Remove code border.

code/compiler/08/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1)
+project(compiler)
+
+# Find all the required packages
+find_package(BISON)
+find_package(FLEX)
+find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
+
+# Set up the flex and bison targets
+bison_target(parser
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/parser.y
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/parser.cpp
+    COMPILE_FLAGS "-d")
+flex_target(scanner
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/scanner.l
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/scanner.cpp)
+add_flex_bison_dependency(scanner parser)
+
+# Find all the relevant LLVM components
+llvm_map_components_to_libnames(LLVM_LIBS core x86asmparser x86codegen)
+
+# Create compiler executable
+add_executable(compiler
+    ast.cpp ast.hpp definition.cpp
+    type_env.cpp type_env.hpp
+    env.cpp env.hpp
+    type.cpp type.hpp
+    error.cpp error.hpp
+    binop.cpp binop.hpp
+    instruction.cpp instruction.hpp
+    ${BISON_parser_OUTPUTS}
+    ${FLEX_scanner_OUTPUTS}
+    main.cpp
+)
+
+# Configure compiler executable
+target_include_directories(compiler PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
+target_include_directories(compiler PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
+target_include_directories(compiler PUBLIC ${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
+target_compile_definitions(compiler PUBLIC ${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
+target_link_libraries(compiler ${LLVM_LIBS})

code/compiler/08/ast.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+#include "ast.hpp"
+#include <ostream>
+#include "error.hpp"
+
+static void print_indent(int n, std::ostream& to) {
+    while(n--) to << "  ";
+}
+
+type_ptr ast::typecheck_common(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) {
+    node_type = typecheck(mgr, env);
+    return node_type;
+}
+
+void ast::resolve_common(const type_mgr& mgr) {
+    type_var* var;
+    type_ptr resolved_type = mgr.resolve(node_type, var);
+    if(var) throw type_error("ambiguously typed program");
+
+    resolve(mgr);
+    node_type = std::move(resolved_type);
+}
+
+void ast_int::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "INT: " << value << std::endl;
+}
+
+type_ptr ast_int::typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    return type_ptr(new type_base("Int"));
+}
+
+void ast_int::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const {
+    
+}
+
+void ast_int::compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const {
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_pushint(value)));
+}
+
+void ast_lid::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "LID: " << id << std::endl;
+}
+
+type_ptr ast_lid::typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    return env.lookup(id);
+}
+
+void ast_lid::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const {
+
+}
+
+void ast_lid::compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const {
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(
+        env->has_variable(id) ?
+            (instruction*) new instruction_push(env->get_offset(id)) :
+            (instruction*) new instruction_pushglobal(id)));
+}
+
+void ast_uid::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "UID: " << id << std::endl;
+}
+
+type_ptr ast_uid::typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    return env.lookup(id);
+}
+
+void ast_uid::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const {
+
+}
+
+void ast_uid::compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const {
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_pushglobal(id)));
+}
+
+void ast_binop::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "BINOP: " << op_name(op) << std::endl;
+    left->print(indent + 1, to);
+    right->print(indent + 1, to);
+}
+
+type_ptr ast_binop::typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    type_ptr ltype = left->typecheck_common(mgr, env);
+    type_ptr rtype = right->typecheck_common(mgr, env);
+    type_ptr ftype = env.lookup(op_name(op));
+    if(!ftype) throw type_error(std::string("unknown binary operator ") + op_name(op));
+
+    type_ptr return_type = mgr.new_type();
+    type_ptr arrow_one = type_ptr(new type_arr(rtype, return_type));
+    type_ptr arrow_two = type_ptr(new type_arr(ltype, arrow_one));
+
+    mgr.unify(arrow_two, ftype);
+    return return_type;
+}
+
+void ast_binop::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const {
+    left->resolve_common(mgr);
+    right->resolve_common(mgr);
+}
+
+void ast_binop::compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const {
+    right->compile(env, into);
+    left->compile(env_ptr(new env_offset(1, env)), into);
+
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_pushglobal(op_name(op))));
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_mkapp()));
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_mkapp()));
+}
+
+void ast_app::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "APP:" << std::endl;
+    left->print(indent + 1, to);
+    right->print(indent + 1, to);
+}
+
+type_ptr ast_app::typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    type_ptr ltype = left->typecheck_common(mgr, env);
+    type_ptr rtype = right->typecheck_common(mgr, env);
+
+    type_ptr return_type = mgr.new_type();
+    type_ptr arrow = type_ptr(new type_arr(rtype, return_type));
+    mgr.unify(arrow, ltype);
+    return return_type;
+}
+
+void ast_app::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const {
+    left->resolve_common(mgr);
+    right->resolve_common(mgr);
+}
+
+void ast_app::compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const {
+    right->compile(env, into);
+    left->compile(env_ptr(new env_offset(1, env)), into);
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_mkapp()));
+}
+
+void ast_case::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "CASE: " << std::endl;
+    for(auto& branch : branches) {
+        print_indent(indent + 1, to);
+        branch->pat->print(to);
+        to << std::endl;
+        branch->expr->print(indent + 2, to);
+    }
+}
+
+type_ptr ast_case::typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    type_var* var;
+    type_ptr case_type = mgr.resolve(of->typecheck_common(mgr, env), var);
+    type_ptr branch_type = mgr.new_type();
+
+    for(auto& branch : branches) {
+        type_env new_env = env.scope();
+        branch->pat->match(case_type, mgr, new_env);
+        type_ptr curr_branch_type = branch->expr->typecheck_common(mgr, new_env);
+        mgr.unify(branch_type, curr_branch_type);
+    }
+
+    case_type = mgr.resolve(case_type, var);
+    if(!dynamic_cast<type_data*>(case_type.get())) {
+        throw type_error("attempting case analysis of non-data type");
+    }
+
+    return branch_type;
+}
+
+void ast_case::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const {
+    of->resolve_common(mgr);
+    for(auto& branch : branches) {
+        branch->expr->resolve_common(mgr);
+    }
+}
+
+void ast_case::compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const {
+    type_data* type = dynamic_cast<type_data*>(of->node_type.get());
+
+    of->compile(env, into);
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_eval()));
+
+    instruction_jump* jump_instruction = new instruction_jump();
+    into.push_back(instruction_ptr(jump_instruction));
+    for(auto& branch : branches) {
+        std::vector<instruction_ptr> branch_instructions;
+        pattern_var* vpat;
+        pattern_constr* cpat;
+
+        if((vpat = dynamic_cast<pattern_var*>(branch->pat.get()))) {
+            branch->expr->compile(env_ptr(new env_offset(1, env)), branch_instructions);
+
+            for(auto& constr_pair : type->constructors) {
+                if(jump_instruction->tag_mappings.find(constr_pair.second.tag) !=
+                        jump_instruction->tag_mappings.end())
+                    break;
+
+                jump_instruction->tag_mappings[constr_pair.second.tag] =
+                    jump_instruction->branches.size();
+            }
+            jump_instruction->branches.push_back(std::move(branch_instructions));
+        } else if((cpat = dynamic_cast<pattern_constr*>(branch->pat.get()))) {
+            env_ptr new_env = env;
+            for(auto it = cpat->params.rbegin(); it != cpat->params.rend(); it++) {
+                new_env = env_ptr(new env_var(*it, new_env));
+            }
+
+            branch_instructions.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_split()));
+            branch->expr->compile(new_env, branch_instructions);
+            branch_instructions.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_slide(
+                            cpat->params.size())));
+
+            int new_tag = type->constructors[cpat->constr].tag;
+            if(jump_instruction->tag_mappings.find(new_tag) !=
+                    jump_instruction->tag_mappings.end())
+                throw type_error("technically not a type error: duplicate pattern");
+
+            jump_instruction->tag_mappings[new_tag] =
+                jump_instruction->branches.size();
+            jump_instruction->branches.push_back(std::move(branch_instructions));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for(auto& constr_pair : type->constructors) {
+        if(jump_instruction->tag_mappings.find(constr_pair.second.tag) ==
+                jump_instruction->tag_mappings.end())
+            throw type_error("non-total pattern");
+    }
+}
+
+void pattern_var::print(std::ostream& to) const {
+    to << var;
+}
+
+void pattern_var::match(type_ptr t, type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) const {
+    env.bind(var, t);
+}
+
+void pattern_constr::print(std::ostream& to) const {
+    to << constr;
+    for(auto& param : params) {
+        to << " " << param;
+    }
+}
+
+void pattern_constr::match(type_ptr t, type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) const {
+    type_ptr constructor_type = env.lookup(constr);
+    if(!constructor_type) {
+        throw type_error(std::string("pattern using unknown constructor ") + constr);
+    }
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < params.size(); i++) {
+        type_arr* arr = dynamic_cast<type_arr*>(constructor_type.get());
+        if(!arr) throw type_error("too many parameters in constructor pattern");
+
+        env.bind(params[i], arr->left);
+        constructor_type = arr->right;
+    }
+
+    mgr.unify(t, constructor_type);
+}

