()));
-        ((ExtendedConfiguration) configuration).saveTo(CONFIG_FILE);
+        configuration.saveTo(CONFIG_FILE);
         changesMade = false;
         reloadAlertShown = false;
     }
 
+    @FXML
+    public void performAddDefinitionFile(){
+        FileChooser fileChooser = new FileChooser();
+        fileChooser.setTitle("Add definition file");
+        File selectedFile = fileChooser.showOpenDialog(null);
+        if(selectedFile == null) return;
+        String absolutePath = selectedFile.getAbsolutePath();
+        if(!definitionFiles.contains(absolutePath)) definitionFiles.add(absolutePath);
+        changesMade = true;
+    }
+
+    @FXML
+    public void performRemoveDefinitionFile(){
+        String selectedItem = definitionFilesView.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem();
+        if(selectedItem != null) definitionFiles.remove(selectedItem);
+        changesMade = true;
+    }
+
+    private void reloadAbacus(){
+        abacus.reload();
+        for(String file : definitionFiles){
+            loadDefinitionFile(file);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void onLoad(PluginManager manager) {
-        Configuration configuration = abacus.getConfiguration();
+        ExtendedConfiguration configuration = (ExtendedConfiguration) abacus.getConfiguration();
         Set<String> disabledPlugins = configuration.getDisabledPlugins();
         numberImplementationOptions.addAll(abacus.getPluginManager().getAllNumberImplementations());
         String actualImplementation = configuration.getNumberImplementation();
@@ -361,11 +415,20 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
             enabledPlugins.add(plugin);
         }
         PluginManager pluginManager = abacus.getPluginManager();
-        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllFunctions().stream().map(name -> pluginManager.documentationFor(name, DocumentationType.FUNCTION))
+        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllFunctions().stream().map(name -> {
-                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new)));
+            Documentation documentationInstance = pluginManager.documentationFor(name, DocumentationType.FUNCTION);
-        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllTreeValueFunctions().stream().map(name -> pluginManager.documentationFor(name, DocumentationType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION))
+            if(documentationInstance == null)
-                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new)));
+                documentationInstance = new Documentation(name, "", "", "", DocumentationType.FUNCTION);
+            return documentationInstance;
+        }).collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new)));
+        functionList.addAll(manager.getAllTreeValueFunctions().stream().map(name -> {
+            Documentation documentationInstance = pluginManager.documentationFor(name, DocumentationType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION);
+            if(documentationInstance == null)
+                documentationInstance = new Documentation(name, "", "", "", DocumentationType.TREE_VALUE_FUNCTION);
+            return documentationInstance;
+        }).collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new)));
         functionList.sort(Comparator.comparing(Documentation::getCodeName));
+        definitionFiles.addAll(configuration.getDefinitionFiles());
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -373,6 +436,7 @@ public class AbacusController implements PluginListener {
         functionList.clear();
         enabledPlugins.clear();
         numberImplementationOptions.clear();
+        definitionFiles.clear();
     }
 
 }

fx/src/main/java/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ClassFinder.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package org.nwapw.abacus.plugin;
+package org.nwapw.abacus.fx;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;

fx/src/main/kotlin/org/nwapw/abacus/fx/ExtendedConfiguration.kt

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import java.io.File
  * @param disabledPlugins the list of plugins that should be disabled, same as [Configuration.disabledPlugins]
  */
 class ExtendedConfiguration(var computationDelay: Double = 0.0,
+                            definitionFiles: Array<String> = emptyArray(),
                             implementation: String = "<default>",
                             disabledPlugins: Array<String> = emptyArray())
     : Configuration(implementation, disabledPlugins) {
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ class ExtendedConfiguration(var computationDelay: Double = 0.0,
          */
         val DEFAULT_TOML_STRING = """
             computationDelay=0.0
+            definitionFiles=[]
             implementation="naive"
             disabledPlugins=[]
             """
@@ -40,6 +42,11 @@ class ExtendedConfiguration(var computationDelay: Double = 0.0,
         val DEFAULT_TOML_WRITER = TomlWriter()
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The set of files that definitions should be loaded from.
+     */
+    val definitionFiles: MutableSet<String> = mutableSetOf(*definitionFiles)
+
     /**
      * Constructs a new configuration from a file on disk.
      * @param tomlFile the file from disk to load.
@@ -59,6 +66,8 @@ class ExtendedConfiguration(var computationDelay: Double = 0.0,
         numberImplementation = config.numberImplementation
         disabledPlugins.clear()
         disabledPlugins.addAll(config.disabledPlugins)
+        definitionFiles.clear()
+        definitionFiles.addAll(config.definitionFiles)
     }
 
     /**

fx/src/main/resources/abacus.fxml

@@ -47,17 +47,33 @@
                     </padding>
                     <Label text="Number Implementation" GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
                     <ComboBox fx:id="numberImplementationBox" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="0"/>
+
+                    <Label text="Plugins:" GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="1"/>
                     <ListView fx:id="enabledPluginView"
-                              GridPane.rowIndex="1" GridPane.columnIndex="0"
+                              GridPane.rowIndex="2" GridPane.columnIndex="0"
                               GridPane.columnSpan="2" maxHeight="100"/>
-                    <Text GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="2" text="Computation Limit"/>
+
-                    <TextField fx:id="computationLimitField" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="2"/>
+                    <Label GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="3" text="Computation Limit"/>
-                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="3" hgap="10"
+                    <TextField fx:id="computationLimitField" GridPane.columnIndex="1" GridPane.rowIndex="3"/>
+
+                    <Label text="Definition Files:" GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.rowIndex="4"/>
+                    <ListView fx:id="definitionFilesView"
+                              GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2"
+                              GridPane.rowIndex="5" maxHeight="100"/>
+                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="6" hgap="10"
                               vgap="10">
-                        <Button text="Save" onAction="#performSave"/>
+                        <Button text="Add" onAction="#performAddDefinitionFile"/>
-                        <Button text="Reload Plugins" onAction="#performReload"/>
+                        <Button text="Remove" onAction="#performRemoveDefinitionFile"/>
-                        <Button text="Apply and Reload" onAction="#performSaveAndReload"/>
+                    </FlowPane>
-                        <Button text="Scan Plugins" onAction="#performScan"/>
+
+                    <Separator GridPane.rowIndex="7"/>
+
+                    <FlowPane GridPane.columnIndex="0" GridPane.columnSpan="2" GridPane.rowIndex="8" hgap="10"
+                              vgap="10">
+                        <Button text="Save Settings" onAction="#performSave"/>
+                        <Button text="Reload Plugins And Definitions" onAction="#performReload"/>
+                        <Button text="Save and Reload" onAction="#performSaveAndReload"/>
+                        <Button text="Reload Plugins From Disk" onAction="#performScan"/>
                     </FlowPane>
                 </GridPane>
             </Tab>

gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-#Fri Jul 28 17:18:51 PDT 2017
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-4.7-bin.zip
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-3.3-bin.zip

gradlew

@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=""
 # Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value.
 MAX_FD="maximum"
 
-warn ( ) {
+warn () {
     echo "$*"
 }
 
-die ( ) {
+die () {
     echo
     echo "$*"
     echo
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ if $cygwin ; then
 fi
 
 # Escape application args
-save ( ) {
+save () {
     for i do printf %s\\n "$i" | sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/" ; done
     echo " "
 }