code/compiler/08/ast.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include "type.hpp"
+#include "type_env.hpp"
+#include "binop.hpp"
+#include "instruction.hpp"
+#include "env.hpp"
+
+struct ast {
+    type_ptr node_type;
+
+    virtual ~ast() = default;
+
+    virtual void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const = 0;
+    virtual type_ptr typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const = 0;
+    virtual void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const = 0;
+    virtual void compile(const env_ptr& env,
+        std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const = 0;
+
+    type_ptr typecheck_common(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env);
+    void resolve_common(const type_mgr& mgr);
+};
+
+using ast_ptr = std::unique_ptr<ast>;
+
+struct pattern {
+    virtual ~pattern() = default;
+
+    virtual void print(std::ostream& to) const = 0;
+    virtual void match(type_ptr t, type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) const = 0;
+};
+
+using pattern_ptr = std::unique_ptr<pattern>;
+
+struct branch {
+    pattern_ptr pat;
+    ast_ptr expr;
+
+    branch(pattern_ptr p, ast_ptr a)
+        : pat(std::move(p)), expr(std::move(a)) {}
+};
+
+using branch_ptr = std::unique_ptr<branch>;
+
+struct constructor {
+    std::string name;
+    std::vector<std::string> types;
+
+    constructor(std::string n, std::vector<std::string> ts)
+        : name(std::move(n)), types(std::move(ts)) {}
+};
+
+using constructor_ptr = std::unique_ptr<constructor>;
+
+struct definition {
+    virtual ~definition() = default;
+    
+    virtual void typecheck_first(type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) = 0;
+    virtual void typecheck_second(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const = 0;
+    virtual void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) = 0;
+    virtual void compile() = 0;
+};
+
+using definition_ptr = std::unique_ptr<definition>;
+
+struct ast_int : public ast {
+    int value;
+
+    explicit ast_int(int v)
+        : value(v) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+    type_ptr typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const;
+    void compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const;
+};
+
+struct ast_lid : public ast {
+    std::string id;
+
+    explicit ast_lid(std::string i)
+        : id(std::move(i)) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+    type_ptr typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const;
+    void compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const;
+};
+
+struct ast_uid : public ast {
+    std::string id;
+
+    explicit ast_uid(std::string i)
+        : id(std::move(i)) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+    type_ptr typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const;
+    void compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const;
+};
+
+struct ast_binop : public ast {
+    binop op;  
+    ast_ptr left;
+    ast_ptr right;
+
+    ast_binop(binop o, ast_ptr l, ast_ptr r)
+        : op(o), left(std::move(l)), right(std::move(r)) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+    type_ptr typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const;
+    void compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const;
+};
+
+struct ast_app : public ast {
+    ast_ptr left;
+    ast_ptr right;
+
+    ast_app(ast_ptr l, ast_ptr r)
+        : left(std::move(l)), right(std::move(r)) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+    type_ptr typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const;
+    void compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const;
+};
+
+struct ast_case : public ast {
+    ast_ptr of;
+    std::vector<branch_ptr> branches;
+
+    ast_case(ast_ptr o, std::vector<branch_ptr> b)
+        : of(std::move(o)), branches(std::move(b)) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+    type_ptr typecheck(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) const;
+    void compile(const env_ptr& env, std::vector<instruction_ptr>& into) const;
+};
+
+struct pattern_var : public pattern {
+    std::string var;
+
+    pattern_var(std::string v)
+        : var(std::move(v)) {}
+
+    void print(std::ostream &to) const;
+    void match(type_ptr t, type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) const;
+};
+
+struct pattern_constr : public pattern {
+    std::string constr;
+    std::vector<std::string> params;
+
+    pattern_constr(std::string c, std::vector<std::string> p)
+        : constr(std::move(c)), params(std::move(p)) {}
+
+    void print(std::ostream &to) const;
+    void match(type_ptr t, type_mgr&, type_env& env) const;
+};
+
+struct definition_defn : public definition {
+    std::string name;
+    std::vector<std::string> params;
+    ast_ptr body;
+
+    type_ptr return_type;
+    std::vector<type_ptr> param_types;
+
+    std::vector<instruction_ptr> instructions;
+
+    definition_defn(std::string n, std::vector<std::string> p, ast_ptr b)
+        : name(std::move(n)), params(std::move(p)), body(std::move(b)) {
+
+    }
+
+    void typecheck_first(type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env);
+    void typecheck_second(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr);
+    void compile();
+};
+
+struct definition_data : public definition {
+    std::string name;
+    std::vector<constructor_ptr> constructors;
+
+    definition_data(std::string n, std::vector<constructor_ptr> cs)
+        : name(std::move(n)), constructors(std::move(cs)) {}
+
+    void typecheck_first(type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env);
+    void typecheck_second(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const;
+    void resolve(const type_mgr& mgr);
+    void compile();
+};

code/compiler/08/binop.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include "binop.hpp"
+
+std::string op_name(binop op) {
+    switch(op) {
+        case PLUS: return "+";
+        case MINUS: return "-";
+        case TIMES: return "*";
+        case DIVIDE: return "/";
+    }
+    return "??";
+}
+
+std::string op_action(binop op) {
+    switch(op) {
+        case PLUS: return "plus";
+        case MINUS: return "minus";
+        case TIMES: return "times";
+        case DIVIDE: return "divide";
+    }
+    return "??";
+}

code/compiler/08/binop.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+
+enum binop {
+    PLUS,
+    MINUS,
+    TIMES,
+    DIVIDE
+};
+
+std::string op_name(binop op);
+std::string op_action(binop op);

code/compiler/08/definition.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include "ast.hpp"
+#include "error.hpp"
+
+void definition_defn::typecheck_first(type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) {
+    return_type = mgr.new_type();
+    type_ptr full_type = return_type;
+
+    for(auto it = params.rbegin(); it != params.rend(); it++) {
+        type_ptr param_type = mgr.new_type();
+        full_type = type_ptr(new type_arr(param_type, full_type));
+        param_types.push_back(param_type);
+    }
+
+    env.bind(name, full_type);
+}
+
+void definition_defn::typecheck_second(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    type_env new_env = env.scope();
+    auto param_it = params.begin();
+    auto type_it = param_types.rbegin();
+
+    while(param_it != params.end() && type_it != param_types.rend()) {
+        new_env.bind(*param_it, *type_it);
+        param_it++;
+        type_it++;
+    }
+
+    type_ptr body_type = body->typecheck_common(mgr, new_env);
+    mgr.unify(return_type, body_type);
+}
+
+void definition_defn::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) {
+    type_var* var;
+    body->resolve_common(mgr);
+
+    return_type = mgr.resolve(return_type, var);
+    if(var) throw type_error("ambiguously typed program");
+    for(auto& param_type : param_types) {
+        param_type = mgr.resolve(param_type, var);
+        if(var) throw type_error("ambiguously typed program");
+    }
+}
+
+void definition_defn::compile() {
+    env_ptr new_env = env_ptr(new env_offset(0, nullptr));
+    for(auto it = params.rbegin(); it != params.rend(); it++) {
+        new_env = env_ptr(new env_var(*it, new_env));
+    }
+    body->compile(new_env, instructions);
+    instructions.push_back(instruction_ptr(new instruction_update(params.size())));
+}
+
+void definition_data::typecheck_first(type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) {
+    type_data* this_type = new type_data(name);
+    type_ptr return_type = type_ptr(this_type);
+    int next_tag = 0;
+
+    for(auto& constructor : constructors) {
+        this_type->constructors[constructor->name] = { next_tag++ };
+
+        type_ptr full_type = return_type;
+        for(auto it = constructor->types.rbegin(); it != constructor->types.rend(); it++) {
+            type_ptr type = type_ptr(new type_base(*it));
+            full_type = type_ptr(new type_arr(type, full_type));
+        }
+
+        env.bind(constructor->name, full_type);
+    }
+}
+
+void definition_data::typecheck_second(type_mgr& mgr, const type_env& env) const {
+    // Nothing
+}
+
+void definition_data::resolve(const type_mgr& mgr) {
+    // Nothing
+}
+
+void definition_data::compile() {
+
+}

code/compiler/08/env.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include "env.hpp"
+
+int env_var::get_offset(const std::string& name) const {
+    if(name == this->name) return 0;
+    if(parent) return parent->get_offset(name) + 1;
+    throw 0;
+}
+
+bool env_var::has_variable(const std::string& name) const {
+    if(name == this->name) return true;
+    if(parent) return parent->has_variable(name);
+    return false;
+}
+
+int env_offset::get_offset(const std::string& name) const {
+    if(parent) return parent->get_offset(name) + offset;
+    throw 0;
+}
+
+bool env_offset::has_variable(const std::string& name) const {
+    if(parent) return parent->has_variable(name);
+    return false;
+}

code/compiler/08/env.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+struct env {
+    virtual ~env() = default;
+
+    virtual int get_offset(const std::string& name) const = 0;
+    virtual bool has_variable(const std::string& name) const = 0;
+};
+
+using env_ptr = std::shared_ptr<env>;
+
+struct env_var : public env {
+    std::string name;
+    env_ptr parent;
+
+    env_var(std::string& n, env_ptr p)
+        : name(std::move(n)), parent(std::move(p)) {}
+
+    int get_offset(const std::string& name) const;
+    bool has_variable(const std::string& name) const;
+};
+
+struct env_offset : public env {
+    int offset;
+    env_ptr parent;
+
+    env_offset(int o, env_ptr p)
+        : offset(o), parent(std::move(p)) {}
+
+    int get_offset(const std::string& name) const;
+    bool has_variable(const std::string& name) const;
+};

code/compiler/08/error.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#include "error.hpp"
+
+const char* type_error::what() const noexcept {
+    return "an error occured while checking the types of the program";
+}

code/compiler/08/error.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <exception>
+#include "type.hpp"
+
+struct type_error : std::exception {
+    std::string description;
+
+    type_error(std::string d)
+        : description(std::move(d)) {}
+
+    const char* what() const noexcept override;
+};
+
+struct unification_error : public type_error {
+    type_ptr left;
+    type_ptr right;
+
+    unification_error(type_ptr l, type_ptr r)
+        : left(std::move(l)), right(std::move(r)), 
+            type_error("failed to unify types") {}
+};

code/compiler/08/examples/bad1.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+data Bool = { True, False }
+defn main = { 3 + True }

code/compiler/08/examples/bad2.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+defn main = { 1 2 3 4 5 }

code/compiler/08/examples/bad3.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+data List = { Nil, Cons Int List }
+
+defn head l = {
+    case l of {
+        Nil -> { 0 }
+        Cons x y z -> { x }
+    }
+}

code/compiler/08/examples/runtime1.c

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#include "../runtime.h"
+
+void f_add(struct stack* s) {
+    struct node_num* left = (struct node_num*) eval(stack_peek(s, 0));
+    struct node_num* right = (struct node_num*) eval(stack_peek(s, 1));
+    stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) alloc_num(left->value + right->value));
+}
+
+void f_main(struct stack* s) {
+    // PushInt 320
+    stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) alloc_num(320));
+
+    // PushInt 6
+    stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) alloc_num(6));
+
+    // PushGlobal f_add (the function for +)
+    stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) alloc_global(f_add, 2));
+
+    struct node_base* left;
+    struct node_base* right;
+    
+    // MkApp
+    left = stack_pop(s);
+    right = stack_pop(s);
+    stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) alloc_app(left, right));
+    
+    // MkApp
+    left = stack_pop(s);
+    right = stack_pop(s);
+    stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) alloc_app(left, right));
+}

code/compiler/08/examples/works1.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+defn main = { plus 320 6 }
+defn plus x y = { x + y }

code/compiler/08/examples/works2.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+defn add x y = { x + y }
+defn double x = { add x x }
+defn main = { double 163 }

code/compiler/08/examples/works3.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+data List = { Nil, Cons Int List }
+defn length l = {
+    case l of {
+        Nil -> { 0 }
+        Cons x xs -> { 1 + length xs }
+    }
+}

code/compiler/08/instruction.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#include "instruction.hpp"
+
+static void print_indent(int n, std::ostream& to) {
+    while(n--) to << "  ";
+}
+
+void instruction_pushint::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "PushInt(" << value << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_pushglobal::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "PushGlobal(" << name << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_push::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Push(" << offset << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_mkapp::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "MkApp()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_update::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Update(" << offset << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_pack::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Pack(" << tag << ", " << size << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_split::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Split()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_jump::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Jump(" << std::endl;
+    for(auto& instruction_set : branches) {
+        for(auto& instruction : instruction_set) {
+            instruction->print(indent + 2, to);
+        }
+        to << std::endl;
+    }
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_slide::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Slide(" << offset << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_binop::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "BinOp(" << op_action(op) << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_eval::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Eval()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_alloc::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Alloc(" << amount << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void instruction_unwind::print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const {
+    print_indent(indent, to);
+    to << "Unwind()" << std::endl;
+}

code/compiler/08/instruction.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <ostream>
+#include "binop.hpp"
+
+struct instruction {
+    virtual ~instruction() = default;
+
+    virtual void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const = 0;
+};
+
+using instruction_ptr = std::unique_ptr<instruction>;
+
+struct instruction_pushint : public instruction {
+    int value;
+
+    instruction_pushint(int v)
+        : value(v) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_pushglobal : public instruction {
+    std::string name;
+
+    instruction_pushglobal(std::string n)
+        : name(std::move(n)) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_push : public instruction {
+    int offset;
+
+    instruction_push(int o)
+        : offset(o) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_mkapp : public instruction {
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_update : public instruction {
+    int offset;
+
+    instruction_update(int o)
+        : offset(o) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_pack : public instruction {
+    int tag;
+    int size;
+
+    instruction_pack(int t, int s)
+        : tag(t), size(s) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_split : public instruction {
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_jump : public instruction {
+    std::vector<std::vector<instruction_ptr>> branches;
+    std::map<int, int> tag_mappings;
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_slide : public instruction {
+    int offset;
+
+    instruction_slide(int o)
+        : offset(o) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_binop : public instruction {
+    binop op;
+
+    instruction_binop(binop o)
+        : op(o) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_eval : public instruction {
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_alloc : public instruction {
+    int amount;
+
+    instruction_alloc(int a)
+        : amount(a) {}
+
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct instruction_unwind : public instruction {
+    void print(int indent, std::ostream& to) const;
+};

code/compiler/08/llvm_context.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "llvm_context.hpp"
+#include <llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h>
+
+void llvm_state::create_types() {
+    stack_type = llvm::StructType::create(ctx, "stack");
+    tag_type = llvm::IntegerType::getInt8Ty(ctx);
+    struct_types["node_base"] = llvm::StructType::create(ctx, "node_base");
+    struct_types["node_app"] = llvm::StructType::create(ctx, "node_app");
+    struct_types["node_num"] = llvm::StructType::create(ctx, "node_num");
+    struct_types["node_global"] = llvm::StructType::create(ctx, "node_global");
+    struct_types["node_ind"] = llvm::StructType::create(ctx, "node_ind");
+    struct_types["node_data"] = llvm::StructType::create(ctx, "node_data");
+    node_ptr_type = llvm::PointerType::getUnqual(struct_types.at("node_base"));
+}
+
+void llvm_state::create_functions() {
+    
+}

code/compiler/08/llvm_context.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h>
+#include <llvm/IR/Function.h>
+#include <llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h>
+#include <llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h>
+#include <llvm/IR/Module.h>
+#include <map>
+
+struct llvm_state {
+    llvm::LLVMContext ctx;
+    llvm::IRBuilder<> builder;
+    llvm::Module module;
+
+    std::map<std::string, llvm::Function*> functions;
+    std::map<std::string, llvm::StructType*> struct_types;
+
+    llvm::StructType* stack_type;
+    llvm::PointerType* node_ptr_type;
+    llvm::IntegerType* tag_type;
+
+    llvm_state()
+        : builder(ctx), module("bloglang", ctx) {
+        create_types();
+        create_functions();
+    }
+
+    void create_types();
+    void create_functions();
+};

code/compiler/08/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#include "ast.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
+#include "parser.hpp"
+#include "error.hpp"
+#include "type.hpp"
+
+void yy::parser::error(const std::string& msg) {
+    std::cout << "An error occured: " << msg << std::endl;
+}
+
+extern std::vector<definition_ptr> program;
+
+void typecheck_program(
+        const std::vector<definition_ptr>& prog,
+        type_mgr& mgr, type_env& env) {
+    type_ptr int_type = type_ptr(new type_base("Int")); 
+    type_ptr binop_type = type_ptr(new type_arr(
+                int_type,
+                type_ptr(new type_arr(int_type, int_type))));
+
+    env.bind("+", binop_type);
+    env.bind("-", binop_type);
+    env.bind("*", binop_type);
+    env.bind("/", binop_type);
+
+    for(auto& def : prog) {
+        def->typecheck_first(mgr, env);
+    }
+
+    for(auto& def : prog) {
+        def->typecheck_second(mgr, env);
+    }
+
+    for(auto& pair : env.names) {
+        std::cout << pair.first << ": ";
+        pair.second->print(mgr, std::cout);
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    for(auto& def : prog) {
+        def->resolve(mgr);
+    }
+}
+
+void compile_program(const std::vector<definition_ptr>& prog) {
+    for(auto& def : prog) {
+        def->compile();
+
+        definition_defn* defn = dynamic_cast<definition_defn*>(def.get());
+        if(!defn) continue;
+        for(auto& instruction : defn->instructions) {
+            instruction->print(0, std::cout);
+        }
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+}
+
+int main() {
+    yy::parser parser;
+    type_mgr mgr;
+    type_env env;
+
+    parser.parse();
+    for(auto& definition : program) {
+        definition_defn* def = dynamic_cast<definition_defn*>(definition.get());
+        if(!def) continue;
+
+        std::cout << def->name;
+        for(auto& param : def->params) std::cout << " " << param;
+        std::cout << ":" << std::endl;
+
+        def->body->print(1, std::cout);
+    }
+    try {
+        typecheck_program(program, mgr, env);
+        compile_program(program);
+    } catch(unification_error& err) {
+        std::cout << "failed to unify types: " << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "  (1) \033[34m";
+        err.left->print(mgr, std::cout);
+        std::cout << "\033[0m" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "  (2) \033[32m";
+        err.right->print(mgr, std::cout);
+        std::cout << "\033[0m" << std::endl;
+    } catch(type_error& err) {
+        std::cout << "failed to type check program: " << err.description << std::endl;
+    }
+}

code/compiler/08/parser.y

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+%{
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+#include "ast.hpp"
+#include "parser.hpp"
+
+std::vector<definition_ptr> program;
+extern yy::parser::symbol_type yylex();
+
+%}
+
+%token PLUS
+%token TIMES
+%token MINUS
+%token DIVIDE
+%token <int> INT
+%token DEFN
+%token DATA
+%token CASE
+%token OF
+%token OCURLY
+%token CCURLY
+%token OPAREN
+%token CPAREN
+%token COMMA
+%token ARROW
+%token EQUAL
+%token <std::string> LID
+%token <std::string> UID
+
+%language "c++"
+%define api.value.type variant
+%define api.token.constructor
+
+%type <std::vector<std::string>> lowercaseParams uppercaseParams
+%type <std::vector<definition_ptr>> program definitions
+%type <std::vector<branch_ptr>> branches
+%type <std::vector<constructor_ptr>> constructors
+%type <ast_ptr> aAdd aMul case app appBase
+%type <definition_ptr> definition defn data 
+%type <branch_ptr> branch
+%type <pattern_ptr> pattern
+%type <constructor_ptr> constructor
+
+%start program
+
+%%
+
+program
+    : definitions { program = std::move($1); }
+    ;
+
+definitions
+    : definitions definition { $$ = std::move($1); $$.push_back(std::move($2)); }
+    | definition { $$ = std::vector<definition_ptr>(); $$.push_back(std::move($1)); }
+    ;
+
+definition
+    : defn { $$ = std::move($1); }
+    | data { $$ = std::move($1); }
+    ;
+
+defn
+    : DEFN LID lowercaseParams EQUAL OCURLY aAdd CCURLY
+        { $$ = definition_ptr(
+            new definition_defn(std::move($2), std::move($3), std::move($6))); }
+    ;
+
+lowercaseParams
+    : %empty { $$ = std::vector<std::string>(); }
+    | lowercaseParams LID { $$ = std::move($1); $$.push_back(std::move($2)); }
+    ;
+
+uppercaseParams
+    : %empty { $$ = std::vector<std::string>(); }
+    | uppercaseParams UID { $$ = std::move($1); $$.push_back(std::move($2)); }
+    ;
+
+aAdd
+    : aAdd PLUS aMul { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_binop(PLUS, std::move($1), std::move($3))); }
+    | aAdd MINUS aMul { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_binop(MINUS, std::move($1), std::move($3))); }
+    | aMul { $$ = std::move($1); }
+    ;
+
+aMul
+    : aMul TIMES app { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_binop(TIMES, std::move($1), std::move($3))); }
+    | aMul DIVIDE app { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_binop(DIVIDE, std::move($1), std::move($3))); }
+    | app { $$ = std::move($1); }
+    ;
+
+app
+    : app appBase { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_app(std::move($1), std::move($2))); }
+    | appBase { $$ = std::move($1); }
+    ;
+
+appBase
+    : INT { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_int($1)); }
+    | LID { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_lid(std::move($1))); }
+    | UID { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_uid(std::move($1))); }
+    | OPAREN aAdd CPAREN { $$ = std::move($2); }
+    | case { $$ = std::move($1); }
+    ;
+
+case
+    : CASE aAdd OF OCURLY branches CCURLY 
+        { $$ = ast_ptr(new ast_case(std::move($2), std::move($5))); }
+    ;
+
+branches
+    : branches branch { $$ = std::move($1); $$.push_back(std::move($2)); }
+    | branch { $$ = std::vector<branch_ptr>(); $$.push_back(std::move($1));}
+    ;
+
+branch
+    : pattern ARROW OCURLY aAdd CCURLY
+        { $$ = branch_ptr(new branch(std::move($1), std::move($4))); }
+    ;
+
+pattern
+    : LID { $$ = pattern_ptr(new pattern_var(std::move($1))); }
+    | UID lowercaseParams
+        { $$ = pattern_ptr(new pattern_constr(std::move($1), std::move($2))); }
+    ;
+
+data
+    : DATA UID EQUAL OCURLY constructors CCURLY
+        { $$ = definition_ptr(new definition_data(std::move($2), std::move($5))); }
+    ;
+
+constructors
+    : constructors COMMA constructor { $$ = std::move($1); $$.push_back(std::move($3)); }
+    | constructor
+        { $$ = std::vector<constructor_ptr>(); $$.push_back(std::move($1)); }
+    ;
+
+constructor
+    : UID uppercaseParams
+        { $$ = constructor_ptr(new constructor(std::move($1), std::move($2))); }
+    ;
+

code/compiler/08/runtime.c

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <memory.h>
+#include "runtime.h"
+
+struct node_base* alloc_node() {
+    struct node_base* new_node = malloc(sizeof(struct node_app));
+    assert(new_node != NULL);
+    return new_node;
+}
+
+struct node_app* alloc_app(struct node_base* l, struct node_base* r) {
+    struct node_app* node = (struct node_app*) alloc_node();
+    node->base.tag = NODE_APP;
+    node->left = l;
+    node->right = r;
+    return node;
+}
+
+struct node_num* alloc_num(int32_t n) {
+    struct node_num* node = (struct node_num*) alloc_node();
+    node->base.tag = NODE_NUM;
+    node->value = n;
+    return node;
+}
+
+struct node_global* alloc_global(void (*f)(struct stack*), int32_t a) {
+    struct node_global* node = (struct node_global*) alloc_node();
+    node->base.tag = NODE_GLOBAL;
+    node->arity = a;
+    node->function = f;
+    return node;
+}
+
+struct node_ind* alloc_ind(struct node_base* n) {
+    struct node_ind* node = (struct node_ind*) alloc_node();
+    node->base.tag = NODE_IND;
+    node->next = n;
+    return node;
+}
+
+void stack_init(struct stack* s) {
+    s->size = 4;
+    s->count = 0;
+    s->data = malloc(sizeof(*s->data) * s->size);
+    assert(s->data != NULL);
+}
+
+void stack_free(struct stack* s) {
+    free(s->data);
+}
+
+void stack_push(struct stack* s, struct node_base* n) {
+    while(s->count >= s->size) {
+        s->data = realloc(s->data, sizeof(*s->data) * (s->size *= 2));
+        assert(s->data != NULL);
+    }
+    s->data[s->count++] = n;
+}
+
+struct node_base* stack_pop(struct stack* s) {
+    assert(s->count > 0);
+    return s->data[--s->count];
+}
+
+struct node_base* stack_peek(struct stack* s, size_t o) {
+    assert(s->count > o);
+    return s->data[s->count - o - 1];
+}
+
+void stack_popn(struct stack* s, size_t n) {
+    assert(s->count >= n);
+    s->count -= n;
+}
+
+void stack_slide(struct stack* s, size_t n) {
+    assert(s->count > n);
+    s->data[s->count - n - 1] = s->data[s->count - 1];
+    s->count -= n;
+}
+
+void stack_update(struct stack* s, size_t o) {
+    assert(s->count > o + 1);
+    struct node_ind* ind = (struct node_ind*) s->data[s->count - o - 2];
+    ind->base.tag = NODE_IND;
+    ind->next = s->data[s->count -= 1];
+}
+
+void stack_alloc(struct stack* s, size_t o) {
+    while(o--) {
+        stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) alloc_ind(NULL));
+    }
+}
+
+void stack_pack(struct stack* s, size_t n, int8_t t) {
+    assert(s->count >= n);
+
+    struct node_base** data = malloc(sizeof(*data) * n);
+    assert(data != NULL);
+    memcpy(data, &s->data[s->count - 1 - n], n * sizeof(*data));
+
+    struct node_data* new_node = (struct node_data*) alloc_node();
+    new_node->array = data;
+    new_node->base.tag = NODE_DATA;
+    new_node->tag = t;
+
+    stack_popn(s, n);
+    stack_push(s, (struct node_base*) new_node);
+}
+
+void stack_split(struct stack* s, size_t n) {
+    struct node_data* node = (struct node_data*) stack_pop(s);
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        stack_push(s, node->array[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+void unwind(struct stack* s) {
+    while(1) {
+        struct node_base* peek = stack_peek(s, 0);
+        if(peek->tag == NODE_APP) {
+            struct node_app* n = (struct node_app*) peek;
+            stack_push(s, n->left);
+        } else if(peek->tag == NODE_GLOBAL) {
+            struct node_global* n = (struct node_global*) peek;
+            assert(s->count > n->arity);
+
+            for(size_t i = 1; i <= n->arity; i++) {
+                s->data[s->count - i]
+                    = ((struct node_app*) s->data[s->count - i - 1])->right;
+            }
+
+            n->function(s);
+        } else if(peek->tag == NODE_IND) {
+            struct node_ind* n = (struct node_ind*) peek;
+            stack_pop(s);
+            stack_push(s, n->next);
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct node_base* eval(struct node_base* n) {
+    struct stack program_stack;
+    stack_init(&program_stack);
+    stack_push(&program_stack, n);
+    unwind(&program_stack);
+    struct node_base* result = stack_pop(&program_stack);
+    stack_free(&program_stack);
+    return result;
+}
+
+extern void f_main(struct stack* s);
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    struct node_global* first_node = alloc_global(f_main, 0);
+    struct node_base* result = eval((struct node_base*) first_node);
+}

code/compiler/08/runtime.h

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+struct stack;
+
+enum node_tag {
+    NODE_APP,
+    NODE_NUM,
+    NODE_GLOBAL,
+    NODE_IND,
+    NODE_DATA
+};
+
+struct node_base {
+    enum node_tag tag;
+};
+
+struct node_app {
+    struct node_base base;
+    struct node_base* left;
+    struct node_base* right;
+};
+
+struct node_num {
+    struct node_base base;
+    int32_t value;
+};
+
+struct node_global {
+    struct node_base base;
+    int32_t arity;
+    void (*function)(struct stack*);
+};
+
+struct node_ind {
+    struct node_base base;
+    struct node_base* next;
+};
+
+struct node_data {
+    struct node_base base;
+    int8_t tag;
+    struct node_base** array;
+};
+
+struct node_base* alloc_node();
+struct node_app* alloc_app(struct node_base* l, struct node_base* r);
+struct node_num* alloc_num(int32_t n);
+struct node_global* alloc_global(void (*f)(struct stack*), int32_t a);
+struct node_ind* alloc_ind(struct node_base* n);
+
+struct stack {
+    size_t size;
+    size_t count;
+    struct node_base** data;
+};
+
+void stack_free(struct stack* s);
+void stack_push(struct stack* s, struct node_base* n);
+struct node_base* stack_pop(struct stack* s);
+struct node_base* stack_peek(struct stack* s, size_t o);
+void stack_popn(struct stack* s, size_t n);
+void stack_slide(struct stack* s, size_t n);
+void stack_update(struct stack* s, size_t o);
+void stack_alloc(struct stack* s, size_t o);
+void stack_pack(struct stack* s, size_t n, int8_t t);
+void stack_split(struct stack* s, size_t n);
+
+struct node_base* eval(struct node_base* n);

code/compiler/08/scanner.l

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+%option noyywrap
+
+%{
+#include <iostream>
+#include "ast.hpp"
+#include "parser.hpp"
+
+#define YY_DECL yy::parser::symbol_type yylex()
+
+%}
+
+%%
+
+[ \n]+ {}
+\+ { return yy::parser::make_PLUS(); }
+\* { return yy::parser::make_TIMES(); }
+- { return yy::parser::make_MINUS(); }
+\/ { return yy::parser::make_DIVIDE(); }
+[0-9]+ { return yy::parser::make_INT(atoi(yytext)); }
+defn { return yy::parser::make_DEFN(); }
+data { return yy::parser::make_DATA(); }
+case { return yy::parser::make_CASE(); }
+of { return yy::parser::make_OF(); }
+\{ { return yy::parser::make_OCURLY(); }
+\} { return yy::parser::make_CCURLY(); }
+\( { return yy::parser::make_OPAREN(); }
+\) { return yy::parser::make_CPAREN(); }
+,  { return yy::parser::make_COMMA(); }
+-> { return yy::parser::make_ARROW(); }
+= { return yy::parser::make_EQUAL(); }
+[a-z][a-zA-Z]* { return yy::parser::make_LID(std::string(yytext)); }
+[A-Z][a-zA-Z]* { return yy::parser::make_UID(std::string(yytext)); }
+
+%%

code/compiler/08/type.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include "type.hpp"
+#include <sstream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include "error.hpp"
+
+void type_var::print(const type_mgr& mgr, std::ostream& to) const {
+    auto it = mgr.types.find(name);
+    if(it != mgr.types.end()) {
+        it->second->print(mgr, to);
+    } else {
+        to << name;
+    }
+}
+
+void type_base::print(const type_mgr& mgr, std::ostream& to) const {
+    to << name;
+}
+
+void type_arr::print(const type_mgr& mgr, std::ostream& to) const {
+    left->print(mgr, to);
+    to << " -> (";
+    right->print(mgr, to);
+    to << ")";
+}
+
+std::string type_mgr::new_type_name() {
+    int temp = last_id++;
+    std::string str = "";
+
+    while(temp != -1) {
+        str += (char) ('a' + (temp % 26));
+        temp = temp / 26 - 1;
+    }
+
+    std::reverse(str.begin(), str.end());
+    return str;
+}
+
+type_ptr type_mgr::new_type() {
+    return type_ptr(new type_var(new_type_name()));
+}
+
+type_ptr type_mgr::new_arrow_type() {
+    return type_ptr(new type_arr(new_type(), new_type()));
+}
+
+type_ptr type_mgr::resolve(type_ptr t, type_var*& var) const {
+    type_var* cast;
+
+    var = nullptr;
+    while((cast = dynamic_cast<type_var*>(t.get()))) {
+        auto it = types.find(cast->name);
+
+        if(it == types.end()) {
+            var = cast;
+            break;
+        }
+        t = it->second;
+    }
+
+    return t;
+}
+
+void type_mgr::unify(type_ptr l, type_ptr r) {
+    type_var* lvar;
+    type_var* rvar;
+    type_arr* larr;
+    type_arr* rarr;
+    type_base* lid;
+    type_base* rid;
+
+    l = resolve(l, lvar);
+    r = resolve(r, rvar);
+
+    if(lvar) {
+        bind(lvar->name, r);
+        return;
+    } else if(rvar) {
+        bind(rvar->name, l);
+        return;
+    } else if((larr = dynamic_cast<type_arr*>(l.get())) &&
+            (rarr = dynamic_cast<type_arr*>(r.get()))) {
+        unify(larr->left, rarr->left);
+        unify(larr->right, rarr->right);
+        return;
+    } else if((lid = dynamic_cast<type_base*>(l.get())) &&
+            (rid = dynamic_cast<type_base*>(r.get()))) {
+        if(lid->name == rid->name) return;
+    }
+
+    throw unification_error(l, r);
+}
+
+void type_mgr::bind(const std::string& s, type_ptr t) {
+    type_var* other = dynamic_cast<type_var*>(t.get());
+    
+    if(other && other->name == s) return;
+    types[s] = t;
+}

code/compiler/08/type.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <memory>
+#include <map>
+
+struct type_mgr;
+
+struct type {
+    virtual ~type() = default;
+
+    virtual void print(const type_mgr& mgr, std::ostream& to) const = 0;
+};
+
+using type_ptr = std::shared_ptr<type>;
+
+struct type_var : public type {
+    std::string name;
+
+    type_var(std::string n)
+        : name(std::move(n)) {}
+
+    void print(const type_mgr& mgr, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct type_base : public type {
+    std::string name;
+
+    type_base(std::string n) 
+        : name(std::move(n)) {}
+
+    void print(const type_mgr& mgr, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct type_data : public type_base {
+    struct constructor {
+        int tag;
+    };
+
+    std::map<std::string, constructor> constructors;
+
+    type_data(std::string n)
+        : type_base(std::move(n)) {}
+};
+
+struct type_arr : public type {
+    type_ptr left;
+    type_ptr right;
+
+    type_arr(type_ptr l, type_ptr r)
+        : left(std::move(l)), right(std::move(r)) {}
+
+    void print(const type_mgr& mgr, std::ostream& to) const;
+};
+
+struct type_mgr {
+    int last_id = 0;
+    std::map<std::string, type_ptr> types;
+
+    std::string new_type_name();
+    type_ptr new_type();
+    type_ptr new_arrow_type();
+
+    void unify(type_ptr l, type_ptr r);
+    type_ptr resolve(type_ptr t, type_var*& var) const;
+    void bind(const std::string& s, type_ptr t);
+};

code/compiler/08/type_env.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include "type_env.hpp"
+
+type_ptr type_env::lookup(const std::string& name) const {
+    auto it = names.find(name);
+    if(it != names.end()) return it->second;
+    if(parent) return parent->lookup(name);
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+void type_env::bind(const std::string& name, type_ptr t) {
+    names[name] = t;
+}
+
+type_env type_env::scope() const {
+    return type_env(this);
+}

code/compiler/08/type_env.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <map>
+#include "type.hpp"
+
+struct type_env {
+    std::map<std::string, type_ptr> names;
+    type_env const* parent = nullptr;
+
+    type_env(type_env const* p)
+        : parent(p) {}
+    type_env() : type_env(nullptr) {}
+
+    type_ptr lookup(const std::string& name) const;
+    void bind(const std::string& name, type_ptr t);
+    type_env scope() const;
+};

content/blog/08_compiler_llvm.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+title: Compiling a Functional Language Using C++, Part 8 - LLVM
+date: 2019-10-30T22:16:22-07:00
+draft: true
+tags: ["C and C++", "Functional Languages", "Compilers"]
+---
+
+We don't want a compiler that can only generate code for a single
+platform. Our language should work on macOS, Windows, and Linux,
+on x86\_64, ARM, and maybe some other architectures. We also
+don't want to manually implement the compiler for each platform,
+dealing with the specifics of each architecture and operating
+system.
+
+This is where LLVM comes in. LLVM (which stands for __Low Level Virtual Machine__),
+is a project which presents us with a kind of generic assembly language,
+an __Intermediate Representation__ (IR). It also provides tooling to compile the
+IR into platform-specific instructions, as well as to apply a host of various
+optimizations. We can thus translate our G-machine instructions to LLVM,
+and then use LLVM to generate machine code, which gets us to our ultimate
+goal of compiling our language.
+
+We start with adding LLVM to our CMake project.
+{{< codelines "CMake" "compiler/08/CMakeLists.txt" 7 7 >}}
+
+LLVM is a huge project, and has many components. We don't need
+most of them. We do need the core libraries, the x86 assembly
+generator, and x86 assembly parser. I'm
+not sure why we need the last one, but I ran into linking
+errors without them. We find the required link targets
+for these components using this CMake command:
+
+{{< codelines "CMake" "compiler/08/CMakeLists.txt" 19 20 >}}
+
+Finally, we add the new include directories, link targets,
+and definitions to our compiler executable:
+
+{{< codelines "CMake" "compiler/08/CMakeLists.txt" 39 41 >}}
+
+Great, we have the infrastructure updated to work with LLVM. It's
+now time to start using the LLVM API to compile our G-machine instructions
+into assembly. We start with `LLVMContext`. The LLVM documentation states:
+
+> This is an important class for using LLVM in a threaded context.
+> It (opaquely) owns and manages the core "global" data of LLVM's core infrastructure, including the type and constant uniquing tables. 
+
+We will have exactly one instance of such a class in our program.
+
+Additionally, we want an `IRBuilder`, which will help us generate IR instructions,
+placing them into basic blocks (more on that in a bit). Also, we want
+a `Module` object, which represents some collection of code and declarations
+(perhaps like a C++ source file). Let's keep these things in our own
+`llvm_state` class.

themes/vanilla/assets/scss/style.scss

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 $container-width: 800px;
 $primary-color: #36e281;
 $primary-color-dark: darken($primary-color, 10%);
+$code-color: #f0f0f0;
+$code-color-dark: darken($code-color, 10%);
 $font-heading: "Lora", serif;
 $font-body: "Raleway", serif;
 $font-code: "Inconsolata", monospace;
@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@ body {
   font-size: 1.0em;
   line-height: 1.5;
   margin-bottom: 1em;
+  text-align: justify;
 }
 
 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
@@ -29,14 +32,14 @@ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
 
 code {
   font-family: $font-code;
-  background-color: #f0f0f0;
+  background-color: $code-color;
 }
 
 pre code {
     display: block;
     padding: 0.5em;
     overflow-x: auto;
-    background-color: #f0f0f0;
+    background-color: $code-color;
 }
 
 .container {
@@ -126,18 +129,6 @@ a {
   text-decoration: none;
 }
 
-input[type="text"], input[type="password"], textarea {
-  padding: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 0em;
-  margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0em;
-  border: none;
-  border-bottom: solid 0.2em $primary-color-dark;
-  transition: border 0.25s;
-  &:focus {
-    outline: none;
-    border-bottom: solid 0.2em white;
-  }
-}
-
 img {
   max-width: 100%
 }